The Path to Power

by O profissional

First of the series "The Years of Lyndon Johnson"

39. Appendix

DEBTS

I SOMETIMES NOTICE, when reading Acknowledgments sections in other biographies, that the biographers have had the assistance of whole teams of research associates, research assistants and perhaps a typist or two. But I never feel envious of them. I have Ina.

My wife, Ina Joan Caro, has been all these things—in spades—during the seven years it has taken to complete this book, as she was all these things during the seven years it took me to write my first book. On the first book, she made herself an expert on great urban public works to help with my research into the life of Robert Moses. On this book, she made herself an expert on rural electrification and soil conservation, and then spent long days driving back and forth over the Hill Country searching out elderly farm wives who could explain to her—and through her, to me—the difference that these innovations had made in their lives after Lyndon Johnson brought the innovations to the Hill Country. Searching through smalltown libraries, Ina has unearthed copies of weekly newspapers of the 1920's and 1930's that the librarians swore no longer existed. Her incomparable knowledge of big-city library facilities in New York and Washington gives her a seemingly magical ability to say in an instant where a piece of information, no matter how recondite, can be found. And these are just some of the many areas in which, with perseverance and ingenuity, she has been invaluable in the research of this work. In addition, she has typed the massive manuscript—typed some chapters over and over—without a single word of complaint. And she has provided as well not only support and encouragement but many keen critical insights. Long years of gracious selflessness—Shakespeare's line on the dedication page expresses better than I can what they have meant to me. She has been my sole companion now on two long journeys. I could not ask for a better one.

The more I learn about publishers, the more I realize how extraordinary mine is. Robert Gottlieb has stood beside me now during two books: a tower of strength in his belief in my work, in his perceptive criticism, in his never-failing encouragement and support. And in an era in which detailed editing of even short manuscripts is rapidly becoming a lost art, Bob Gottlieb not only gave this long manuscript detailed editing, but editing of the unique keenness and brilliance that make him an artist in his field. The grinding pressures of his responsibilities as president of Knopf did not deter him from lavishing on this book his time, his energy and his genius.

Assisting Bob Gottlieb on this book, as she assisted him on The Power Broker, is Knopf's Katherine A. Hourigan. Among the assets she brings to an author is a dedication to making even thick books handsome and readable. Her perceptive editorial criticism is characterized as well by an unflinching integrity. For the endless hours she has devoted to this book I shall forever be grateful.

AMONG THE MANY OTHER PEOPLE at Knopf to whom I am indebted, I must thank especially Lesley Krauss, Virginia Tan and my old friends Nina Bourne, Jane Becker Friedman, Bill Loverd and Martha Kaplan.

Perhaps because my books take so long to write, sons as well as fathers work on them. Andrew L. Hughes has long provided me with valued literary as well as legal advice. And on this book, the man handling the ominously large difficulties in production (and handling them impressively indeed) has been Andrew W. Hughes.

OVER THE YEARS, my agent, Lynn Nesbit, has always been there when I needed her. If I have never told her how much her help has meant to me, let me do so now.

I AM GRATEFUL to many members of the staff of the Lyndon B. Johnson Library for their assistance in my research there. In addition to the Library's assistant director, Charles Corkran, they are Mike Gillette, Linda Hanson, David Humphrey, Joan Kennedy, Tina Lawson, E. Philip Scott, Nancy Smith and Robert Tissing.

Claudia Anderson, a true historian in the thoroughness of her work and in her devotion to the truth, was particularly helpful in guiding me through the Library's collections.

My thanks also to H. G. Dulaney, Director of the Sam Rayburn Library in Bonham, Texas; to Joseph W. Marshall, supervisory librarian of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York; to Audray Bateman of the Austin-Travis County Collection of the Austin Public Library; Paul K. Goode of the James C. Jernigan Library at Texas A&I, in Kingsville; John Tiff of the National Park Service in Johnson City; Linda Kuban of the Barker Texas History Center; and to Susan Bykofsky.

SCORES OF TEXAS POLITICIANS and political observers gave generously of their time in guiding me through the intricacies of that state's politics in the 1920's, '30's and '40's, but a few deserve special mention. They include Ann Fears Crawford, Vann Kennedy, the late D. B. Hardeman; Arthur Stehling; Sim Gideon and Judge Tom C. Ferguson, who took me step by step through the formation of the Lower Colorado River Authority and the construction of the Marshall Ford Dam, and E. Babe Smith, who taught me much about rural electrification, and its social and political uses.

My deepest gratitude goes to Edward A. Clark. Over a period of more than three years, Mr. Clark, Lyndon Johnson's Ambassador to Australia and a dominant figure in Texas politics for more than a quarter of a century, devoted evening after evening to furthering my political education. They were evenings that I will always cherish.

The town of Marlin, Texas, has produced two persons who observed Texas politics with keen eyes, and can speak about those politics with perception. They are Mary Louise Young and Frank C. (Posh) Oltorf, an historian in his own right, and a most gracious gentleman and host. Thanks to them, and to Ronnie Oltorf, I will always think of Marlin with fondness.

MANY OF Lyndon Johnson's boyhood companions were of great assistance to me, but I want especially to thank Truman Fawcett, Wilma Green Fawcett and Clayton Stribling for many days of help. Above all, I want to thank Ava Johnson Cox. Witty and wise, and very knowledgeable indeed about Sam Ealy and Rebekah Baines Johnson, and about their son Lyndon, her favorite cousin, she has contributed immeasurably to this book.

A NOTE ON SOURCES

BECAUSE LYNDON JOHNSON would have been only sixty-seven years old when, in 1975, I began my research on his life, most of his contemporaries were still alive. This made it possible to find out what he was like while he was growing up from the best possible sources: those who grew up with him. And it also makes it possible to clear away in this book the misinformation that has surrounded the early life of Lyndon Johnson.

The extent of this misinformation, the reason it exists, and the importance of clearing it away, so that the character of our thirty-sixth President will become clear, became evident to me while researching his years at college. The articles and biographies which have dealt with these years have in general portrayed Johnson as a popular, even charismatic, campus figure. The oral histories of his classmates collected by the Lyndon Johnson Library portray him in the same light. In the early stages of my research, I had no reason to think there was anything more to the story. Indeed, when one of the first of his classmates whom I interviewed, Henry Kyle, told me a very different story, I believed that because Kyle had been defeated by Johnson in a number of campus encounters, I was hearing only a prejudiced account by an embittered man, and did not even bother typing up my notes of the interview.

Then, however, I began to interview other classmates.

Finding them was not easy. For years, Johnson's college, Southwest Texas State Teachers College at San Marcos, had not had an actively functioning alumni association and had lost track of many of its former students, who seemed to be scattered, on lonely farms and ranches, all across Texas, and, indeed, the United States. When I found them, I was told the old anecdotes that had become part of the Lyndon Johnson myth. But over and over again, the man or woman I was interviewing would tell me that these anecdotes were not the whole story. When I asked for the rest of it, they wouldn't tell it. A man named Vernon Whiteside could have told me, they said, but, they said, they had heard that Whiteside was dead.

One day, however, I phoned Horace Richards, a Johnson classmate who lived in Corpus Christi, to arrange to drive down from Austin to see him. Richards said that there was indeed a great deal more to the story of Lyndon Johnson at college than had been told, but that he wouldn't tell me unless Vernon Whiteside would too. But Whiteside was dead, I said. "Hell, no," Richards said. "He's not dead. He was here visiting me just last week."

Whiteside, it turned out, had moved from his hometown and was traveling in a mobile home. He had been heading for Florida, where he was planning to buy a condominium, Richards said, but Richards didn't know which city in Florida Whiteside was heading for. All he knew was that the city was north of Miami, and had "beach" in its name.

I traced Mr. Whiteside to a mobile home court in Highland Beach, Florida (he had, in fact, arrived there only a few hours before I telephoned), flew there to see him, and from him heard for the first time many of the character-revealing episodes of Lyndon Johnson's career at San Marcos at which the other classmates had hinted. And when I returned to these classmates, they confirmed Whiteside's account; Richards himself added many details. And they now told additional stories, not at all like the ones they had told before. I managed to locate still other classmates—who had never been interviewed. Mylton (Babe) Kennedy, a key figure in many of these stories, was found in Denver; I interviewed him in a lounge at the airport there. And the portrait of Lyndon Johnson at San Marcos that finally emerged was very different from the one previously sketched.

This experience was repeated again and again during the seven years spent on this book. Of the hundreds of persons interviewed, scores had never been interviewed before, and the information these persons have provided—in some cases even though they were quite worried about providing it—has helped form a portrait of Lyndon Johnson substantially different from all previous portraits.

This is true of virtually every stage and significant episode in his life. Lyndon Johnson was fond of talking about the young woman he courted in college, Carol Davis, now Carol Davis Smith. He told at length how, stung by criticism of his family from her father (who he said was a member of the Ku Klux Klan), he vowed (despite her tears and pleading) not to marry her; how he had gotten married (to Lady Bird) before Carol married; how, during his first campaign for Congress he attacked Carol's father before taking pity on her "agony" as she listened to his speech; how, when he was hospitalized with appendicitis at the climax of his campaign, he awoke to find her standing in the doorway of his hospital room; how she had proven her love for him by telling him she had voted for him. His version of this thwarted romance—a version furnished with vivid details—has been retold repeatedly in biographies of Lyndon Johnson. But none of the authors who repeated it had interviewed Carol Davis. She was there to be interviewed; she still lives in San Marcos. Two of her sisters and several of her friends, and several of Lyndon Johnson's friends who observed the courtship, were there to be interviewed. When they are, a story emerges that, while indeed poignant and revealing, bears little resemblance to the one Johnson told. (Apart from the central story told in this book, the following minor details in Lyndon Johnson's own account do not appear to have been correct: that her father was a member of the Ku Klux Klan; that it was Lyndon who decided not to get married; that she pleaded with him to marry her; that he got married first; that she visited him in the hospital; that she voted for him.)

Similarly, Lyndon Johnson gave a vivid and fascinating picture of his family and home life. Before they died, his sister Rebekah and his brother Sam Houston both told me that this picture was all but unrecognizable to them. But it is not necessary to accept their word. One can ask others who spent time in the Johnson home—not only daily visitors such as his parents' friend Stella Gliddon and Lyndon's cousin Ava, but three more disinterested witnesses: three women who worked or lived in that home as housekeepers. None of these three had ever been interviewed. Lyndon Johnson's supposed relationship with his mother and father has served as the basis for extensive analysis. The true relationship is also fascinating, but it is not the one that has been analyzed.

Because Lyndon Johnson's contemporaries were alive, I could walk the same dusty streets that Lyndon Johnson walked as a boy, with the same people he had walked with. During his boyhood and teenage years in Johnson City, his playmates and schoolmates were his cousin Ava and Truman Fawcett and Milton Barnwell and Bob Edwards and Louise Casparis and Cynthia Crider and John Dollahite and Clayton Stribling. Many of these people—and a dozen more companions of Lyndon Johnson's youth—are still there in Johnson City, and the rest live on nearby farms and ranches, or in Austin. Together, their stories, and the stories of their parents, who observed gangling young Lyndon through the eyes of adults, add up to a fascinating story—but one which has never been told.

IN REVEALING Lyndon Johnson's life after boyhood—his years as a congressional assistant, as the Texas State Director of the National Youth Administration and as a Congressman—interviews are only one basis of the portrait. A rich mine of materials exists in the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum in Austin, Texas. But although the information is there—in the Library's collection of 34,000,000 documents which, encased in thousands of boxes, four stories high behind a glass wall, loom somewhat dauntingly over the researcher as he enters the building—this mine, too, has gone largely untapped. Because of this source, however, it is not necessary to speculate or generalize about how the young Congressman rose to national power and influence; one can trace precisely how he did it. In this tracing, too, the fact that when Johnson died, on January 22, 1973, his age was sixty-four, and that many of those who knew him were still alive, is significant. Upon first coming to Washington, he became part of a quite remarkable group of young men: Benjamin V. Cohen, Thomas G. Corcoran, Abe Fortas, James H. Rowe, Eliot Janeway and the lesser-known Arthur (Tex) Goldschmidt. These men—once the bright young New Dealers—gave me their time with varying degrees of generosity, but some of them were very generous indeed, and when the meaning of documents in the Library was not clear, they often made it clear. For these men watched Lyndon Johnson rise to power. Perceptive as they are, they understood what they were watching, and they can explain it.

GEORGE RUFUS BROWN, of Brown & Root, Inc., had never previously talked at length to interviewers or historians, but finally agreed to talk with me, out of deep affection for his remarkable brother Herman—an affection which had led George to attempt in several ways, among them the building of the Herman Brown Memorial Library in Burnet, to perpetuate Herman's name. After two years of refusing to respond to my letters and telephone calls, he decided that although Herman's name might be engraved on buildings, in a few years no one would know who Herman Brown was unless he was portrayed in a book, and that he could not be portrayed because no one knew enough about him. I told him that I could not say that my portrait of his brother would be favorable, but that if he discussed Herman with me in depth, the portrait would at least be full. He told me stories which he said had never been told outside the Brown & Root circle, and told me still more at a subsequent interview, which also lasted an entire day. Taken together, these stories add very substantially indeed to knowledge of the relationship between Lyndon Johnson and Brown & Root, a relationship that has been until now largely a matter not only of speculation and gossip, but of incorrect speculation and gossip. Mr. Brown's account has, moreover, been verified in every substantial detail by others; to cite one example, his account of the extraordinary story behind the construction of the Marshall Ford Dam, and of Lyndon Johnson's role in it, was corroborated by Abe Fortas and Tommy Corcoran, who handled the Washington end of the matter, and by the Bureau of Reclamation official involved on the site, Howard P. Bunger.

THE PERSONS who knew Lyndon Johnson most intimately during his years as a congressional secretary were the assistants who worked in the same room with him: Estelle Harbin, Luther E. (L. E.) Jones and Gene Latimer. (Jones and Latimer also lived in the same room with Johnson.) They had been interviewed before, but never in depth. For a while, Carroll Keach worked with him in the same office; later, Keach became his chauffeur. Still later, in 1939, Walter Jenkins became Johnson's assistant. These persons gave generously of their time, although some of these interviews—particularly those with Latimer and Jenkins—were difficult for both sides, because of the emotional wounds which were reopened. I should mention here that John Connally, who became a secretary to Mr. Johnson in 1939, refused during the entire period of research on this book to respond to requests for an interview.

LADY BIRD JOHNSON prepared carefully for our nine interviews, reading her diaries for the years involved, so that she could provide a month by month, detailed description of the Johnsons' life. Some of these were lengthy interviews, particularly one in the living room of the Johnson Ranch that as I recall it lasted most of a day. These interviews were immensely valuable in providing a picture of Lyndon Johnson's personal and social life, and of his associates, for Mrs. Johnson is an extremely acute observer, and has the gift of making her observations, no matter how quietly understated, quite clear. The interviews were less valuable in regard to her husband's political life. In later years, Mrs. Johnson would become familiar with her husband's work, indeed perhaps his most trusted confidante. This was not the case during the period covered by this first volume. (The change began in 1942—shortly after this volume's conclusion—when Mrs. Johnson, with her husband away during the war, took over his congressional office, and proved, to her surprise as well as his, that she could run it with competence and skill.) During this earlier period, Mrs. Johnson was not familiar with much of the political maneuvering in which her husband was engaged, as she herself points out. Once, when I asked if she had been present at various political strategy sessions, she replied, "Well, I didn't always want to be a part of everything, because I was never. … I elected to be out a lot. I wasn't confident in that field. I didn't want to be a party to absolutely everything."

Although from the first I made it clear to Mrs. Johnson that I would conduct my own independent research into anything I was told by anyone, for some time she very helpfully advised members of the semi-official "Johnson Circle" in Texas that she would have no objection if they talked with me. At a certain point, however—sometime after the interviews with Mrs. Johnson had been completed—that cooperation abruptly and totally ceased.

ONE FURTHER NOTE of detailed explanation on a particular source may be of interest to some readers. When, in the Notes that follow, I refer to the "Werner File," I refer to a collection of papers written by Elmer C. Werner, a Special Agent of the Internal Revenue Service, who in the years 1942, 1943 and 1944 was in effective day-by-day charge of the IRS investigation of Brown & Root, Inc.'s political financing, largely of Lyndon Johnson's 1941 campaign for the United States Senate.

These papers fall generally into three categories. The first is summaries of the investigation: a 14-page "Chronological History of the Investigation of the Case SI-19267-F and Related Companies" and a five-page report, "In re: Brown and Root, Inc. et al," which Mr. Werner wrote for his superiors and which summarizes the conclusions reached by the team of IRS agents on the case. The second is his office desk calendar, for the year 1943, with brief notes jotted down by day to show his activities. The third is 94 pages of his handwritten, detailed, sometimes verbatim transcriptions of the sworn testimony given by Brown & Root officials and others before IRS agents.

The Werner File was given to the author by Mr. Werner's daughter, Julia Gary.

THE PAPERS dealing with the period covered in this volume are found in a number of collections at the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum in Austin, Texas. They are:

House of Representatives Papers: The memoranda (both intra-office and with others), casework, speech drafts and texts, and other papers kept in the files of Johnson's congressional office from 1937 through 1948, when he was Congressman from Texas. These papers also include records pertaining to his other activities during this period, records which were originally compiled by his staff in other offices, such as the records compiled in an office he temporarily rented in Washington's Munsey Office Building when he was raising money for scores of Democratic Congressmen in 1940, and records kept in his Austin campaign headquarters during his first campaign for Congress in 1937 and his first campaign for Senate in 1941. These papers, of which there are 140 linear feet, contained in 349 boxes, are abbreviated in the notes as "JHP."

