foramen ovale (Mnemonic MALE) : Mandibular nerve , accessory meningeal artery. lesser petrosal nerve, emissary vein (connecting cavemous sinus with pterygoid venous plexus )
foramen spinosum (Mnemonic MEN) : Middle meningeal artery and vein (posterior trunk) . emissary vein. nervus spinosus (meningeal branch of mandibular nerve).
foramen lacerum: Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery and emissary vein pass through whole length.
Carotid canal :Internal carotid artery with sympathetic plexus around it, emissary vein
Foramen rotundum :Maxillary nerve
Pterygoid canal :Vidian nerve (nerve of pterygoid canal). vidian artery (artery of pterygoid canal).
Stylomasloid foramen : Facial nerve, stylomastoid branch of posterior auricular artery.
jugular foramen : It may be divided into three parts:
i) Anterior part : Inferior petrosal sinus
ii) Middle part : Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve , vagus (X) nerve , accessory (XI) nerve
iii) Posterior part :Sigmoid sinus continues as internal jugular vein, meningeal branch of occipital artery.
lntemal auditory (acoustic) meatus :Facial nerve, nervus intermedius of wrisberg . vestibulocochlear (8th) nerve , labrynthine vessels.
Hypoglosal canal (anterior condylar canal) :Hypoglossal nerve , meningeal branch of hypoglossal nerve, meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery, emissary vein
Posterior condylar canal :Emissary vein
Mastoid canaliculus : Auricular branch of vagus nerve (entery).
tympanomastoid fissure :Auricular branch of vagus nerve(exit).
Greater palatine foramen : Greater palatine vessels. anterior palatine nerve.
lesser palatine foramen : Middle and posterior palaline nerves.
Incisive foramen : Greater palatine vessels, nasopalatine nerve.
Tympanic canaliculus : Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve
Foramen magnum :It is divided into following parts :
i) Anterior part: Apical ligament of dens, membrana tectoria, vertical band of cruciate ligament
ii) Posterior part: Lowest part of medulla oblongata, three meninges (dura, arachnoid and pia mater)