Lyndon Baines Johnson Archives: These files were created about 1958, and consist of material taken both from the House of Representatives Papers and from Johnson's Senate Papers. It consists of material considered historically valuable or of correspondence with persons with whom he was closely associated, such as Sam Rayburn, Abe Fortas, James Rowe, George and Herman Brown, Edward Clark and Alvin Wirtz; or of correspondence with national figures of that era. These files, of which there are 34 linear feet in 61 boxes, are abbreviated as "LBJA" and are divided into four main categories:

Selected Names (LBJA SN): Correspondence with close associates.

Famous Names (LBJA FN): Correspondence with national figures.

Congressional File (LBJA CF): Correspondence with fellow Congressmen and Senators.

Subject File (LBJA SF): This contains a Biographic Information File, with material relating to Johnson's year as a schoolteacher in Cotulla and Houston; to his work as a secretary to Congressman Richard M. Kleberg; to his activities with the Little Congress; and to his naval service during World War II.

Pre-Presidential Confidential File: This contains material taken from other files because it dealt with potentially sensitive areas. It is abbreviated as PPCF.

Family Correspondence (LBJ FC): Correspondence between the President and his mother and brother, Sam Houston Johnson.

Personal Papers of Rebekah Baines Johnson (RBJ PP): This is material found in her garage after she died. It includes correspondence with her children (including Lyndon) and other members of her family, and material collected by her during her research into the genealogy of the Johnson family. It includes 27 boxes, as well as scrapbooks.

Papers of the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRAP): 60 linear feet, contained in approximately 165 boxes (the material is currently being re-filed), this material, invaluable in tracing the early political careers of both Lyndon Johnson and Alvin Wirtz, consists of the office files of the LCRA from 1935 through 1975, as well as material dealing with the authority's two predecessor private companies, Emory Peck and Rockwood Development Company and Central Texas Hydro-Electric Company, which throws great light on Wirtz, and was associated with both of them.

Personal Papers of Alvin Wirtz (AW PP): 25 boxes.

White House Central File (WHCF): The only files in this category used to a substantial extent in this volume were the Subject Files labeled "President (Personal)" (WHCF PP). They contain material about the President or his family, mainly articles written after he became President about episodes in his early life.

White House Famous Names File (WHFN): This includes correspondence with former Presidents and their families, including Johnson correspondence when he was a Congressman with Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Record Group 48, Secretary of the Interior, Central Classified Files (RG 48): Microfilm from the National Archives containing documents relating to Lyndon Johnson found in the files of the Department of the Interior.

Documents Concerning Lyndon B. Johnson from the Papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, John M. Carmody, Harry L. Hopkins, and Aubrey Williams (FDR-LBJ MF): This microfilm reel was compiled at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park and consists of correspondence to and from Johnson found in various PPF and OF files at the Roosevelt Library. Whenever possible, the author has included the file number, by which the original documents can be located at the Roosevelt Library.

Johnson House Scrapbooks (JHS): 21 scrapbooks of newspaper clippings compiled by members of his staff between 1935 and 1941.

Each document from the LBJ Library is cited in the Notes by collection in the Library, by box number within that collection, and by the folder title within that box. If no folder title is included in the citation, the folder is either the name of the correspondent in the letter or, in the case of files kept alphabetically, the appropriate letter (a letter from Corcoran, for example, in the folder labeled C).

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

A bibliography for this book would be another book in itself, and an exercise in pedantry to boot. The following list includes only those books specifically cited in the Notes, and I include it for one purpose alone: so that I can use abbreviations in the Notes.

ADAMS, FRANK C: Texas Democracy: A Centennial History of Politics and Personalities of the Democratic Party, 1836–1936. Springfield, 111.: Democratic Historic Association; 1937.

ALBERTSON, DEAN: Roosevelt's Farmer: Claude R. Wickard in the New Deal. New York: Columbia University Press; 1961.

ALEXANDER, HERBERT E.: Money in Politics. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press; 1972.

ALLEN, FREDERICK LEWIS: Only Yesterday. New York: Harper; 1931.

ALLEN, ROBERT SHARON, ED.: Our Sovereign State. New York: Vanguard Press; 1949.

ALSOP, JOSEPH, AND TURNER CATLEDGE: The 168 Days. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday; 1937.

ANDERSON, JACK, AND JAMES BOYD: Confessions of a Muckraker. New York: Random House; 1979.

ANGEVINE, ERMA, ED.: People—Their Power: The Rural Electric Fact Book. Washington, D.C.: National Rural Electric Cooperative Association; 1980.

BAKER, BOBBY, WITH LARRY L. KING: Wheeling and Dealing. New York: Norton; 1978.

BAKER, GLADYS L., WAYNE D. RASMUSSEN, VIVIAN WISER, JANE M. PORTER: Century of Service: The First Hundred Years of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, GPO; 1967.

BAKER, LEONARD: The Johnson Eclipse: A President's Vice Presidency. New York: Macmillan; 1966.

BANKS, JIMMY: Money, Marbles, and Chalk: The Wondrous World of Texas Politics. Austin: Texas Pub. Co.; 1972.

BEARSS, EDWIN C: Historic Resource Study … Lyndon B. Johnson National Historic Site, Blanco and Gillespie Counties, Texas. Denver: U.S. Dept. of Interior, National Park Service; 1971.

BELL, JACK: The Johnson Treatment: How Lyndon B. Johnson Took Over the Presidency and Made It His Own. New York: Harper; 1965.

BELLUSH, BERNARD: Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York. New York: Columbia University Press; 1955.

BENDINER, ROBERT: White House Fever. New York: Harcourt, Brace; 1960.

BILLINGTON, RAY ALLEN: Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier. New York: Macmillan; 1949.

BLAIR, JOHN M.: The Control of Oil. New York: Pantheon; 1976.

BROWN, D. CLAYTON: Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for REA. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; 1980.

BROWN, GEORGE ROTHWELL: The Speaker of the House: The Romantic Story of John N. Garner. New York: Brewer, Warren, and Putnam; 1932.

BURNER, DAVID: Herbert Hoover: The Public Life. New York: Knopf; 1978.

BURNS, JAMES MACGREGOR: Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox. New York: Harcourt Brace, and World; 1962.

CHILDS, MARQUIS: The Farmer Takes a Hand: The Electric Power Revolution in Rural America. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday; 1952.

COCKE, WILLIAM A.: The Bailey Controversy in Texas. San Antonio: The Cocke Co.; 1908.

CORMIER, FRANK: LBJ, The Way He Was. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday; 1977.

CRAWFORD, ANN FEARS, AND JACK KEEVER: John P. Connolly: Portrait in Power. Austin: Jenkins; 1973.

CROLY, HERBERT D.: Marcus Alonzo Hanna. New York: Macmillan; 1912.

DANIELS, JONATHAN: The End of Innocence. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1954.

— Frontier on the Potomac. New York: Macmillan; 1946.

— White House Witness, 1942–1945. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday; 1975.

DAVIE, MICHAEL: LBJ: A Foreign Observer's Viewpoint. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce; 1966.

DAVIS, KINGSLEY: Youth in the Depression. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1935.

DONOVAN, ROBERT J.: Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman. New York: Norton; 1977.

DOROUGH, C. DWIGHT: Mr. Sam. New York: Random House; 1962.

DOUGLAS, WILLIAM O.: The Court Years, 1939–1975. New York: Random House; 1980.

— Go East, Young Man. New York: Random House; 1971.

DOYLE, JACK: Lines Across the Land: Rural Electric Cooperatives, the Changing Politics of Energy in Rural America. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Policy Institute; 1979.

DUGGER, RONNIE: The Politician: The Life and Times of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Norton; 1982.

DULANEY, H. B., EDWARD HAKE PHILLIPS, MAC PHELAN REESE: Speak, Mr. Speaker. Bonham, Tex.: Sam Rayburn Foundation; 1978.

ELLIS, CLYDE T.: A Giant Step. New York: Random House; 1966.

ENGLER, ROBERT: The Brotherhood of Oil. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1977.

— Politics of Oil. New York: Macmillan; 1961.

EVANS, ROWLAND, AND ROBERT NOVAK: Lyndon B. Johnson: The Exercise of Power. New York: New American Library; 1966.

FARLEY, JAMES A.: Behind the Ballots. New York: Harcourt, Brace; 1938.

— Jim Farley's Story: The Roosevelt Years. New York: Whittlesey House; 1948.

FEHRENBACH, T. R.: Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans. New York: Macmillan; 1968.

FISHER, O. C: Cactus Jack. Waco: The Texian Press; 1978.

FLEMMONS, JERRY: Amon: The Life of Amon Carter, Sr., of Texas. Austin: Jenkins; 1978.

FLYNN, EDWARD J.: You're the Boss. New York: Viking; 1947.

FRANTZ, JOE B.: 37 Years of Public Service: The Honorable Lyndon B. Johnson. Austin: Shoal Creek Publishers; 1974.

FRANTZ, JOE B., AND J. ROY WHITE: The Driskill Hotel. Austin: Encino Press; 1973.

— Limestone and Log: A Hill Country Sketchbook. Austin: Encino Press; 1968.

— Texas: A Bicentennial History. New York: Norton; 1976.

FREIDEL, FRANK: Franklin D. Roosevelt. Launching the New Deal. Boston: Little, Brown; 1973.

—, ED.: The New Deal and the American People. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall; 1964.

GANTT, FRED, JR.: The Chief Executive in Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1964.

GARWOOD, JOHN, AND W. C. TUTHILL: The Rural Electrification Administration: An Evaluation. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research; 1963.

GEYELIN, PHILIP L.: Lyndon B. Johnson and the World. New York: Praeger; 1966.

GILLESPIE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY: Pioneers in God's Hills. Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones; 1960.

GOLDMAN, ERIC: The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Knopf; 1969.

GOODWYN, FRANK: Lone-Star Land: Twentieth-Century Texas in Perspective. New York: Knopf; 1955.

GOODWYN, LAWRENCE: Democratic Promise: The Populist Movement in America. New York: Oxford University Press; 1976.

GOULD, LEWIS L.: Progressives and Prohibitionists: Texas Democrats in the Wilson Era. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1973.

GRAVES, JOHN: Hard Scrabble. New York: Knopf; 1974.

— Texas Heartland: A Hill Country Year. College Station: Texas A&M University Press; 1975.

GREEN, GEORGE N.: The Establishment in Texas Politics. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press; 1979.

GUNTHER, JOHN: Inside U.S.A. New York: Harper; 1947.

— Roosevelt in Retrospect. New York: Harper; 1950.

HALBERSTAM, DAVID: The Best and the Brightest. New York: Random House; 1972.

— The Powers That Be. New York: Knopf; 1979.

HARWELL, THOMAS FLETCHER: Eighty Years Under the Stars and Bars. Kyle, Tex.: United Confederate Veterans; 1947.

HARWOOD, RICHARD, AND HAYNES JOHNSON: Lyndon. New York: Praeger; 1973.

HEARD, ALEXANDER: The Costs of Democracy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 1960.

HENDERSON, RICHARD B.: Maury Maverick: A Political Biography. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1970.

HUMPHREY, WILLIAM: Farther Off From Heaven. New York: Knopf; 1977.

HUNTER, JOHN MARVIN, AND GEORGE W. SAUNDERS: The Trail Drivers of Texas. Dallas: The Southwest Press; 1929.

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JOHNSON, SAM HOUSTON: My Brother Lyndon. Edited by Enrique Hank Lopez. New York: Cowles; 1970.

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— Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era. New York: Harper; 1954.

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— 27 Masters of Politics. New York: Funk and Wagnalls; 1949.

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OLMSTED, FREDERICK LAW: A Journey Through Texas, or, A Saddle trip on the Southwestern Frontier. New York: Edwards & Co.; 1857.

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PERRY, GEORGE SESSIONS: Texas: A World in Itself. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1942.

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PRESLEY, JAMES: A Saga of Wealth: The Rise of the Texas Oilmen. New York: Putnam's; 1978.

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RASMUSSEN, WAYNE: The Department of Agriculture. New York: Praeger; 1972.

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SAMPSON, ANTHONY: The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made. New York: Viking; 1975.

SCHANDLER, HERBERT Y.: The Unmaking of a President: Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1977.

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SIDEY, HUGH: A Very Personal Presidency: Lyndon Johnson in the White House. New York: Atheneum; 1968.

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SINGER, KURT D., AND JANE SHERROD: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Man of Reason. Minneapolis: Denison; 1964.

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— Sam Rayburn. New York: Hawthorn; 1975.

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WHITE, THEODORE H.: America in Search of Itself. New York: Harper; 1982.

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— The Making of the President, 1968. New York: Atheneum; 1969.

WHITE, WILLIAM SMITH: The Professional: Lyndon B. Johnson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1964.

WICKER, TOM: JFK and LBJ: The Influence of Personality upon Politics. New York: Morrow; 1968.

WILSON, RICHARD W., AND BEULAH F. DUHOLM: A Genealogy: Bunton—Buntin—Bentun—Bunting. Lake Hills, Iowa: Graphic; 1967.

WOODWARD, BOB, AND SCOTT ARMSTRONG: The Brethren. New York: Simon and Schuster; 1980.

WPA: Texas: A Guide to the Lone Star State. New York: Hastings House; 1940.

— Washington: City and Capital. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O.; 1937.

NOTES

ABBREVIATIONS

AA Austin American

AA-S Austin American-Statesman

AS Austin Statesman

BCN Blanco County News

BCR Blanco County Record

CCC Corpus Christi Caller

CR Congressional Record

DCCC Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee

DMN Dallas Morning News

DNC Democratic National Committee

FS Fredericksburg Standard

HP Houston Post

JCR-C Johnson City Record-Courier

MF Microfilm

NYT The New York Times

OH Oral History

RJB Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt

SAE San Antonio Express

SHJ Sam Houston Johnson

WF Werner File

WP Washington Post

LBJL The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library

JHP Johnson House Papers

LBJA CF Congressional File

LBJA FN Famous Names

LBJA SF Subject File

LBJA SN Selected Names

PP President (Personal)

PPCF Pre-Presidential Confidential File

WHCF White House Central File

WHFN White House Famous Names File

Introduction NOTES

Greenbrier scene and Marsh's offer: Described to the author by George Brown. Confirmed by Lady Bird Johnson, who was not on the blanket, but who was at the Greenbrier that week and was present at discussions of Marsh's offer, of which she says: "It certainly would have done a lot for our financial security." She recalls that "Charles was saying that a great future lay ahead of him (Lyndon) and he ought not to have to worry about money, and this would free him from such cares." Also confirmed by two other members of the group at the Greenbrier, Sam Houston Johnson and by Marsh's private secretary, Mary Louise Glass Young. Mrs. Young says Marsh's offer was worth not three-quarters of a million but a million dollars, and that during the discussions that week of Marsh's offer, people would say to Johnson, attempting to persuade him to accept it: "Lyndon, it's a million dollars!" "Burn this": For example, on Johnson to Luther E. Jones, Dec. 6, 1931, Jones Papers. "He loses": Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Vol. I, p. xi.

Buying votes in San Antonio: See p. 277. Money in Johnson's own campaigns: See Chapters 34, 35. His use of money in others' campaigns: See Chapters 32, 35.

"The greatest electoral victory": Theodore H. White, The Making of the President, 1968, p. 22.

One of the richest men: Life, Aug. 21, 1964, examined the Johnson holdings in detail, and estimated their total value at "approximately $14,000,000"—even without the assets of what Life described as "a somewhat mysterious entity called the Brazos-Tenth Street Company," an Austin firm whose activities were tightly interwoven with the Johnsons'. "If the assets of Brazos-Tenth are added—as many knowledgeable Texans think they should be—the total rounds off at more than $15,000,000," Life said.

Public estimates by Johnson's own financial advisors were much lower. In the Life article, for example, the principal trustee of Johnson's financial interests, A. W. Moursund, placed the figure at "about $4,000,000." In that same year, the White House released its own financial statement, which placed the Johnson capital at $3,484,000. However, the Wall Street Journal, in analyzing that statement, said that "by employing a number of technically accepted accounting devices, it projects a grossly understated idea of the current dimensions of the Johnson fortune." (Kohlmeier, "The Johnsons' Balance Sheet," The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 20, 1964.) The true market value of the Johnson broadcasting interests alone is estimated at $7 million, the Journal reported on Mar. 23, 1964; "one broadcasting executive who is not associated with the corporation but who has long known the Johnsons indicates that net earnings may now exceed $500,000 annually." Private estimates by some of Johnson's financial advisors are much higher than the publicized estimates. In its Aug. 20, 1964, article, the Journal noted that "Some intimates back home in Austin calculate it [the Johnsons' net worth] would be in the neighborhood of $20,000,000." Even this figure is considered low by the attorney who was for twenty years one of Johnson's most trusted advisors in Texas, Edward A. Clark, partner of the powerful Austin law firm named, at the time of Johnson's Presidency, Clark, Thomas, Harris, Denius and Winters, the firm that handled the bulk of the Johnson family financial interests. The author asked Clark the worth of these interests at the time Lyndon Johnson became President. Several days later he replied, after apparently checking his firm's records: "It would have been—you mean his net worth?—about $25,000,000 at the time."

If these higher estimates are correct, during the twenty-one years following the purchase of the Johnson radio station—twenty-one years during which Lyndon Johnson continually held public office—the Johnson fortune increased at a rate of close to a million dollars per year.

Among the articles valuable for a discussion of the Johnson wealth is the Wall Street Journal article quoted above and articles in the same newspaper on Mar. 23, 1964, and Aug. 11, 1964; the Washington Evening Star, June 9, 1964; Newsday, May 27, 28, 29, 1964.

"Springing up side by side": Wall Street Journal, "The Johnson Wealth," Mar. 23, 1964. Largely fiction: Among the many articles of the time that showed his connection with the broadcasting business that was in his wife's name are the Washington Evening Star, June 9, 1964; the Wall Street Journal, Mar. 23, 1964 ("President Johnson, as Well as His Wife, Appears to Hold Big Personal Fortune"); Life, Aug. 21, 1964; Newsday, May 27, 1964. Worth $7 million: Wall Street Journal, Mar. 23, 1964; confirmed by Clark; Life put the worth of the radio-television interests at $8,600,000.

A "blind trust": When Johnson became President, he announced that he was placing all his business affairs in a so-called "blind trust," with which he said he would have no connection so long as he was President. The principal trustee was A. W. Moursund, who did not respond to the author's requests for an interview. But during much of Johnson's Presidency, Moursund's partner in the Johnson City law firm of Moursund and Ferguson was Thomas C. Ferguson, a longtime Johnson ally in Hill Country politics, a former judge and a former chairman of the State Board of Insurance. Ferguson says that shortly after he became President, Johnson had a direct line installed in that law office that connected it to both the White House and the Johnson Ranch on the Pedernales. Ferguson says that there was on the phones in both his and Moursund's offices "a button that wasn't labeled anything, but when you pushed that, you got the White House's board in Washington." Moursund had a similar line in his home, Ferguson says. The author asked Ferguson if Johnson conducted personal business over these telephone lines. "Oh, yeah," Ferguson replied. "He and Moursund were talking every day." During the Presidency? the author asked. "Oh, yeah. I don't guess there was a—You see, Moursund was trustee of all his property: one of these blind trusts—it wasn't very blind. 'Cause every night he told Moursund what to do. …" Often, Ferguson said, the two men talked at night. "Johnson," he said, "would go to bed … and lay there in bed and talk to Moursund." Most of the talk, Ferguson says, concerned the many businesses—banking, radio and television broadcasting, ranching—in which the President or his family had financial interests. "A lot of [it] was Johnson saying to Moursund, 'Well, I want to do this,' 'I want to do that'—'I want to get this piece of land,' 'I want to stock certain places and certain things.' And of course at that time anything Moursund said stood up throughout the Johnson properties … and he would carry out what the President would tell him he wanted done. … It was a very unblind trust as far as that trust was concerned." And did Ferguson himself conduct business for Johnson while Johnson was President? "Myself? Oh, yes," Ferguson said, and gave details of a number of business transactions. He said that the President would also be in frequent communication with Jesse C. Kellam, president of the Texas Broadcasting Corporation, key to the Johnson broadcasting empire whose name had been changed from the LBJ Corporation when Johnson became President, and would give Kellam instructions as to the conduct of that business.

The other law firm involved was Clark, Thomas, Harris, Denius and Winters. Edward A. Clark, Johnson's Ambassador to Australia during his Presidency, had, for twenty years before that, been a key Texas ally of the President, and, since the death of Alvin Wirtz in 1951, his right-hand man in confidential state political matters as well as the attorney through whom he handled much of his personal business. Clark's account of Johnson's business dealings as President will be recounted in detail in the later volumes; on the subject in general, he said that Johnson sometimes spent several hours a day during his Presidency conducting personal business. The author asked him to check this point. At their next interview, Clark said he knew this because, "Heck, we keep a record of a client's calls." He said he would not allow the author to see that record. He said that only some of this time was spent speaking to him, but that he knew Johnson was spending considerable additional time discussing business affairs with Moursund, because they were affairs in which he, Clark, was involved. And, like Ferguson, Clark said that the President also frequently spent time on the phone with Jesse Kellam. Clark said that the use of direct lines ensured that White House telephone logs and operators would have no record of these calls. Kellam would not discuss these matters with the author.

During Johnson's Presidency, the existence of the private telephone lines was reported in an article by a team of Wall Street Journal reporters who conducted an unusually thorough investigation of Johnson's financial situation. On August 11, 1964, the Journal reported that Moursund "is linked by private telephone circuit to the LBJ Ranch and the White House. He can pick up his phone and almost instantaneously talk with the President." Nonetheless, Moursund told the Journal that because of the trust, "the Johnsons don't know what is going on" in their businesses. The Journal said that Moursund was "heated" in "declaring that certain business operations are entirely independent of any Johnson interest—and never mind confusing 'clues' to the contrary"; the Journal then detailed many such clues.

1. The Bun ton Strain SOURCES

Books, articles, brochures, and documents: ON THE HILL COUNTRY:

Billington, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier; Fehrenbach, Lone Star (of the many general histories of Texas, Fehrenbach's most faithfully reflects contemporary accounts of early life in the Hill Country and views of it given by the children and grandchildren of its founders); Frantz and White, Limestone and Log: A Hill Country Sketchbook; Gillespie County Historical Society, Pioneers in God's Hills; Goodwyn, Democratic Promise; Graves, Hard Scrabble and Texas Heartland: A Hill Country Year; Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil; Kendall, Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition; Maguire, A President's Country; Marshall, Prophet of the Pedernales; Moursund, Blanco County Families for One Hundred Years; Olmsted, A Journey Through Texas; Pelzer, The Cattleman's Frontier; Porterfield, LBJ Country; Schawe, ed., Wimberley's Legacy; Speer, A History of Blanco County; Thomas, ed., Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth; Webb, The Great Frontier and The Great Plains; Webb and Carroll, Handbook of Texas; WPA, Texas: A Guide to the Lone Star State.

Bessie Brigham, "The History of Education in Blanco County" (unpublished Master's Thesis), Austin, 1935.

Darton, "Texas: Our Largest State," National Geographic magazine, Dec., 1913; Joseph S. Hall, ed., "Horace Hall's Letters from Gillespie County, Texas, 1871–1873," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Jan., 1959; Jones, "What Drought Means," NYT magazine, Dec. 23, 1956; Mary Nunley, "The Interesting Life Story of a Pioneer Mother," Frontier Times, Aug., 1927, pp. 17–21; Edwin Shrake, "Forbidding Land," Sports Illustrated, May 10, 1965.

William Bray, "Forest Resources of Texas," U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry, Bulletin No. 47, Washington, D.C., 1904; Henry C. Hahn, "The White-Tailed Deer in the Edwards Plateau Region of Texas," Texas Game, Fish and Oyster Commission, Austin, 1945; A. W. Spaight, "The Resources, Soil and Climate of Texas," Report of Commissioner of Insurance, Statistics and History, Galveston, 1882.

Department of Agriculture, Records of the Federal Extension Service, Record Group 33, Annual Reports of Extension Field Representatives, Texas: Blanco County, Burnet County, Hays County, Travis County, 1931–1941, National Archives.

ON THE BUNTONS:

Harwell, Eighty Years Under the Stars and Bars; Hunter, ed., Trail Drivers of Texas; Pickrell, Pioneer Women in Texas; Wilson and Duholm, A Genealogy: Bunton-Buntin-Bentun-Bunting.

Edythe Johns Whitley, "Kith and Kin of Our President, Lyndon Baines Johnson," Nashville, 1967.

Lorena Drummond, "Declaration Signer," SAE, March 22, 1931; "h.," "Col. John W. Bunton," Weekly Statesman, Sept. 4, 1879; Josephine A. Pearson, "A Girl Diplomatist From Tennessee Who Matched Her Wits With a Mexican Ruler," Nashville Tennessean, Jan. 8, 1935; T. C. Richardson, "Texas Pioneer Plays Part in State's Progress," Farm and Ranch, June 7, 1924; T. U. Taylor, "Heroines of the Hills," Frontier Times, May 1973, pp. 14–24.

Arthur W. Jones, "Col. John and Mary Bunton"; "N.," "Another Veteran of the Republic Gone Home"; Lon Smith, "Col. John and Mary Bunton," "An Address in the State Cemetery at Austin," March 2, 1939, from "Printed Material: Newspaper Clippings," all in Box 25, Personal Papers of Rebekah Baines Johnson.

ON THE JOHNSONS:

Bearss, Historic Resource Study … Lyndon B. Johnson National Historic Site, Blanco and Gillespie Counties, Texas; Rebekah Johnson, A Family Album; also, "The Johnsons—Descendants of John Johnson, A Revolutionary Soldier of Georgia: A Genealogical History," 1956; Moursund, Blanco County Families; Speer, A History of Blanco County.

Rebekah Baines Johnson gave her son a draft of A Family Album in 1954 with a covering letter that begins: "Here are some of the stories you desire." This contains material different in some details from that in the published Family Album and is referred to as "Rough Draft."

Hall, ed., "Horace Hall's Letters"; Andrew Sparks, "President Johnson's Georgia Ancestors," Atlanta Journal and Constitution Magazine, March 1, 1964.

"Pedernales to Potomac," Austin American-Statesman Supplement, Jan. 20, 1965; "The Record-Courier-Blanco County Centennial Edition," Aug. 1, 1958.

Interviews:

Ava Johnson Cox, Ethel Davis, John Dollahite, Stella Gliddon, Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt (RJB), Sam Houston Johnson (SHJ), Clayton Stribling, Mrs. Lex Ward.

NOTES

He would say; LBJ repeated this to college classmates and deans, and to residents of the Hill Country. Pool, LBJ (p. 50), says, "According to a cherished Pedernales Valley story, a proud grandfather rode through the countryside to announce to the neighbors that 'A United States Senator was born today, my grandson.'" In Singer and Sherrod, Lyndon Baines Johnson, p. 87, Lyndon Johnson is quoted as saying: "The story goes that the day I was born my granddaddy saddled up his biggest gray mare, Fritz, and rode into town, looking as proud as if he had won the Battle of The Alamo singlehanded. He announced to everyone that a U. S. Senator had just come into the world. It was kind of a joke with my playmates as I was growing up. …" Among other books in which one version or another appears is Mooney, The Lyndon Johnson Story, pp. 28–29. Of numerous articles in which it appears, one is "Lyndon B. Johnson, Boy of Destiny," by a Fredericksburg resident, Bruce Kowert (Boston Globe, Dec. 15, 1963). But none of the Johnson relatives or their Hill Country neighbors interviewed remembers that episode. In the "Rough Draft" of the family album, which she gave to Lyndon in 1954, his mother wrote (p. 2) that "when Lyndon was about three years old", his grandfather wrote in a letter that Lyndon is "as smart as you find them," and that he expected him "to be a United States Senator before he is forty." "He has the Bunton strain": RJB; Cox. In the published A Family Album (p. 17), his mother says: "Aunt Kate Keele [said] that she could see the Bunton flavor."

The "Bunton eye" and personality: Among others, Cox, SHJ, RJB, Mrs. Lex Ward. "Shadow of sadness": "Joseph L. Bunton," in Harwell, p. 88.

Encounter on the plains: Eli Mitchell, quoted in Pearson, "A Girl Diplomatist." At the first battle: Ibid.; "N.," "Col. John W. Bunton." "Towering form": Captain Jesse Billingsley, quoted in Drummond, "Declaration Signer." Leader of the sevenman patrol: Jones, "Col. John and Mary Bunton," p. 3, says he was the leader. Smith, "Col. John and Mary Bunton," p. 3, and Johnson, Album, p. 126, say he was "one of the seven men who captured Santa Anna." "To the present generations": "h.," "Col. John W. Bunton." Wild journey: Smith, "Col. John and Mary Bunton," pp. 3, 4; Pearson, "A Girl Diplomatist." "Commanding presence"; "eloquent tougue": Drummond, "Declaration Signer"; Smith, p. 3. Texas Rangers bill: Pearson, "A Girl Diplomatist"; Jones, "Col. John and Mary Bunton," p. 3. Retirement: Johnson, Genealogy, p. 16; "h.," "Col. John W. Bunton," p. 2; Jones, "Col. John and Mary Bunton," pp. 4–5; Cox; SHJ. A further indication of the respect in which he was held, Jones wrote, is that he was chosen to be Administrator of the estate of the legendary hero of the Alamo, Jim Bowie.

"Big country"; "far behind"; the frontier; the "bloodiest years": Fehrenbach, pp. 255–56, 276–86, 298, 302, 313–20, 501. To the very edge: See Figure 1, Jordan, p. 23; Fehrenbach, pp. 276, 279–80, 286, 313–20.

Rancho Rambouillet description; arriving with Uncle Ranch; wife scaring off Indians: Pearson, "A Girl Diplomatist." "A large impressive": Johnson, Album, p. 90. Robert Bunton's biography: Wilson and Duholm, pp. 18, 19; Cox; SHJ. A "substantial planter": Johnson, Album, p. 89. All over six feet: Wilson and Duholm, p. 32. Military career: Ibid., p. 19. Raising cattle: Caldwell County Ad Valorem Tax Rolls, 1870–1880, Texas State Archives. Philosophical Society: Handbook of Texas, Vol. I, p. 246. "Absolutely truthful"; "an idealist"; "an excellent conversationalist": Cox, SHJ; Johnson, Album, p. 90. "Charity begins at home": Johnson, Album, p. 73. "Leaving a handsome estate": Brown and Speer, Encyclopedia of the New West, p. 575. Desha Bunton: Richardson, "Texas Pioneer." "Very proud people": Mrs. Lex Ward. Selling off, but holding on: Pearson, "A Girl Diplomatist." The ranch was finally sold off on Oct. 10, 1981, but only because the Bunton heirs got a very good price for it.

Cardsharps: Wilson & Duholm, p. 32. They say that it was James Bunton, who owned half the herd, who said nothing, but family lore says it was Robert (Cox, SHJ). Renting out pastures: Connolly, in Hunter, ed., p. 190. Retiring comfortably: RJB, Cox. The West Texas rancher was Lucius Desha Bunton of Marfa.

The Hill Country was beautiful: Schawe, p. 240 and passim; Hunter, passim; Fehrenbach, p. 606; Frantz and White, p. viii; Graves, Heartland, pp. 12–16, 24 ff, and Hard Scrabble, p. 11. Horace Hall, who came to the Hill Country in 1871, called it "a beautiful country … high hills wooded with rich valleys, with tall grass over a horse's back," Hall, p. 342. Also, descriptions of early days from Cox, Gliddon, and elderly residents who heard them from their parents or grandparents.

"The cabins became"; "A man could see": Fehrenbach, pp. 286, 301. "Grass knee high!": Hall, p. 351. "My stirrups!": Hunter, ed.; an "early pioneer" quoted in AA-S, Nov. 19, 1967.

The grass and the soil: Thomas, ed., esp. pp. 49–69, 115–33, 350–66, 721–36; Graves, Heartland, p. 23. Role of fire: Thomas, ed., pp. 57, 119–26; Hahn, "White-Tailed Deer," p. 7; Bray, "Forest Resources," p. 28; Graves, Hard Scrabble, p. 12. Failure to understand: Fehrenbach, p. 606; Graves, passim.

The rain: Webb, Plains, pp. 17–27; Bray, "Forest Resources," pp. 28, 29; Fehrenbach, pp. 606, 607. A small shrub; mulberry bushes: Engelmann, quoted in Bray, "Forest Resources," p. 29. Cactus; "too low": Bray, "Forest Resources," p. 4. "Well-defined division": Vernon Bailey, "Biological Survey of Texas, 1905," quoted in Webb, Plains, p. 32. "Divided": O. E. Baker, Agricultural Economist in the U.S. Bureau of Agricultural Economics, in Yearbook of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (1921), quoted in Webb, Plains, p. 19. "West of 98": Graves, Hard Scrabble, p. 20. "Sound and fury": Fehrenbach, p. 273.

"A conspiracy": Fehrenbach, pp. 605, 607. "Kendall's victims": Speer, p. 12; Brigham, p. 9. "The springs are flowing": Frantz and White, p. viii. "Erratic moves": Richard Blood, the Weather Bureau's climatologist for Texas, quoted in Jones, "What Drought Means."

No realization: It is apparent, even if not stated in Darton, "Texas: Our Largest State": "It has large areas of fertile soil and a climate approaching the temperate."

The Johnsons: Bearss, pp. 1–6; Johnson, Album, passism; Johnson, "The Johnsons," passim. "Some historians": Including the President's mother, in her Album, p. 107. Jesse's migration: Sparks, "President Johnson's Georgia Ancestors"; Bearss, pp. 1, 2; Johnson, Album, pp. 87–88. "They were prosperous": Elizabeth Thomas, an Alabama genealogist, quoted in Sparks, "President Johnson's Georgia Ancestors." Will: "Last Will and Testament of Jesse Johnson," Aug. 30, 1854, in Johnson, Album, p. 88. Didn't realize enough: Caldwell County Probate Record Book C, pp. 267–68; Bearss, pp. 4–6.

Indians in the Hill Country: Speer, Taylor, Fehrenbach, passim. "The terror": Elliott Coues, On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer, p. xxv, quoted in Webb, Plains, p. 120. "They lived along the streams": R. Henderson Shuffler, "Here History Was Only Yesterday," in Maguire, p. 22. Federal responsibility: Texans' fury as it is shown in Fehrenbach, pp. 496–97, 501, 530, 532–33. 36 and 34 families: Brigham, p. 9.

"One of the outhouses": Speer, p. 6. "The back of a bush": Olmsted, p. 134. "Most popular use": Fehrenbach, p. 298. "At random": Hayes, quoted in Fehrenbach, p. 298. "This life"; "a difference": Fehrenbach, pp. 300, 451.

Colt revolver; "Never again": Fehrenbach, pp. 474–76. 149: Fehrenbach, p. 497. Hundreds died: Fehrenbach, p. 501. Torture and rape: Fehrenbach, pp. 450–51, 460. "A thousand deaths": Nunley, "The Interesting Life Story of a Pioneer Mother," pp. 17–21.

Formation of Blanco County: Commissioner of Insurance, Statistics and History, "Blanco County," pp. 27–29, Galveston, 1882. Pleasant Hill: Gillespie County Historical Society, p. 63. Swarming with steers: Hahn, "White-Tailed Deer," p. 9. The rise of the cattle business: Pelzer, pp. 45 ff; Hunter, ed., pp. 96-99 and passim; Fehrenbach.

The Johnson brothers as trail drivers: Hall, Speer, Moursund, passim. "The largest": A. W. Capt, in Hunter, pp. 362–63. "On his return": Fred Bruckner, quoted in Bearss, p. 31.

"Tall": Johnson, Album, p. 73. T. U. Taylor described her as "a beautiful young woman with piercing black eyes, coal black hair, queenly in her carriage, a woman of great refinement and strong family pride" (p. 21). "Loved to talk": Johnson, "The Johnsons," p. 71. "Admonished": Johnson, Album, p. 74.

"The months": Fehrenbach, p. 558. The bitterness Hill Country ranchers felt toward the federal government for its Indian policies is shown in a remark by Capt, in Hunter, p. 36, that "As for chasing Indians, that was out of the question, for at that time they were under the watchful care of government agents." The only wife: SHJ, Cox. "Gently reared": Taylor, p. 21. Hiding in the cellar: Porterfield, pp. 39–40. Although most published accounts say, as Porterfield does, that it was an "extra diaper," Eliza herself, when recounting the story, was, relatives say, less squeamish.

Losing the soil; drought: The most poignant description of the ranchers' feelings come from their children and grandchildren, including Stribling, Cox, and Dollahite. The brush: Bray, "Forest Resources," pp. 30–32; Graves, Heartland, p. 20; Hard Scrabble, p. 198. 500 square miles: Bray, p. 30.

"That king cash crop": Graves, Hard Scrabble, pp. 20, 21. Cotton and the soil: Stribling; Graves, Heartland, pp. 20, 21. Into "the next county": Graves, Hard Scrabble, p. 22. "Eating down": Hahn, "White-Tailed Deer," pp. 41, 43; Graves, Heartland, p. 23. Decline in cotton production: Agricultural Census for 1880, Hays County, State of Texas, Texas State Archives.

"The terms": Fehrenbach, p. 560. Buying up the land: Bearss, pp. 29, 34; Speer, p. 48; Hall, pp. 345-46. "Made a market": Speer, p. 58. Action Mill, store: Hall, pp. 344–47.

"Inner convictions"; "the best-adapted": Fehrenbach, p. 561. Table talk at the Johnsons'; "He encouraged": Cox, Gliddon. Subscribing: Cox; Jessie Hatcher, quoted in Bearss, p. 51. "Tenant purchase": SHJ, Cox. Interest in religion; becoming a Christadelphian: Jessie Hatcher, quoted in Bearss, p. 52. The wedding gift: Johnson, Album, p. 74. "They took receipts": Speer, p. 57. Businessmen: Fehrenbach, p. 557, for example. "$20 gold pieces": Speer, pp. 57–58. "Wishful thinking": Fehrenbach, p. 561. "Great optimism": SHJ. Borrowing $10,000: Bearss, p. 45. "The Johnson boys": Hall, p. 341.

"The year 1871": Speer, p. 56. The 1869 flood: Speer, p. 52. Second overflow: Speer, p. 54. The Johnsons' 1871 drives: Speer, pp. 57–58; Capt, in Hunter, pp. 364–66; Hall, pp. 339-41. "Half the cattle": Webb, p. 231. "Cut a fellow": Hall, p. 340.

Tied up with theirs; "a great loss": Speer, pp. 57–58. Mortgages, lawsuits: Bearss, pp. 43–47, 186. Losing mill: Bearss, p. 45. Selling to James Johnson: Bearss, p. 187.

"Mr. Louis": Hall, p. 344. "It has been"; Comanche raid: Hall, p. 346. Last land sold: Moursund, p. 210. Value of Tom's property: Moursund, pp. 210, 214. Tom drowned: Moursund, p. 214. Value of Sam's property: Moursund, pp. 214, 217. Moving to the Buda farm: Hays County Deed Record Book H, pp. 478–79, quoted in Bearss, p. 49.

"About this time": Speer, p. 60. 4 acres for 1 bale; $560: Agricultural Census for 1880, Hays County, State of Texas, Texas State Archives. "Floats in grease": Speer. Selling the carriage for down payment: Johnson, Album, p. 74.

Photographs: For example, Plates XXIX and XXX, in Bearss. Sideboard: Hatcher, quoted in Bearss, p. 179. "She would bring out": Johnson, Album, pp. 73–74. Rebekah also wrote that "She had no pride of earthly possessions …," but that does not fit with other descriptions. "Knocked him": Hatcher, quoted in Bearss, p. 52. Sam in old age: Johnson, Album, p. 71; Cox.

2. The People's Party SOURCES

Books, journals, and archives:

Goodwyn, Democratic Promise; Josephson, The Politicos; Martin, The People's Party of Texas; Morison and Commager, The Growth of the American Republic, V. 2; Morison, Commager, and Leuchtenburg, The Growth of the American Republic.

Southern Mercury, 1888–1890.

Barker Texas History Center.

Interviews:

Ava Johnson Cox, Stella Gliddon, Sam Houston Johnson, W. D. McFarlane, Emmette Redford.

NOTES

1892 campaign: Record of Election Returns, 1892, County Clerk's Office, Blanco, Comal, Gillespie, and Hays counties.

Feeling rising: Goodwyn, pp. 26–37. Didn't have railroads: From time to time a track would be laid a short way into a more accessible part of the hills, but the line would quickly fail. $1,945: Fourth Annual Report, Department of Agriculture, Insurance, Statistics and History, 1890–1891, Austin, 1892. The Lampasas beginning: Goodwyn, pp. 33–37.

"Our lot": J. D. Cady, Oct. 30, 1888. "I will try": Landrum, April 25, 1889. "I see": Blevin, June 6, 1889. "I consider": Minnie Crider, Feb. 13,1890. "If we help": Sarah Crider, March 13, 1890. "As we live": June 27, 1889. "We are in": Eppes, April 19, 1888. All from Southern Mercury.

Cooperatives: Goodwyn, pp. 34–39, 43–49, 125–39. Many elderly Hill Country residents recall their parents' descriptions of this. Fort Worth and Dallas: DMN quoted in Goodwyn, p. 47. Membership: Goodwyn, pp. 46, 73, 86. "A power": Smith, quoted in Goodwyn, p. 86. Fanning out: Goodwyn, pp. 91 ff. "Swept over": Darden, quoted in Goodwyn, p. 93.

Breaking the cooperatives: Goodwyn, pp. 125–39. Dollar assessment: L. Sellavan, Southern Mercury, Aug. 22, 1889. "Loves Dr. Macune": Quoted in Goodwyn, p. 132. Caravans: The Austin Weekly Statesman said that observers were "completely astonished by the mammoth proportions" of the turnout (quoted in Goodwyn, pp. 131–32).

"Corruption dominates": Quoted in Morison and Commager, pp. 240–41. "Army": Morison et al., p. 184. Taking command: Morison and Commager, pp. 239–56; Goodwyn, pp. 319–23. Except: Morison et al., p. 173. "They have the principle": Quoted in ibid., p. 188. Bryan's speech: Ibid., pp. 188–90. Losing their identity: Ibid., pp. 190–96; Goodwyn, pp. 470–92. "A triumph": Morison et al., p. 195. "The last protest": Ibid., p. 196.

Hill Country was worse: "Farm and Farm Property, with selected items for 1900 and 1910," Bulletin: Agriculture Texas, Statistics for the State and its Counties, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1920. 23 voters: BCR, Dec. 17, 1904.

3. The Johnson Strut SOURCES

Books, articles, and documents:

Bearss, Historic Resource Study; Cocke, The Bailey Controversy in Texas; Fehrenbach, Lone Star; Frantz and White, The Driskill Hotel and Limestone and Log; Gantt, The Chief Executive in Texas; Gould, Progressives and Prohibitionists; Graves, Hard Scrabble and Texas Heartland; Humphrey, Farther Off From Heaven; Rebekah Johnson, A Family Album; Maguire, A President's Country; McKay, Texas Politics; Moursund, Blanco County Families; Mowry, The Twenties; Nichols, Rugged Summit; Porterfield, LBJ Country; Speer, A History of Blanco County; Webb, The Great Plains, The Great Frontier; Wilson and Duholm, Genealogy.

Emma Morrill Shirley, "The Administration of Pat M. Neff, Governor of Texas" (Thesis), Baylor Bulletin, Dec., 1938.

Anita Brewer, "Lyndon Johnson's Mother," AS, May 13, 1965; William N. Kemp, "Representative Sam Johnson—1877–1937," Journal of the American Optometric Association, Feb., 1968; Bela Kornitzer, "President Johnson Talks About His Mother and Father," Parade, Jan. 5, 1964; Bruce Kowert, "Lyndon B. Johnson, Boy of Destiny," Boston Globe, Dec. 15, 1963; Glenn Loney, "Miss Kate and the President," "Exec. PP 13–1," WHCF; Gene Barnwell Waugh, "The Boyhood Days of Our President: Recollections of a Friend," San Antonio Express-News, April 25, 1965; "The Man Who Is the President," Life, Aug. 14, 1964; "Lyndon Johnson's School Days," Time, May 21, 1965; "This is LBJ's Country," USN&WR, Dec. 23, 1963.

Blanco County Record, 1903–1925; Blanco News, 1905–1906; Johnson City Record-Courier, 1925–1926, 1937; Gillespie County News, 1904–1906; Fredericksburg Standard, 1920–1928; Llano Times, 1906; San Antonio Express, 1906, 1918, 1922, 1923. Austin Statesman, 1905; Fredericksburger Wochenblatt, 1920; Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 1923.

"Pedernales to Potomac," Austin American-Statesman Supplement, Jan. 20, 1965; "The Record Courier—Blanco County Centennial Edition," Aug. 1, 1958.

"The Hill Country: Lyndon Johnson's Texas," an NBC News television program (referred to as "NBC Broadcast"), broadcast May 9, 1966.

"Transcript of an Exclusive Interview Granted by President Lyndon B. Johnson to Robert E. McKay on May 21, 1965" (referred to as "McKay Interview").

House Journals (HJ), 29th, 30th, 36th, 37th, 38th Legislatures.

O. Y. Fawcett, Fawcett's Drug Store, "1905 Charge Account Book."

Oral Histories:

Sherman Birdwell, Percy Brigham, Ben Crider, Joe Crofts, Marjorie A. Delafield, Stella Gliddon, Jessie Hatcher, Carroll Keach, Wright Patman, Payne Rountree, Josefa Baines Saunders, Louis Walter.

Interviews:

Milton Barnwell, Rebekah Johnson Bobbin (RJB), J. R. Buckner, Louise Casparis, Elizabeth Clemens, Roy C. Coffee, Ava Johnson Cox, Ohlen Cox, Ann Fears Crawford, Cynthia Crider Crofts, Willard Deason, John Dollahite, Robert L. Edwards, Wilma and Truman Fawcett, Stella Gliddon, William Goode, D. B. Hardeman, Eloise Hardin, Ugo Henke, Welly Hopkins, Sam Houston Johnson (SHJ), Eddie Joseph, Ernest Klappenbach, Fritz Koeniger, Jessie Lambert, Kitty Clyde Ross Leonard, W. D. McFarlane, Cecil Morgan, Alfred P. C. Petsch, Carl L. Phinney, William C. Pool, Cecil Redford, Emmette Redford, Benny Roeder, Gladys Shearer, Gordon Simpson, Arthur Stehling, Addie Stevens, Clayton Stribling, Fay Withers.

NOTES

Father relieved: Johnson, Album, p. 22. Sam's boyhood: Ibid., pp. 22–23. Robert Bunton's retirement: Cox. Teaching: Bearss, p. 56; Pool, LBJ, p. 23; Gliddon. The family was named Shipp. "He had": Album, p. 24.

Successful at first: Johnson, Album, p. 24; Cox. "Strutted": Ohlen Cox; Gliddon. Carrying the Colt: Joseph. "To make it"; his best friends: Album, p. 24.

Winning the nomination; his acceptance speech: Gillespie County News, July 9, 1904. Running ahead: BCR, Nov. 10, 17, 1904.

Sam Johnson as a legislator: McFarlane, Coffee, Phinney, Simpson, Buckner, Joseph; Patman OH, and quoted in Steinberg, Sam Johnson's Boy, p. 3. Alamo Purchase Bill: AS, Dec. 2, 1928; BCN, Oct. 28, 1937; HJ, Regular Session, 29th Legislature, 1905, pp. 76, 149, 152, 164, 198. The hero was Ferg Kyle of Hays County. Calf-roping bill: Gillespie County News, Jan. 28, 1905; HJ, pp. 76, 187. Franchise tax: Pool, p. 26. Wolf bounty: HJ, pp. 291, 332; Blanco News, April 10, 1905.

"A trio": Gillespie County News, Feb. 25, 1905. Alarm clock joke: Walter OH, p. 3. "Mighty glad": Rayburn to Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr., Feb. 22, 1937, "General Correspondence—Johnson, Sam," SRL. "Has succeeded": Gillespie County News, April 8, 1905.

Llano newspaper: Llano Times, March 1, 1906. SAE said, in an article reprinted in the Blanco News on March 29, 1906, "Representative S. E. Johnson of Fredericksburg [sic] is one of the hard-working members of the House. Although he is serving his first term in the Legislature he has made a splendid reputation for himself and should he return for a second term he would be in a position to render still more useful service to his constituents." "Shell the woods": Blanco News, July 26, 1906. Democratic primary results: Blanco News, Aug. 2, 9, 1906.

Losing on cotton futures: Sam himself would say that he had lost only because of the San Francisco earthquake, but the only one who believed this story was his wife, who wrote: "The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 wiped out his cotton holdings and saddled him with a debt of several thousand dollars" (Johnson, Album, p. 25). Among the relatives familiar with the real story are Cox, SHJ, RJB. "My daddy": Quoted in Steinberg, p. 565.

"The damn Legislature": Quoted in Fehrenbach, p. 435. Austin atmosphere: Among many descriptions, Frantz, The Driskill, and Steinberg, Rayburn, pp. 17, 19, 21. An enthusiastic participant: Joseph. Ordering out the lobbyist: McFarlane. Bill regulating lobbyists: HJ, Regular Session, 30th Legislature, pp. 76, 660, 754.

"Dull black": SAE, April 14, 1929. "Were phrased": Bower, quoted in Steinberg, Sam Johnson's Boy, p. 9. "Influenced" Bryan: Pool, p. 148. The Bailey case: McKay, pp. 21–24; Steinberg, Rayburn, pp. 17, 18. "Drive into the Gulf": Cocke, p. 633. Only seven: Pool, p. 29; Bearss, p. 64; Steinberg, Rayburn, p. 18.

"A quiet worker": Chaplain W. J. Joyce, in HJ, 30th Legislature, p. 427. "Straight as a shingle": McFarlane; Percy Brigham, quoted in Porterfield, p. 32. The Fawcett account: Fawcett, "Account Book," p. 277. Mabel Chapman refusing: Wilma Fawcett, Cox. Offered no job: RJB, SHJ.

4. The Father and Mother SOURCES

See Sources for Chapter 3.

NOTES

Rebekah's girlhood: Johnson, Album, pp. 28–30. Her house: Album, p. 29; SAE, Oct. 3, 1963. Her father: Album, pp. 75–87, 29; Moursund, pp. 11–12.

Meeting Sam Johnson: Album, pp. 17, 25, 30; Steinberg, Sam Johnson's Boy, p. 10.

Their home: Photographs, Bearss, Plates XXIX, XXX; Cox, Gliddon. "Flawless": RJB. Women working: See Chapters 27, 28. Girls quitting: Lambert, who was one of them. Normally: Album, p. 30. "I never": Rebekah to Lyndon, May 30, 1937, "Family Correspondence, Johnson, Mrs. Sam E., Dec. 1929–Dec. 1939," Box 1, Family Correspondence.

Going to church; contrast with other women; with Tom's wife: Cox; RJB; Hatcher, OH, pp. 13–14. "Opposite": Cox. Rebekah says, "In disposition, upbringing and background [we] were vastly dissimilar. However, in principles and motives, the real essentials of life, [we] were one" (Album, p. 25). "Then she'd hear Sam": Lambert. "If men": Fehrenbach, p. 302.

Quotation: Album, p. 32. Tablecloths: Saunders, OH, p. 14. Teacups: RJB; Mrs. Johnson. Sam bringing Mrs. Lindig: Hatcher OH, pp. 3, 4, and quoted in Bearss, p. 69. "The attending": Album, p. 17. "Always dignified": Hatcher, OH, p. 3. "You will be drowned!": Hatcher, quoted in Bearss, p. 69.

"The end of the earth": Gliddon. "Closed": Barnwell. Climbing the belfrey: Cecil Redford. "Probably": SHJ, p. 8. Only college degree: Gliddon. Green sneaking into the classroom: His daughter, Wilma Green Fawcett. "I don't want": RJB.

No room in Sanitarium; her illness thereafter: SHJ, RJB. Rebekah as a homemaker: Casparis, Cox, Cynthia Crider Crofts, Wilma and Truman Fawcett, Stribling. Rebekah as a teacher: Cox; Crider OH. Ava is the one who hummed. "She teached": Crider OH, p. 8. "We didn't": Cox. "The highlight": Waugh, "The Boyhood Days." Ava's experience: Cox. "I had heard": J. R. Buckner, quoted in Pool, p. 56. "Gentle, gentle"; "quite the contrary": Gliddon OH. "Highly organized": Album, p. 27. "Mr. Sam lost": Casparis. "That's not": Cynthia Crider Crofts. Most of them recall: Casparis, Lambert, Stevens. See A Note on Sources. "He used"; "German blood"; "You could see"; "One minute": Casparis, Stevens, SHJ, Cox. "In disposition": Album, p. 25. "The Bainses": Rebekah Johnson quoted in HP, June 20, 1954, Sec. 6, p. 6. "It was something:" Casparis.

"Men who": Cox. $32,375 sale: Fredericksburg Standard, Jan. 22, 1916. Putting on the plays: BCR, May 11, 1923; Bearss, pp. 103, 104. Johnson City Record: Bearss, pp. 75–76; Waugh, "The Boyhood Days"; Gliddon.

Sam's buying ranches, etc.: Fredericksburg Standard, Nov. 28, 1919. Gliddon's experience: Gliddon. Haunish episode: RJB. At the Fredericksburg bank: Walter OH; Petsch. "Broad-minded": Wilma Fawcett. Selected as a member of draft board: Bearss, p. 76. No opposition: Fredericksburg Standard, Jan. 18, 1918.

"A flying mass": Lucia Johnson Alexander, in AS, May 13, 1965. "I've bought": SHJ, RJB. "I argue": Deason. Spelling bees, debates, listening to records: Gliddon, quoted in Bearss, pp. 103–4; Gliddon; Cox; Wilma and Truman Fawcett.

5. The Son SOURCES

See Sources for Chapter 3.

NOTES

His mother wanted: RJB, SHJ. The naming: "Rough Draft," pp. 4, 5. Besides other, minor, differences, the sentence "He thought of his three lawyer friends" has been edited out of the published Family Album. "Dark eyes": Album, p. 22. "Professed": "Rough Draft," p. 2. "The Bunton eye": Cox.

"Raised his hand": Rebekah Johnson's notes on first page of photographs following p. 32 in the Album. Ordered fifty: Kowert, "Lyndon B. Johnson." Telling him stories: Album, p. 19. The Stonewall picnic: "Rough Draft," p. 5. Neighbors remembered: Gliddon.

"A highly inquisitive": "Rough Draft," p. 5. Her fright: Cox, Gliddon; Mrs. Lucia Johnson Alexander to Bruce, April 14, 1971, quoted in Bearss, p. 72. Relatives: Cox; Hatcher OH, p. 11; RJB. The bell: Mrs. Alexander to Bruce. Hiding in haystack: Lambert. In cornfield: Mrs. Alexander to Bruce. "He wanted attention": Lambert.

Running away to school: Loney, "Miss Kate and the President," p. 2; Saunders OH, p. 13; Album, p. 19; Cox; Hatcher OH p. 12. "My mother used to lead me": Johnson, in "The Hill Country: Lyndon Johnson's Texas," quoted in NYT, May 8, 1966. Ava picking him up: Cox. Unless she held him on lap: Deadrich, quoted in Loney, "Miss Kate," pp. 3, 6. Dressed differently: Loney, "Miss Kate," p. 3; Cox. Writing his name big: Kowert, "Lyndon B. Johnson." China clown: Bearss, p. 71; Cox.

On the donkey: Cox. "The head of the ring": Hatcher OH, p. 12. Hugo's pie: Cox.

"Lyndon took a liking"; a "five-pointer"; "a natural born leader": Crider OH, pp. 2, 17, 13. "Take his ball and go home": Edwards. Among others who knew this: SHJ.

In Maddox's barbershop: Emmette Redford, Cox, Gliddon, SHJ; Crofts OH. Father made him stop: SHJ. "Competition"; populism: Cox. Debates: Gliddon. They are also described by Cox, RJB. "There was no": Redford. Dropping out of games: Pool, p. 58; Cox; see also Nichols, p. 439, who says, "His father told me that Lyndon … would listen to [his father's] conversations with neighbors and friends instead of indulging in play as would the usual child." Craning his neck: RJB; Steinberg, Sam Johnson's Boy, p. 21. Hobby visit: Kowert, "Lyndon B. Johnson."

"I loved": Kearns, Lyndon Johnson, pp. 36–37; Cox, Gliddon. "Tell him": Steinberg, p. 26. "If you can't": Dallas Herald, Nov. 24, 1963. "Someone who really knew": McFarlane. Benner's claims of fraud: San Angelo Standard-Times, March 31, 1968. Celebration in San Antonio: RJB. Sitting in the swing: Cox, Fawcett. Liked to dress like his father: Cox. "He was right": Hatcher OH, p. 21. Carrying the Congressional Record: Stribling. Imitating his father: Patman, in Steinberg, pp. 28, 3, and OH. In the NBC broadcast, his first teacher, Kate Deadrich, said that when he came to school, "He would wear his father's cowboy hat and then would have his father's boots. A little bit difficult for him to have them, but he had them over his little shoes." Sam's ambitions limited: Patman, in Steinberg, p. 28. The difference: Fawcett, Gliddon, Redford.

Ear-popping: Barnwell; Rountree OH, p. 14. "Let me tell you": Gliddon. "He was a Bunton!": Cox.

6. "The Best Man I Ever Knew" SOURCES

See Sources for Chapter 3.

NOTES

"Warm applause": SAE, Feb. 27, 1918. Sam's description: Joseph, McFarlane; Patman OH. "The cowboy type": Patman, quoted in Steinberg, Sam Johnson's Boy, p. 3. "Caught in the tentacles": JCR-C, Oct. 28, 1937. Here the phrase is used without quotation marks, but numerous Johnson City residents say that it is exactly the phrase Sam used. Sulphur tax: McFarlane.

Anti-German hysteria: Gould, p. 225; Pool, pp. 36–38; Fehrenbach, p. 644. Fredericksburg Square; "maelstrom"; Sam's speech: Fredericksburg Standard, March 23, April 6, 1918; State Observer, June 10, 1940. Remembered with admiration: Phinney. Privately buttonholing: SAE, March 6, 1918. "At a time": W.A. Trenckmann, editor of Austin's Das Wochenblatt, in a letter dated Aug. 17, 1920, published in Fredericksburger Wochenblatt, Oct. 14, 1920.

Sam Johnson was also a leader in the fight against the Ku Klux Klan, although, contrary to the opinion of some Lyndon Johnson biographers that this fight required political courage, it did not. Sam's son, Sam Houston Johnson, has written (My Brother, pp. 29–31) that the Klan "threatened to kill him on numerous occasions," and that once Sam Ealy and his two brothers, Tom and George, dared them to "come on ahead," and spent the night waiting on the porch with shotguns, while the women cowered in the cellar below (the Klan never showed up). But both accounts are at least slightly exaggerated. Sam Johnson, with his sympathy for the underdog, detested the Klan's persecution of Mexican-Americans—he used the phrase "Kukluxsonofabitch" so often that, Sam Houston says, "I never realized that 'son of a bitch' was a separate word, standing all by itself, until I got to high school"—and, in the Legislature, he did speak and vote against measures it backed; one plea, for racial tolerance, won statewide notice; Carl L. Phinney, chief clerk of the House at the time, remembers "very vividly" the "powerful statement." But the House was split about evenly on the Klan, and in Johnson's own district, it was not really a force at all.

Optometrists: Kemp, "Representative Sam Johnson." "High time": McFarlane. This was a characteristic phrase. In one of his campaign speeches against Benner, he said, as Cox recalled it for Pool (p. 45), "It is high time that a person stands up and lets the world know how he stands." "He was not": Patman OH, pp. 2, 3.

Concerted effort: BCR, April 22, 1921. A "leading good-roads" man: Johnson's work on the highway is detailed in House Journal, Regular Session, 36th Legislature, 1919, pp. 308–9; 1920, pp. 196–97. 503.

"We've got": McFarlane. Drought: BCR, Oct. 15, 1920. "Because of": BCR, Oct. 28, 1937; Pool, p. 39. State aid: BCR, Oct. 15, 1920. "A great victory": BCR, March 11, 1921. "Truly wanted": McFarlane. "The best man": Patman OH.

"He had": Redford. Sam's work in obtaining pensions: Dollahite, Koeniger, Gliddon, Buckner.

Blue Sky Law: House Journal, Regular Session, 38th Legislature, pp. 34–35, 827; Shirley, p. 100. "The Governor's speech"; "I want to leave": Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Jan. 11, 1923. "No measure": SAE, Jan. 14, 1923. Money: McFarlane, RJB. "Whenever": Wilma Fawcett. "Ambitious": Deason.

"Several big land deals": BCR, Aug. 6, 1920. Kept going down: Cox, Gliddon, Stribling. "If you want": Cox.

Buying the family place: Fredericksburg Standard, Feb. 7, 1920; Bearss, p. 81. Offering $19,500: Gillespie County Deed Book 27, pp. 420–21, in Bearss, p. 170. Persuading Tom: SHJ, Cox. "Gradual enough": Graves, Heartland, p. 29. Cotton prices: Gould, passim. Other expenses: RJB, SHJ, Cox. Selling hotel and store: BCR, Jan. 23, 1920. Sam received about $5,000 for the store. Mortgage, bank loans: Gillespie County Deed Book 27, pp. 420–21, in Bearss, p. 171; RJB, SHJ say the $15,000 mortgage, from the Loan and Abstract Co. of Fredericksburg, at 7% interest, was to pay for the improvements to the farm. Gully: Cox, SHJ, Gliddon. Cotton prices falling: Literary Digest, Nov. 6, 1920. Selling to Striegler: Fredericksburg Standard, Sept. 23, 1922; Bearss, p. 88. All went to Loan and Abstract: Gillespie County Deed Book 34, pp. 624–26, quoted in Bearss, p. 171. Still owed banks, etc.; his brothers co-signing: RJB, SHJ, Cox, Fawcett, Gliddon; Bearss, p. 136, says a $2,000 mortgage, when originally taken, was to mature on Dec. 1, 1918, but RJB, SHJ, Cox say a mortgage for this amount was still in effect in 1923.

Sam's illness: RJB, SHJ, Cox. Going to Legislature: Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Jan. 19, 23, 1923. "Among prominent visitors": BCR, March 26, 1920. "Big land deals": BCR, Aug. 6, 1920. Benner's mot: Koeniger. Johnson City's opinion of Sam Johnson: Dollahite, Gliddon, Fawcett, and all interviews with residents noted in Sources for Chapter 3. "Playing cowboy": Brigham OH. "For business reasons": Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Jan. 11, 1923. Not invited to speak: Fredericksburg Standard, Aug. 30, 1924.

Real-estate and insurance; game warden: BCR, May 9, 1924; RJB, Cox. "Please!": Fawcett. Buntons lent him: SHJ, Cox. Foreman: Gliddon.

"Some children": Among the many residents who quoted this is Wilma Fawcett. "Never tells a lie": Cox. Rebekah herself records this exchange in Album, p. 19, and also says, "He had a passion for truthfulness and could be depended on to admit a failure in duty or obedience." Laundry: Wilma Fawcett. "Sausage": Ohlen Cox. "Bread and bacon": Stribling. "A little dab"; Christmas food; "She just," etc.: Cox. "He did": Dollahite.

7. "The Bottom of the Heap" SOURCES

See Sources for Chapter 3.

Also, Marjie Mugno, "Just a Guy," Highway (published by the Austin Employees, Texas Highway Department), March, 1964; Carol Nation, "A Rendezvous With Destiny," Texas Highways, March, 1964; Wendell O'Neal, "Motor Buses in Texas, 1912–1930," Texas Bus Owners Association, Inc., 1931.

And interview with John Gorflnkle.

NOTES

"Humorous to watch": Patman, quoted in Steinberg, Sam Johnson's Boy, p. 28, and he expanded on this: "They sort of looked alike, they walked the same, had the same nervous mannerisms, and Lyndon clutched you like his Daddy did when he talked to you." Patman shared a two-man desk on the House floor with Sam Johnson. "Whenever"; "there wasn't": McFarlane. Also, Coffee, Holden, Joseph, Morgan, Phinney. There was no legislative session in 1922, but some of these men saw Lyndon and Sam together in Austin on legislative business.

"Just long enough": Lyndon Johnson quoted in Waugh, "The Boyhood Days." "Bossy": Wilma Fawcett. Woodbox, etc.: The description of Lyndon's behavior at home comes from RJB, SHJ, Casparis.

At Albert School: RJB; Cox. Donkey: Johnson, quoted in Steinberg, p. 699. See also Time, May 21, 1965. Photograph: Album, p. 38; RJB. "Someday": Itz, quoted in USN&WR, Dec. 23, 1963, "This is LBJ's Country."

"Couldn't handle"; might not pass; scraping up tuition: Cox, SHJ, RJB. Spending allowance: SHJ; BCR, July 28, 1922. "Cut off": SHJ. "Lyndon is very young": Rebekah Johnson to Flora Eckert, July 11, 1922, "Family Correspondence" (Mother) Johnson, Sam E. (Rebekah), Box 1, General Correspondence. At Johnson City High: Schoolmates Leonard, Cecil Redford, Edwards, Dollahite, Cox; Crofts OH.

"Many times": Rebekah Johnson, quoted in DMN, June 30, 1941. Father's anger, kicking off shoes: RJB, SHJ.

"Bend over": SHJ, pp. 11–13. Tension between Sam and Lyndon: SHJ, pp. 13, 10. Suit: Barnwell. "All afraid": Edwards. Beau refusing: RJB. "Ugly things": Casparis.

"You could see": Casparis. An hour alone: SHJ, pp. 9, 10. The bicycle: SHJ, p. 16. Spanking over razor: Crofts OH. Barbershop spanking: Crofts OH; Barnwell.

Sneaking out the car: Cox, Fawcett. "I've seen him": Fawcett. Fawcetts knew: Fawcett. Spankings: Fawcett, Cox, Edwards, Emmette Redford, RJB, SHJ. The telephone operator; hiding in a tree: SHJ. "He always": Emmette Redford.

"Such a production": Barnwell. The two boys in the café: Ohlen Cox, SHJ. His sisters mistreating him: Cox. "I regarded": Emmette Redford. Spanking at school: SHJ.

Hugging: Cynthia Crider. "Miz Stella": Gliddon. "Put me to shame": Redford, Edwards, Fawcett. "The more": Stribling, Wilma Fawcett. "We had great ups and downs": Lyndon Johnson, quoted in Harwood and Johnson, Lyndon, p. 23. "I felt sorry for him": Gliddon, for example. "Too much": Fawcett.

Lyndon and Kitty Clyde Ross: Kitty Clyde Ross Leonard, Casparis, Cox, Edwards. "Believed to be": BCR, May 9, 1924. Air Force One: A picture of this trip is in the LBJ Library.

Carrying the eggs: Crider. "You strap on": Humphrey, p. 55. "Half the town": Milton Barnwell.

"Immediacy"; "by the middle": "flickering screen": Shannon, in Mowry, pp. 43, 59, 60. "Rather drab": RJB. "About all": "so what was left": Emmette Redford. Lyndon's dream: He is quoted in Kearns, Lyndon Johnson, p. 40.

"You couldn't get anywhere": Crider OH, p. 6. She never: Despite Lyndon Johnson's statements to Kearns—that she daily took him to task with "a terrible knifelike voice," or else, in Kearns' words, "closed him out completely." He also told Kearns (p. 40): "We'd been such close companions, and, boom, she'd abandoned me." Among those who never heard a "terrible knifelike voice," or remember Rebekah even losing her patience with Lyndon: RJB, SHJ, Cox, Casparis—and a score of other persons the author interviewed who spent time in the Johnson household. "Hope": Casparis. Father's anger: RJB, SHJ.

"Always talking big": Koeniger. "He didn't": Clemens.

Gravel-topping the road: The description of the work is from a number of Johnson City teen-agers who worked on the job, including Cox. "Can't even hold": Casparis. "There's got to be," etc.: Cox.

"C'mon, Lyndon, get up": NBC Broadcast; Kornitzer, "President Johnson"; SHJ. Wrecking the car and running away: Koeniger. Working in Robstown: SHJ, Roeder, Clemens, Koeniger, Fawcett; Keach OH II, p. 30; Robstown Record, Dec. 16, 1936; CCC, Dec. 16, 1936.

Visiting the Buntons; refusing to register: The visit, and the fact that he spent two days in San Marcos immediately thereafter, are mentioned in the BCR, Sept. 19, 26, Oct. 10, 1924. Also SHJ.

"Weeelll": SHJ. "The minute," "exploded": SHJ, pp. 21–22. "One less mouth": Johnson, quoted in Steinberg, p. 32. "None of us had been off the farm"; "nothing to eat," etc.: This description by Johnson of the trip, a fair sample of the description he gave to other reporters over the years, appeared in DMN, June 30, 1941. Johnson, of course, had recently returned from a 200-mile trip to Robstown. The burying-the-money story seems to be an expansion of a practical joke that Johnson played on one of the other boys, Otho Summy. Rountree says that on one occasion "there were car lights showed up behind us and Lyndon commenced to hoorah Otho Summy. Otho, he's a pretty scary type of guy, you know, easy to scare. … He was telling him that these guys were following us … making him think that" they were going to rob us, "so we stopped and we saw Otho way off down, and he was burying his money. We all gave our money to him, and he was burying the money down there" (p. 8). About the trip as a whole, Rountree says: "We weren't scared" (Rountree OH, p. 11). See also Crider OH, pp. 3–4.

"Johnson was barely able to survive": Kearns, p. 43. What Johnson actually did: Koeniger; RJB; Crider OH, passim; Otto Crider in Cloverdale Reveille, July 2, 1964. Says Koeniger: "I read an article that Lyndon worked at menial jobs, but I don't know anything about that. I never heard about any jobs like that. I venture to say that his grape-picking and all that was very limited if at all. … I suspect that Lyndon may have—I hate to say—said that he did these things when he didn't. He came up there [to Tehachapi] with Otto [Crider, one of his companions on the trip], and they hadn't been very long when they [went] to San Bernardino." And, Koeniger says, neither Otto nor Lyndon "ever mentioned anything about starving or grape-picking or anything like that."

Johnson's attempt to be a lawyer: Koeniger; Gorfinkle; Laws of Nevada, Chapter LXIX, Section 2, As Amended, 1907; Nevada Compiled Laws—1929, Vol. I, §593. The Code of Civil Procedure of the State of California, Adopted March II, 1872, and the Subsequent Official State Amendments to and Including 1925, Sec. 279. Martin's career: BCR, May 7, 1920; JCR-C, June 20, 1929; Koeniger. Said he hitchhiked home: Time, May 21, 1965. Driven to his front door: RJB. "A changed person": Gliddon.

Drag races, moonshine, dances, etc.: Edwards, who was one of the "wild bunch"; Truman Fawcett; Cox; SHJ; Cynthia Crider; Life, "The Man," Aug. 14, 1964; Otto Crider in Cloverdale Reveille, July 2, 1964. Dynamite: Edwards. "I always hated cops": Quoted in Kearns, p. 333. "Only a hairsbreadth": RJB, SHJ.

"No matter": Gliddon. "If you want": RJB, SHJ; Steinberg, p. 34. Wrecking the car again: Johnson, quoted in Kearns, p. 38. Increased tension between father and son: Edwards, Cox; McKay Interview, pp. 10–11.

On the road gang: Crider OH, pp. 7, 18–20; Newlon, pp. 30–31. "Talked big": Arrington, quoted in Nation, "A Rendezvous," p. 6. Predicted: Among those who heard the prediction was C. S. Kinney, who is quoted in Nation, "A Rendezvous."

Trying to stand out: Cox, Gliddon. Replacing the Ferguson men: Crider OH, p. 7. The dance: Cox, SHJ, RJB, Lady Bird Johnson. Telling his parents he would go to college: RJB; SHJ. Wouldn't permit: SHJ.

8. "Bull" Johnson SOURCES

Books, articles, transcripts:

Nichols, Rugged Summit; Terry, Retired Teacher on Candid Typewriter.

John M. Smith, "The History and Growth of the Southwest Texas State Teachers College" (unpublished Master's Thesis), San Marcos, 1930.

Transcript of "John Dailey, Class of 1936, interviewing Professor David F. Votaw about the Early Days of President Lyndon B. Johnson When he Entered SWTSTC," Feb. 6, 1965, in Exec. PP, 3-5, WHCF (referred to as Votaw Transcript).

"Text of a Discussion Concerning the College Years of Lyndon B. Johnson" (between A. H. Nolle, Oscar W. Strahan, David F. Votaw, and Elizabeth Sterry), Dec., 1963 (referred to as Nolle Transcript).

Tape-recording of an informal discussion between Johnson and several professors who had been faculty members or students during his years at college, held in the office of the President of Southwest Texas State Univ., Billy Mack Jones, April 27, 1970. (The recording was made by E. Phillip Scott, Audiovisual Archivist of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, and will be referred to as Scott Tape.)

"Transcript of an Exclusive Interview Granted by President Lyndon B. Johnson to Robert E. McKay on May 21, 1965" (McKay Interview).

NBC News Television program, "The Hill Country: Lyndon Johnson's Texas" (May 9, 1966).

The College Star, 1926–1931.

The Pedagog, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, published by the senior class of SWTSTC, San Marcos.

Oral Histories:

Percy Brigham, Ben Crider, Willard Deason, Thomas J. Dunlap, Fenner Roth.

Interviews:

With College deans and administrators: Alfred H. Nolle, Leland H. Derrick, Ethel Davis (Registrar), Oscar Strahan (Athletic Director).

Faculty members: David E. Conrad, William C. Pool.

White Stars: Willard Deason, Alfred Harzke, Horace Richards, Vernon Whiteside, Wilton Woods.

Black Stars: Joe Berry, Ardis Hopper, Alfred (Boody) Johnson, Robert (Barney) Knispel, Richard Spinn.

Other students: Louise Casparis, Elizabeth Clemens, Mabel Webster Cook, Ava Johnson Cox, Carol Davis, Elmer Graham, Helen Hofheinz Moore, Mylton (Babe) Kennedy, Mrs. A. K. Krause, Henry Kyle, Ned Logan, Edward Puis, Ella So Relle (Porter), Ruth Garms Terry, Emmet Shelton, Clayton Stribling, Yancy Yarborough.

Townspeople: Walter Buckner, Barton Gill, Hilman Hagemann.

Others: SHJ, RJB, Fritz Koeniger, Emmette Redford.

NOTES

History and description of the college: Nichols, passim; Pool, LBJ, pp. 67–111; Smith, passim; Nolle, Strahan, Derrick, Ethel Davis. Joe Berry, later a faculty member at Bryn Mawr, says that when he got there, "I felt so inadequate—that I had so much to catch up. … I could not go to a dinner party, and participate intelligently in the conversation. … And this is a terrible feeling. I don't think anyone who hasn't experienced this can understand how horrible it is. … [At San Marcos] I got cheated out of an education." Emmette Redford says that there was a considerable gap between academic standards at San Marcos and at the University of Texas in Austin. "The jump from San Marcos to the University of Texas was a pretty big jump," he says. In the freshman and sophomore years at San Marcos, the course level was only slightly above high-school level. And in most junior- and senior-level courses, there was little or no reading of primary sources. And there wasn't very much reading even in the textbooks. Berry says that a chapter a week in history was about the rule. The professor would "take it a chapter at a time, like they do in … high school. … There was no outside reading, there was no collateral reading, no biographies."

Floor caving in: Nichols, p. 152. "It should be": Announcement of the Southwest Texas State Normal School for the Session Beginning Sept. 9, 1903, pp. 9, 190, quoted in Smith, pp. 79–80. "We know very well": Evans, to Council of Teachers College Presidents, Sept. 16, 1921, in Nichols, p. 181. On academic standards; low professors' salaries: Redford, Nolle; Nichols, pp. 114–20; San Marcos Record, undated clipping. The holder of the lone doctorate was Nolle, who was Dean of the College during Johnson's years there; Evans would not persuade another doctorate holder to come to San Marcos until 1931. "The reason I went?": Yarborough. "A poor boy's school": For example, Clyde Nail, quoted in Pool, p. 79. See also Nichols, p. 104.

"Considerable fear": Votaw, in Nolle Transcript, p. 12. "He didn't have": Clemens. "I am unable": Johnson to Biggers, Feb. 21, 1927, Box 72, LBJA SF. "One scared chicken": Cox. His interview with Votaw: Votaw Transcript, p. 3; Votaw, in Nolle Transcript, pp. 12, 13; Pool, pp. 90–91. Among the faculty members who remember are Strahan, Nolle, Derrick.

Getting a room: Boody Johnson, Stribling, Hopper. "The biggest heart": Knispel.

His father calling Evans: RJB, SHJ. Evans' personality and career: Nichols, passim; Pool, pp. 73 ff. The chink: Nichols, pp. 347–49. Opening the Redbooks: Nichols, p. 347; Derrick. "An invisible wall": Deason OH I, p. 6. Johnson becoming friendly with Evans; running errands; becoming his assistant: Johnson, on Scott Tape; Pool, pp. 99–100. "He was so sure": Ethel Davis.

"I remember": Johnson, on NBC Broadcast. "A tired homesick": Star, June 29, 1927. A "D"; "very upset": So Relle.

The egg and the ham: Mrs. Johnson. His lack of money; writing Crider and Crider's reply: Johnson, on Scott Tape. Mother writing Crider: Crider OH, p. 10. "Eighty-one dollars!": Johnson, on Scott Tape.

"Normally": Ethel Davis. "Dearest Mother": Johnson to Rebekah Johnson, "Family Correspondence … Dec. 1929–Dec. 1939," Box 1, LBJL. All the correspondence between Johnson and his mother is here. Mother asking him: RJB. "Damn I wanted to show him!": McKay Interview, pp. 10, 11. "The long confidential talks": Rebekah Johnson to Lyndon, Nov. 15, 1934, Box 1, LBJL.

Blanco County Club: Star, June 29, July 6, Sept. 29, 1927. Star editorship: Crider OH, p. 20.

Brogdon's personality: Pool, pp. 82–83; Nichols, pp. 230–34. Not only did she want river swimming in San Marcos segregated by sexes, she didn't want female students swimming downstream from male students lest sperm from the men be carried downstream on the current and impregnate female students. "After the meeting": Johnson, in Star, March 20, 1927. "Alert, experienced": Johnson, in Star, July 25, 1928. "Very interesting": Johnson, in Star, July 24, 1929. "Great": Johnson, in Star, July 25, 1928.

"Not with Lyndon": Nolle Transcript, p. 26. "Lyndon Johnson, editorial writer": 1928 Pedagog, p. 150.

"May I thank you": Netterville to Johnson, Dec. 19, 1929, "Letters of Recommendation," Box 73, LBJA SF. Flattering Ethel Davis: Ethel Davis.

Flattering professors: The description of Lyndon on the quadrangle comes from Whiteside, Berry, Kennedy, among others. "Sitting at his feet": Whiteside. And Nolle also uses that phrase, in describing Johnson and one of his professors, H. M. Greene: "Lyndon literally sat at the feet of Professor Greene" (Houston Press, Dec. 12, 1963). "Just drink up": Whiteside. "Has he gone yet?": Derrick. Johnson himself talked about this (Scott Tape).

Miss Brogdon relaxing: Boody Johnson. "Very forceful, but": Graham.

Flattery of Evans: Nichols touches on this only gingerly (pp. 436, 439) in his book, but talked to his friends, including Nolle and Derrick, about it at the time. "Red of face": Whiteside. Dramatizing his diligence: Nichols, p. 436. Evans mentioning: Berry. "He got next"; painting garage; "smooth as silk": Boody Johnson, quoted in Houston Press, Dec. 12, 1963; Nichols. "Opened a swinging gate": Mrs. Christine savage to Johnson, Nov. 25, 1966, Exec. PP, 13–5, WHCF. Acting familiar: Pool, p. 100. "They loved it": Whiteside.

"Words won't come": Kennedy. "Lyndon Johnson from Johnson City": Davis, "My heritage": Star, June 29, 1927. At Mrs. Gates' bordinghouse: Whiteside, Richards.

Saying he had 145 IQ: Woods. His marks: One place in which his "40 courses and 35 A's" is quoted is USN&WR, Sept. 7, 1964. While in residence at San Marcos, Lyndon Johnson took 56 courses, according to a handwritten record of his grades shown to the author by Nolle. He received 8 A's. He also received A's for three terms of "Practice Teaching." While at Cotulla, he took six "extension courses" (which Nolle said were in reality correspondence courses) and received three A's, but Nolle says these would not have been included at the time in his official overall average. Nolle says that his overall scholastic average was .939, which was "just a trifle under B." An A was 1.33; a B, 1.00; a C, .66; a D, .33. "A brilliant": Woods. Letters for debaters: Star, June 8, 1927. Lyndon as a debater: Graham. "I just didn't believe: Richards. "He's the bus inspector": Whiteside.

"Jumbo": SHJ. Emphasis on his appearance: Pool, p. 98; Boody Johnson. "Hard to shave": The barber, Barton Gill.

Unpopularity with women: Hofheinz, So Relle, Kyle, Richards. "Boasting and bragging. … ridiculous": Richards.

"Once": Richards. Fight: Whiteside, Richards. "A coward": Whiteside. A liar: Richards, Stribling, Whiteside, Puis, Kyle.

Black Stars the "in" crowd: Pool, p. 103.

Trying to get into the Black Stars: Knispel, So Relle, Boody Johnson, Spinn, Strahan, Stribling, Derrick. "Stalwart Boody": 1927 Pedagog, p. 237. Description of Boody: So Relle, Whiteside. Boody's feelings about Lyndon: Boody. Black Stars blackballing: Boody, quoted in Pool, p. 105, says there was only one, but to the author he made clear that the dislike was far more general. Stribling, who was present at the Black Star Meetings, says that the only result of Lyndon's seeing-the-Constitution strategy was that "he got even more blackballs" on the second vote. Also, Strahan, Knispel, and Derrick. Black Star Frank Arnold told his girlfriend (later wife) Helen Hofheinz at the time, and she says, when asked if there was only one blackball, "Oh, that's not true. They were all against him." "We figured": Stribling.

"He wanted": So Relle. At Ethel Davis' lodge: Ethel Davis. Jackass, etc.: 1928 Pedagog, p. 302. "M.B.": Star, Dec. 17, 1929; Kyle, Richards, Puis, among others.

9. The Rich Man's Daughter SOURCES

This chapter is based on interviews with Carol Davis (now Mrs. Harold Smith) and her sisters Ethel and Hallie (now Mrs. Charles Bass), and with a friend Emma Beth Kennard. Unless otherwise noted, the information is from them.

See also Sources for Chapter 8.

NOTES

"Made a production": Richards. "He'd brag"; "She was": Knispel. "He was hinting": Kennedy.

Carol's father: Description from his daughters and Walter Buckner; San Marcos Record, Oct. 31, 1919. "A man": Buckner. Dislike of Lyndon: Boody Johnson, Knispel.

"Hugging and kissing": Koeniger.

Other gifts: Bank president Percy Brig-ham, Mrs. Johnson. "Real Silk Hose": Deason, quoted in Pool, p. 98; Whiteside, Davis. Borrowing: Boody Johnson, Buckner, Richards, Whiteside. Buying car: Boody Johnson, Whiteside. Intolerable: SHJ. "The bucket": Boody Johnson.

10. Cotulla SOURCES

Books and articles:

Ludeman, History of La Salle County.

Vulcan Mold & Oil Co., Pit and Pour, April, 1964, pp. 1–2; Louis B. Engelke, "Our Texas Towns: Cotulla," San Antonio Express Magazine, Sept. 21, 1952; Carol Hinckley, "LBJ—Teacher Turned President," The Texas Outlook, March, 1972; Houston Post, Jan. 27, 1964.

Johnson's speeches:

"Remarks of the President at the Welhausen Elementary School, Cotulla, Texas," Nov. 7, 1966, PP 1966, Vol. II, pp. 1347–1350.

"Remarks of the President to the National Conference on Educational Legislation," March 1, 1965, PP 1965, Vol. I, pp. 226–31.

Interviews:

Carol Davis, Ethel Davis, Leland Derrick, Boody Johnson, RJB, SHJ, Sarah Tinsley Marshall, Alfred Nolle.

NOTES

Description of Cotulla in 1928: Ludeman, pp. 30–56; Engelke, "Our Texas Towns"; Pool, pp. 137–45; Mrs. Marshall.

Unable to lure: To persuade Johnson to come, Donaho had offered him an unusually high salary: $125 per month for nine months—a total of $1,125—compared to an annual income of $842 for male teachers in Texas in 1929 (Pool, LBJ, p. 141).

Arrived early and stayed late: Thomas Coronado, janitor at the Welhausen School at the time, says that Johnson was always the first to arrive and the last to leave the school each day, HP. Arranging games at recess and meets with other schools: Johnson, 1965 and 1966 speeches (they contain some exaggerations); Hinckley, "LBJ"; Mrs. Marshall; Steinberg, p. 47; Pool, pp. 142–43.

No teacher cared: Johnson, 1965 speech; Mrs. Marshall; Pool, p. 143. "He spanked": Hinckley, "LBJ"; Juan Rodriguez, quoted in Vulcan Mold, Pit and Pour; HP. Making them learn English: Hinckley, "LBJ"; HP. "As soon as we understood": Juanita Ortiz, quoted in HP. Scant respect for their culture: Steinberg, p. 47. "If we hadn't done": Juanita Hernandez, quoted in HP. "He used to tell us": Daniel Garcia, quoted in HP. "The little baby in the cradle": Juan Ortiz, quoted in HP.

"He put us to work": Manuel Sanchez, quoted in HP. Lying in his room: Johnson, 1966 speech. [Statements of Lyndon Johnson, Box 221.] Christmas trees: Ludeman, p. 124. Johnson's relations with other teachers: Elizabeth Johnson (no relation), quoted in HP. Johnson's relationship with Coronado: Coronado, quoted in HP.

He was aware: Nolle, Derrick. "This may sound strange": HP. "I still see": Johnson, 1966 speech.

The song: Hinckley, "LBJ"; Steinberg, p. 45. Garcia's imitation: Newlon, LBJ, p. 37; Pool, p. 144; Garcia quoted in HP. "He told us": Amanda Garcia, quoted in AA-S, Jan. 8, 1964.

"Broke": Mrs. Marshall, SHJ. "Lyndon confided in me": Mrs. Marshall. Lonely in Cotulla: Mrs. Marshall, Boody Johnson, RJB. "A little dried-up town": Lady Bird Johnson interview, March 1, 1976.

Carol Davis relationship: Mrs. Marshall, Carol Davis, Ethel Davis. "She sat down in the back room": Ethel Davis.

11. White Stars and Black Stars SOURCES

See Sources for Chapter 8.

NOTES

Again summer editor: And again using blaring headlines. He was to be the editor for nine issues, the first of which appeared June 12, 1929. Previously, banner headlines across the entire six-column width of the paper had been used infrequently. But he used them in eight of the nine issues of which he was editor, sometimes for subjects that would not normally have merited such attention; for example, COLLEGE THEATER TO PRESENT MEDIEVAL PLAY. "Capable management": Star, June 12, 1929. Demoted; fistfight with Kennedy: Whiteside to Johnson, April 14, 1937, Box 3, JHP; Kennedy, Whiteside, Richards.

Black Stars in politics: Berry, Knispel, Boody, Spinn; Pool, pp. 104–5. Formation of White Stars; admitting Johnson; the first election: Interviews with all five of the founding members of the White Stars —Whiteside, Richards, Deason, Woods, and Harzke—and with Spinn; Deason OH I, p. 9. Also, Johnson, on Scott Tape. For the Blanket Tax, see, for example, Star, Jan. 15, April 9, 23, 1930. "They made fun": So Relle. "Buttonholing": Harzke. "His greatest forte"; "The night before": Deason OH II, pp. 5, 6. "The day I won"; "Lyndon's strategy": Deason.

Johnson's own election: Richards, Whiteside.

Ruth Lewis episode: So Relle, Richards.

"I had to rely"; "We took the keys": Johnson, on Scott Tape. "Lyndon's idea": Woods, Whiteside, Richards.

"Those wonderful conversations": SHJ, My Brother, pp. 27–28; more details furnished by SHJ in interview. White Stars' secrecy: Richards, Whiteside, Deason, Harzke; Deason OH.

Star and Pedagog editorships: So Relle, Kyle, Puis, Richards, Hofheinz, Boody Johnson. See Star editorial of April 30, 1930, which states that "some of our student legislators are busy angling about for a suitable candidate," and wonders why, since "there are several persons on the campus who are capable of handling the situation and are willing to undertake the job. … there is no dearth of capable editors. So why not cut out all the bickering and wire-pulling and elect the best qualified applicant regardless of political whims or party affiliations." "To a standstill": Derrick; and see Pool, p. 95. "I befriended"; "I thought"; "two of his henchmen," etc.: Kyle. "All the time," etc.: Puis. "Very smart": So Relle.

"Thinking back": SHJ, My Brother, p. 28. "His penchant": SHJ. "Joe Bailey": Nolle, RJB. And see SHJ, pp. 31–2. Johnson's reminiscences: Preserved on the Scott Tape. Scott was the young man present.

Frank Arnold episode: Hofheinz, Whiteside. Acne episode: Whiteside.

Evans more friendly to Lyndon than to anyone else: Nolle, Derrick, Strahan. "As he was": Strahan. Deans wary: Nolle.

Bales necessary: Nichols, p. 38. Professors helping: Nichols, pp. 39, 92–93; Nolle. "Sacrifices": Star, Dec. 17, 1929. "Twenty cents": Richards.

Giving his friends jobs: Richards; Nail, quoted in Pool, p. no; Boody Johnson. "Always willing": Casparis. "If he's got too much pride": Richards.

"Head-huddling": Hopper, So Relle. "Anathema": Berry. "He'd avoid us": Kennedy. "After Carol": Hofheinz, Kvle.

"Cut your throat": Hofheinz. "Wasn't straight": So Relle. "Just like everything else": Richards. "He had power": So Relle.

Editorials: Woods. "Why?": So Relle. "Didn't just dislike": Yarborough. "By the end": So Relle.

"My dear Mother": Johnson to Rebekah Johnson, Dec. 13, 1929, "Family Correspondence," Box 1, LBJL. Frequent trips: SHJ.

"Stop the presses!": Kennedy, confirmed by Richards. Pedagog references: 1930 Pedagog, pp. 210, 236, 235, 226–27.

Pages excised: Nichols, pp. 214–15, where Evans' letter is also quoted; Nolle, Derrick. Nichols says that the pages were excised from copies sent "to all high school libraries, to the other [college] presidents, and to the members of the board of regents," but Nolle and Derrick, who were among those who cut out the pages, say that they were removed as well from copies remaining on the campus. Graduation Day scene: Nichols, pp. 439–40. Mother weeping: SHJ. Evans' fondness for Johnson was documented in his Redbooks. For ten years after Johnson's graduation, each year's notebook contains Johnson's current address (Nichols, p. 27). "The enduring lines": Johnson, quoted in Houston Press, Dec. 10, 1963. His years at San Marcos, he also said, were "the most formative period of my life."

12. "A Very Unusual Ability" SOURCES

Articles, transcript:

WPA, Texas: A Guide.

"The Printer's Devil," student newspaper of Sam Houston High School, 1930, 1931.

"Transcript of an Exclusive Interview Granted by President Lyndon B. Johnson to Robert E. McKay on May 21, 1965" (McKay Transcript).

Oral Histories:

Ruth Booker, Welly K. Hopkins, L. E. Jones, Carroll Keach, Gene Latimer.

Interviews:

Willard Deason, William Goode, Welly K. Hopkins, Boody Johnson, Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt (RJB), Sam Houston Johnson (SHJ), L. E. Jones, Gene Latimer, Horace Richards, Ella So Relle, Wilton Woods, Yancy Yarborough.

NOTES

Lyndon speaking at the barbecue: Hopkins to Craddock, Dec. 3, 1964, WHCF Exec. GI 2-8/M; The scene is described by Wilton Woods and Welly Hopkins in interviews, in Hopkins' OH, and in many Johnson biographies, including Pool and Steinberg. See also "Town Talk," AS, April 15, 1938. "Lyndon, get up there": Woods; Rebekah Johnson, quoted in undated and unidentified newspaper clipping, "Family Correspondence (Mother): Box 1, LBJL. Johnson coming to the platform: Hopkins OH, p. 9; Woods; Hopkins, quoted in Pool, Lyndon B. Johnson, pp. 165–66. "He talked in the dark": Woods. "His reply I've never forgotten": Hopkins OH, p. 10.

The reason Hopkins won; Johnson's services in the campaign: Hopkins OH, pp. 10–12. "A very unusual ability": Hopkins to Miller, Nov. 25, 1931, Box 19, LBJA SN. "I always felt that he was the real balance": Hopkins; Richards, Woods, Deason.

"This wonder kid"; enlisting Johnson in Witt's campaign: Steinberg, p. 53. "Never have I seen better work": Hopkins to Miller, Nov. 25, 1931, Box 19, LBJA SN. Spree: Hopkins OH II, p. 12.

George Johnson's reverence for Jackson, Bryan, etc.: Pool, pp. 147–48. George trying to get Lyndon a job: Johnson to George Johnson, May 19, 1930, Box 73, LBJA SF. Only three graduates: So Relle. Lyndon's letters of recommendation to the Brenham School Board: All these can be found in the folder "Teaching Certificates, Letters of Recommendations," Box 73, LBJA SF.

Description of Pearsall: WPA, Texas: A Guide. Carol Davis' wedding: San Marcos Record, June 20, 1930, p. 10. Feelings in Pearsall: SHJ, RJB.

"In the event": Johnson to George Johnson, May 19, 1930, Box 73, LBJA SF, "A bit stunned": George P. Barron in SAE. Jan. 30, 1966.

"You were sort of encouraged": Goode. "I have a memory": Jones. "We had to do"; "The idea"; "Mr. Johnson wanted": Latimer. Parker remembers: Undated Houston Press clipping: "LBJ in Houston," Box 73, LBJA SF.

"Smart as hell"; "An Irish charmer": Goode. "Not the ones": Latimer's impressions of Johnson: Latimer OH, pp. 1–2. "The best friend": Latimer OH, p. 1.

Training: Latimer, Jones, Goode. "He worked the life": Ellana Eastham Ball, quoted in Pool, p. 151.

The practice debates—unprecedented schedule: Pool, p. 164; Houston Press, Dec. 10, 1930, p. 3; March 6, 1931, p. 12. Once, a fellow teacher congratulated Johnson on the good sportsmanship exhibited by one of his students who had lost a debate. Johnson replied, "I'm not interested in how they lose. I'm just interested in how they win" (Ruth Daugherty, quoted in Pool, p. 151). The trip: Jones, Latimer; Latimer OH, p. 2. The (Houston) Aegis, March 18, 1931, p. 1. $100 prize: Houston Press, Dec. 10, 1930, p. 1; The Aegis, Dec. 19, 1930. Only seven; auditorium jammed: Johnson, in McKay Transcript, p. 20. More coverage: An example is Houston Press, Dec. 10, 1930, p. 8. "Silver-tongued students": HP, date missing but appears to be Dec., 1930. "Two of the best": Houston Chronicle, April 3, 1931, p. 34. "Almost too easy": Latimer OH, p. 20.

State championships—"It is evident": Latimer OH, p. 3. Sixty-seven victories: HP, Oct. 4, 1938. "I just almost cried": Johnson, in McKay Transcript, pp. 10–11. "Disbelief": Latimer OH, p. 3. Never knew: Latimer, Jones. Vomited: Time, May 21, 1965.

"The splendid work": Houston Chronicle, April 3, 1931, p. 34. Banquet: Houston Post-Dispatch, May 24, 1931, Sec. 1, p. 10; Pool, pp. 157–58. $100 raise: Board Minutes; The Houston Independent School District, Book E, 121, 170, quoted in Pool, p. 158. Daugherty's opinion: "Everett Collier, Sidebar #2—LBJ," General PP 13–5, WHCF, attached to Collier to Valenti, January 21, 1964; she is quoted in a draft of a "proposed article" for the Houston Chronicle written by Everett Collier. "Pleasing in personality": "The Printer's Devil," April 10, 1931. "To see them": Johnson quoted in McKay Transcript, p. 18. "Every time": McKay Transcript, p. 17.

Dale Carnegie course: So Relle. Heckling: Johnson, quoted in Steinberg, p. 700.

Lonely in Houston: So Relle, Boody Johnson, RJB. "'What can I do next?'" So Relle.

Wanted to go into politics: Hopkins, Jones. "When I go into politics": Bess Scott to Johnson, July 1, 1941, "Harris Co.," Box 19, JHP. Notes in margins: Jones.

Phone call from Kleberg: Hopkins, SHJ. Johnson "was so excited": Helen Weinberg, quoted in Pool, p. 159. Weinberg says he said he "would consult with his uncle and call back in a few minutes." Hopkins and SHJ, both of whom had the story from Kleberg, say he agreed without hesitation to come for the interview. Leave of absence: Oberholtzer to Hofheinz, May 3, 1931, Box 73, LBJA SF. The first night in the Mayflower: Johnson to Jones, Dec. 6, 1931.

13. On His Way SOURCES

The description of the daily routine in Kleberg's office, and of Johnson's activities as Kleberg's secretary, is based primarily on interviews with the other persons in that office: Estelle Harbin, Luther E. Jones, and Gene Latimer. Unless otherwise noted, the description comes from these interviews.

Johnson's letters to Jones and Latimer are in their respective possession.

Oral Histories:

Russell Brown, Luther E. Jones, Carroll Keach, Gene Latimer.

Other Interviews:

William Goode, Welly K. Hopkins, Dale Miller, J. J. Pickle, James Van Zandt.

NOTES

Running: Harbin.

Garner's election; Texas coming to power: "King Ranch in Garner's House," Time, Dec. 7; "The Congress: Sitting of the 72nd," Time, Dec. 14; "Work of the Week," Time, Dec. 28; Samuel G. Blythe, "How Congress Mixes In," Sat. Eve. Post, Nov. 21, all 1931.

Kleberg: "Richest Cowboy Now Serves in Congress," NYT, Dec. 20, 1931; Time, "King Ranch in Garner's House," Dec. 7, 1931; "New Faces in Congress," Washington Herald, Dec. 9, 1931; "Texas' Kleberg," Washington Herald, Oct. 31, 1933; CCC, Oct. 11, 1932, Nov. 27, 1933; "Kleberg, Richard M.," Vertical File, Barker Texas History Center, Univ. of Texas; "Texas Kingdom That Blocks a Road," Washington Sunday Star, Oct. 15, 1933; "The World's Biggest Ranch," Fortune, Dec., 1933. Kleberg's campaign: American Business Survey, Jan., 1932, p. 3; Harbin, Jones, Latimer, Hopkins, Miller.

"The trouble": Kleberg, quoted in CCC, July 21, 1932; Dec. (date unreadable), 1932. "Whittling down": CR, 72 Cong., 1 Session (Jan. 21, 1932), p. 2446. "Un-American": CCC, Oct. 9, 1932. In June, 1932, Kleberg declared himself "unqualifiedly opposed to the constant and shameless encroachment of the federal government upon state and local authority, [to] the continued and increasing use of federal authority to control the business as well as the social and private affairs of our citizens" (CCC, June 24, 1932).

"Hello, Dick": Johnson to Jones, Dec. 6, 1931. Miller's carte blanche: Dale Miller.

Capitol Hill life: Charles McLean, "Typical Day in the Life of a Congressman," NYT, Sec. 5, p. 9, April 17, 1932; R. L. Duffus, "Congress: Cross Section of the Nation," NYT, April 10, 1932. Employing relatives: G. F. Nieberg, "All in the Congressional Family," Atlantic Monthly, Oct., 1931; "Nepotism," Time, May 30, 1932.

Dodge Hotel description: Hopkins, SHJ; Keach OH, Brown OH. "Two bits": Brown, quoted in Newlon, LBJ, p. 46. Johnson shooting questions: Perry, quoted in Mooney, LJ Story, p. 38.

Incident in the gallery: Robert Jackson, quoted in Edwin W. Knippa, "The Early Political Life of Lyndon B. Johnson" (unpublished Master's Thesis), San Marcos, 1967, pp. 10–11. Knippa says this incident occurred in December, but Johnson to Jones, Feb. 26, 1932, puts the date in February. "I remember": Van Zandt. Inscribed photographs: Johnson to Latimer, Feb. 25, 1932.

"Have you forgotten me?": Johnson to Jones, Feb. 13,1932. "Thanks": Johnson to Jones, Feb. 26, 1932. "Burn this"; "Hope": Johnson to Jones, Dec. 6, 1931. "Have not been out": Johnson to Jones, April 18, 1932.

Motives of Latimer and Jones for coming: Latimer, Jones. "I know": Johnson to Jones, April 18, 1932. Latimer's salary: Latimer; Latimer OH, p. 8; "Civil Service Retirement System—Individual Retirement Record—Latimer, Gene"; Latimer to author, Oct. 19, 1978; Johnson to Latimer's parents, "Jan. 31, 1933," and "Tuesday evening," 1933.

"Saint Paul": Johnson to Fore, April 13, 1939 (letter in possession of Mrs. Sam Fore).

"As if his life": Goode. Graduation congratulations letters: Latimer OH, pp. 10–11. "No compunction": Jones OH I, p. 6.

Mail swelling: For example, Dirksen, "Mr. Dirksen Goes to Congress," New Outlook, March, 1933; Hal Smith, "A Deluge of Mail Falls on Congress," NYT, Jan. 21, 1934, Sec. 9, p. 2.

"When the pain had been severe": Latimer OH, p. 9.

"Probably the finest"; "lawyer's lawyer": Bowmer, Texas Parade, May, 1968, p. 45, which also said: "As a money earner he is probably in the top five percent of Texas lawyers; as a legal scholar he is second to none. Many colleagues consider him the finest appellate lawyer in the country." "Any kind": Latimer. Making him take dictation: Latimer, Pickle.

14. The New Deal SOURCES

Books, articles:

Albertson, Roosevelt's Farmer; Burner, Herbert Hoover; Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox; Farley, Behind the Ballots and The Roosevelt Years; Freidel, Launching the New Deal; Henderson, Maury Maverick; Lash, Eleanor and Franklin; Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal; Lord, The Wallaces of Iowa; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream; Phillips, From the Crash to the Blitz; Nourse, Three Years of the AAA; Schlesinger, The Age of Roosevelt: I, The Crisis of the Old Order; II, The Coming of the New Deal; III, The Politics of Upheaval; Smith, The Shattered Dream; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers in a Changing World.

Lionel V. Patenaude, "The New Deal and Texas" (unpublished Master's Thesis), Austin, 1953.

Charles A. Beard, "Congress Under Fire," Yale Review, Sept., 1932; James E. Boyle, "The Farmer's Bootstraps," The Nation, Jan. 11, 1933; Garet Garrett, "Notes of These Times—The Farmer," Saturday Evening Post, Nov. 19, 1932; J. H. Kolb, "Agriculture and Rural Life," American Journal of Sociology, Nov., 1933; Jonathan Mitchell, "The Farmer is Financed," The New Republic, June 30, 1937; William Allen White, "The Farmer Takes His Holiday," Saturday Evening Post, Nov. 26, 1932; "Bounty," Fortune, Feb., 1933; "Mr. Roosevelt's Man," Fortune, April, 1934; "The Department of Agriculture," Fortune, April, 1936.

Corpus Christi Caller, 1931–1935.

Interviews:

Benjamin V. Cohen, Thomas G. Corcoran, Luther E. Jones.

NOTES

"Not seen": Smith, p. 223. Farm prices in 1932: Manchester, pp. 36–38; Freidel, p. 84. Inflation, debt: Davis, "The Development of Agriculture Policy Since The End of the World War," and Genung, "Agriculture in the World War Period," in U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers in a Changing World; White, "The Farmer Takes His Holiday." $3 to $10 billion: White, "The Farmer Takes His Holiday." One out of eight: Freidel, p. 84.

Deaf to their pleas; "on the very day": Freidel, pp. 85–87; Schlesinger, Crisis, pp. 107–9. 4,000 thrown off: Time, Jan. 4, 1932. Federal Farm Board: Garrett, "Notes of These Times–The Farmer"; Schlesinger, Crisis, pp. 239–40; Freidel, p. 88. "Surplus is ruin": Garrett, "Notes of These Times." Surprising agreement: White, "The Farmer Takes His Holiday." Hoover's solution: Freidel, p. 88. 20,000 per month: Freidel, p. 84. ¼ of Mississippi: Manchester, p. 37. "Even though": White, "The Farmer Takes His Holiday."

Nueces County cotton production and unsold bales for 1930, 1931; "In many instances": CCC, Oct. 26, 1934. 683,000: Manchester, p. 21. "For strangers": CCC, Feb. 14, 1933; see also Feb. 18. Gulf Coast farmers in trouble: CCC, 1931 passim. "My boy": T. W. Newman, in CCC, Feb. 15, 1935. Going on relief: CCC, Nov. 22, Dec. 30, 1932; by Jan. 20, there were 1,795 on relief (CCC, Jan. 20, 1933). "No need": Mrs. Berry, in CCC, Nov. 18, 1931. 500 schoolchildren: CCC, Feb. 25, 1932. Relief funds running out: CCC, 1931–1932 passim.

Unemployed: Manchester, pp. 35–36. "Washington, D.C., resembled": Manchester, p. 3. Congress returning: "Relief after Recess," Time, Jan. 4, 1932. Situation in Congress; Bonus Marchers: Schlesinger, Crisis, pp. 256–61. "Have we gone mad?": Sen. Millard Tydings of Maryland, in "Taxation Time," Time, May 30, 1932. "Looking on": The Forum, Sept., 1932. "The Monkey House": In Pearson's "The Washington Merry-Go-Round," quoted by Charles A. Beard, in "Congress Under Fire," Yale Review, Sept., 1932. "Representative government": Time, May 16, 1932.

"Hoover locks self": Manchester, p. 3. Hoover's statements: Schlesinger, Crisis, p. 231; Manchester, pp. 26–27. Visitor authorized: Rep. Strong of Kansas, in Time, April 25, 1932. "They won't get by": Smith, p. 80. Couldn't bear: Manchester, p. 22. "The nation's needy": Time, May 23, 1932. "Nobody": Manchester, p. 41. Hoover dining: Smith, pp. 96–97; Manchester, p. 23. "Unexampled": Schlesinger, Crisis, p. 232. "Cannot squander": Time, May 30, June 6, 1932. RFC: For example, Manchester, p. 46. "Set his face": Long, quoted in Smith, p. 175. Hoover's campaign: Smith, pp. 199–201.

Winter of despair: Schlesinger, Crisis, pp. 448 ff; Manchester, pp. 54–55. Farm revolt: Schlesinger, Crisis, pp. 459–60; Manchester, pp. 58–60; Smith, p. 221. "Wholly unworkable": Freidel, p. 100. Banking crisis: Manchester, pp. 72–75.

Revolt on the Gulf: CCC, Jan. 27, 1933; Patenaude, p. 259; CCC, May 17, Nov. 4, 1932. 38%: CCC, June 10, 16, 1934. Out of funds: CCC, Feb., March, 1933 Bonds for relief: CCC, March 6, 1932, Jan. 6, 1933. Eleven bills defeated: CCC, Feb. 11, 1933. Although: CCC, Feb. 2, 1933. "I know"; vowed: CCC, Feb. 26, 1933. "Crisis": Burns, p. 161.

Ended the banking crisis: Freidel, pp. 229 ff.

AAA's organizational confusion: "Mr. Roosevelt's Man," Fortune, April, 1934; Lord, pp. 358–400; Albertson, Nourse, passim. "The despair": "Mr. Roosevelt's Man," Fortune, April, 1934.

Would have voted against: Newlon, pp. 46–47.

"Smiling and deferential": Corcoran.

Wallace announcing: Jones.

Exceeding the quota: CCC, July 12, 1933.

White House ceremony: NYT, July 29; CCC, July 28, 30, Aug. 1, 4, 6, 1933.

Saving the farms: AA-S, March 11, 1937; CCC, Sept. 27, Oct. 26, 28, 29 (editorial), Nov. 5, Dec. 11, 1933; Jones.

"Almost to the cent": CCC, June 17, 1935. Johnson urging repayment: CCC, Nov. 19, 1933. Best loan-repayment record: CCC, Nov. 19, 1933. The first district: CCC, March 21, 1934; see also CCC, May 31, 1934. Federal Land Bank applications: CCC, March 21, 1934. HOLC loans: CCC, July 30, Aug. 3, 1935. Other programs: CCC, Sept. 9, Oct. 6, 1932, 1933, 1934, passim, esp. Nov. 30, 1933, Jan. 10, March 10, 1934.

15. The Boss of the Little Congress SOURCES

Books, articles:

Steinberg, Rayburn.

Edwin W. Knippa, "The Early Political Life of Lyndon B. Johnson, 1931–1937" (unpublished Master's Thesis), San Marcos, 1967.

Hope R. Miller, "The 'Little Congress' Speaks," Washington Post Magazine, Feb. 11, 1934.

Oral History:

Russell M. Brown.

Interviews:

James P. Coleman, Jessie Hinzie, Luther E. Jones, Gene Latimer, Wingate Lucas, W. D. McFarlane, William Howard Payne, Lacey C. Sharp, James F. Swist.

NOTES

History of Little Congress: Miller, "The 'Little Congress' Speaks," p. 6.

Johnson's plan: Payne, Latimer, Taken by surprise: Washington Evening Star, April 28, 1933. Questions: Lucas, Latimer, Coleman, Payne.

"A New Deal": Washington Evening Star, April 28, 1933. "An excuse": Latimer. "The first time": Payne. Persuading newspapers to cover: Sharp. "One of the most": Miller, "The 'Little Congress' Speaks." "Every week": Payne. "None of us": Lucas. "Just crowded": Brown OH, pp. 29–30.

New York trip: NYT, May 6, 1934; Payne. After the stage show at the Music Hall, Johnson and the sergeant-at-arms on his ticket, William Howard Payne, were shown backstage to see the show's star, Jessica Dragonette. Greeting the two young men, she said, "Hello, Oklahoma," "Hello, Texas." Other events: Payne, Lucas, Latimer. Keeping control: Payne, Sharp; Miller, "The 'Little Congress' Speaks," p. 6. "That's the Boss": Coleman, Payne.

Getting Brown a job: Brown OH, p. 55; Jones. Fifty jobs: CCC, Aug. 5, 1935.

"Me and my wife"; his son's loan: Undated clipping, Garner Papers, Box 3L298, Barker Texas History Center. The redistricting fight: CCC, Jan. 13, 14, 1934. Johnson had a suggestion: Robert M. Jackson, quoted in Knippa, pp. 35–36. The text of the agreement is in CCC, Jan. 17, 1934. Reminding Kleberg: CCC, Jan. 16, 1934. Leaking to the AP: White, The Professional, p. 110. Headlines: For example, CCC, Jan. 13, 1934. "Political orphans": CCC, Jan. 16, 1934.

Unconditional surrender: CCC, Jan. 17, 1934, in which the Garner letter to Farley is quoted. See also WP, Jan. 17, 1934. "For days": White, p. 110. "Who in the hell": Steinberg, Rayburn, p. 159. Not half amused: McFarlane, Young.

16. In Tune SOURCES

The description of Lyndon Johnson's activities and philosophy as Kleberg's secretary, and of his relationship with Roy Miller, is based primarily on interviews with Luther E. Jones and Gene Latimer. Unless otherwise noted, the description comes from these interviews.

Books and articles:

Adams, Texas Democracy.

Edwin W. Knippa, "The Early Political Life of Lyndon B. Johnson, 1931–1937" (unpublished Master's Thesis), San Marcos, 1967.

Corpus Christi Caller, 1931–1935.

Oral Histories:

Malcolm Bardwell, Mary Elliott Botsford, Russell M. Brown, Ben Crider, Sam Fore, Welly K. Hopkins, Luther E. Jones, Carroll Keach, Gene Latimer.

Interviews:

Edward A. Clark, Willard Deason, Thomas C. Ferguson, Mrs. Sam Fore, Welly K. Hopkins, RJB, SHJ, Carroll Keach, Dale Miller, Ernest Morgan, Daniel J. Quill, Mary Rather, Horace Richards, Emmett Shelton, Wilton Woods.

NOTES

Description of Roy Miller: Jones, Latimer, Dale Miller, Quill; Brown OH; Texas Under Many Flags, Vol. IV, p. 37; Adams, pp. 65–66; AA, undated, 1917; "Miller, Roy," Vertical File, Barker Texas History Center, Univ. of Texas; "Roy Miller—Texas Builder," Pic-Century Magazine, Feb. 1938; Roy Miller, "The Relation of Ports and Waterways to Texas Cities," an address delivered at the Eleventh Annual Convention, League of Texas Municipalities, May 10, 1923, Texas Municipalities, 1923.

Seemingly unlimited: Miller told the Texas Board of Tax Equalization in 1936 that he spent $148,000 annually for "good will." Populist Congressman W. D. McFarlane reported to Franklin Roosevelt in 1939 that photostatic copies of Miller's "expense accounts for 1934–5 show that Miller spent more than $250,000 from two sulphur companies before the Legislatures at Austin and Washington and they are but one of many employments of such a nature that he has. His expenses the past few years according to his increased activities have greatly increased" (McFarlane to Roosevelt, May 15, 1939, OF 300–12, Roosevelt Papers). As will be seen later, Miller was also receiving funds from Brown & Root. "Perhaps the most effective": AA-S, Dec. 14, 1946. "A surprising number": Miller Vertical File, Barker History Center. "Carry only": Time, Oct. 30, 1933. "Roy Miller would call": Brown OH, p. 39. Adams' advice: For example, on Feb. 21, 1934, Adams wrote Johnson: "… I am very much interested in seeing your artistic side developed, and for this reason am enclosing for you two tickets for an evening in the Historic Homes and Gardens of Virginia" ("Public Activities–Biographic Information–Secretary to Congressman Kleberg," Box 73, LBJA SF).

Child labor: See, for example, CCC, Jan. 28, 1935. Tarring the liberal: Hopkins; Miller, quoted in CCC, July 22, 1932. Advocating federal sales tax: CCC, July 21, 1932. "His manner": Miller.

Dancing only with the wives: Harbin, quoted in Knippa, p. 28; Brown OH, p. 86; Latimer. "I can't call him Henry": Brown OH, pp. 7–8. "Executive type": Brown OH, p. 8. "Lyndon goes": Brown OH, p. 86. "Basic orientation": Brown OH, pp. 39–40. Excerpts from Oral History interviews conducted by Michael L. Gillette, Chief of Oral History at the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, with Jones and Brown are revealing. Jones OH—Gillette: "He seems to have been considerably more of a liberal than Representative Kleberg in the early thirties." Jones: "I know that would be easy to imagine, but I'm not sure that's true. Not really more liberal." Brown OH—Gillette: "Did you get the feeling that [Roy Miller] was sort of a mentor for Kleberg?" Brown: "No. He was a mentor for Lyndon Johnson." Gillette: "Oh, was he?" Brown: "Yes … He didn't agree with Roosevelt and the Roosevelt policies at all. I would have to say that Lyndon was really getting himself oriented politically at the time. I think Lyndon's earliest orientation was on the conservative side, you know, with Kleberg and Roy Miller and those people. He didn't become a great liberal until quite a bit later." "I don't think": Jones OH II, p. 9. "Winning," etc.: Jones interview.

"The brightest secretary": Maverick, quoted in San Marcos Daily News, March 5, 1934. Sam Johnson's handwritten note is found on a copy of the clipping, in "Public Activities–Biographic Information–Secretary to Congressman Kleberg," Box 73, LBJA SF.

"Your own man": Brown OH, pp. 57–58. Moving his desk: Latimer interview and OH, p. 6. Grabbing the credit: For examples of how his press releases were reprinted in the press, see CCC, 1933–1934. An article on April 12, 1934, begins: "Information contained in a telegram last night from Lyndon B. Johnson, secretary …" Building up his own organization in the district: Latimer, Jones, Quill, Mrs. Sam Fore; Sam Fore, in Knippa, p. 29. Boat trip: Patman, quoted in Steinberg, Sam Johnson's Boy, pp. 80–81.

Ambassadorship resolution: CCC, Feb. 28, March 5, 1933. See also CCC, Oct. 21, 1933.

San Antonio postmastership: Kleberg to McIntyre, Feb. 18, 1934, Roosevelt to Garner, March 12, 1934, Howe to Farley, March 12, 1934, OF 400-Texas, Roosevelt Papers; Quill; CCC, June 15, 1934; among the influential persons whom Johnson persuaded to support Quill was Roy Miller. "A first-class war": Brown OH, pp. 52–53. "That's what"; "way above"; immediately handling: Quill.

Becoming friends with Maverick: Brown OH, pp. 89–90. Patronage post: CCC, Dec. 7, 1934.

"Do you suppose?": Wirtz, quoted in Brown OH, pp. 64–66. Elmer Pope: Brown OH, p. 63. "Like youngsters": Hopkins. Wirtz and Ferguson coming to Washington: Ferguson. "Knew Washington"; "could get you in": Hopkins, Clark, Ferguson.

Getting jobs: Keach, Latimer, Crider OH, RJB; Brown OH. Bell: to Johnson, 1937.

"Didn't make you rich": Deason. "The best job": Crider OH, p. 9. "Very appreciative": Morgan. "Had sense enough": Deason. Deason's career shift: Deason, Richards. Kellam's personality: Woods, SHJ, Shelton. Racing to Austin: Latimer. Shuffling papers: Deason. Johnson's domination: Clark. Kellam crying: Latimer. "I remember": Brown OH, p. 59.

Passing on Deason's job to Richards: Deason, Richards. Federal Land Bank jobs: Deason, SHJ; Crider OH.

17. Lady Bird SOURCES

The primary source of information for this chapter is the author's ten interviews with Mrs. Johnson.

Books and articles:

Two biographies—Montgomery, Mrs. LBJ, and Smith, The President's Lady—present an idealized picture of her life, at variance with that given by other sources.

Helpful is the script of "A National Tribute to Lady Bird Johnson, on the Occasion of Her Sixty-Fifth Birthday," presented at the LBJ Library, Dec. 11, 1977.

Among scores of magazine articles on Lady Bird Johnson, the most revealing are Blake Clark, "Lyndon Johnson's Lady Bird," Reader's Digest, November, 1963; Elizabeth Janeway, "The First Lady: A Professional at Getting Things Done," Ladies' Home Journal, April, 1964; Barbara Klaw, "Lady Bird Remembers," American Heritage, December, 1980; Flora Rheta Schreiber, "Lady Bird Johnson's First Years of Marriage," Woman's Day, December, 1967; "The New First Lady," Time, Nov. 29, 1963; "The First Lady Bird," Time, Aug. 28, 1964.

Oral Histories:

Sherman Birdwell, Russell Brown, Ellen Taylor Cooper, Daniel J. Quill.

Other interviews:

Mary Elliott Botsford, Willard Deason, D. B. Hardeman, Rebekah Johnson, Sam Houston Johnson, L. E. Jones, Gene Latimer.

NOTES

Democratic primary results: 1931, Blanco County Clerk's office; 1932, SAE, July 25, 1932. Because it was Johnson's home: Among those who report this feeling are Stella Gliddon, Clayton Stribling, Gene Latimer. "But they just didn't": Latimer. "Same old Lyndon": Stribling. A familiar figure: Knispel, Richards.

Johnson at the King Ranch: Ethel Davis. Johnson's correspondence with Mrs. Kleberg: SHJ.

Thomas Jefferson Taylor description: Time, Aug. 28, 1964. Also Steinberg, Sam Johnson's Boy, pp. 83–4. "But making money": Wright Patman, quoted in Steinberg, p. 83. "Peonage": Eugenia Lassater, quoted in Time, Aug. 28, 1964. "He looked on Negroes": Tom Taylor, quoted in Time, Aug. 28, 1964. Negroes called him: Steinberg, p. 84.

Origin of nickname "Lady Bird": Among others, Time, Aug. 28, 1964. Description of Lady Bird's mother: Smith, pp. 29–30. "I remember": Smith, p. 32.

Playing around the store: Montgomery, p. 10; Smith, p. 33. Being sent to Alabama: Smith, p. 33.

"She opened my spirit": Smith, p. 35. Loved to read; finished Ben-Hur: Time, Aug. 28, 1964. "Perhaps": Janeway, "The First Lady." To another reporter, she once said of Karnack: "It was a lonesome place, but I wasn't lonely. It's true that I didn't know many youngsters of my own age and background, and that proved difficult later when I had to mingle with others in school. But I had the whole wide world to roam in. And I had Aunt Effie." (National Observer, April 24, 1967.) "I came from": Interview with author. Her high school years: Steinberg, pp. 85–6; Schreiber, "Lady Bird Johnson's First Years," Janeway, "The First Lady" and Time articles. They remember a shyness: Time, Aug. 28, 1964. "I don't recommend"; "drifts of magnolia": Janeway, "The First Lady." Fear of being valedictorian; praying to get smallpox; she still remembers exact grades: Smith, p. 36; Montgomery, p. 13. Newspaper joked: Steinberg, p. 86. This is not the picture of Mrs. Johnson given in the Smith biography, in which Dorris Powell is quoted (p. 34) as saying that Mrs. Johnson was "a thinker even as a little girl. She was popular, pretty and an A-1 student, but she did not run with the herd. She was never identified with any group; she chose her friends because of their individual qualities, how they appealed to her."

At University of Texas: Time, Aug. 28, 1964. Soloman and Benefield: Quoted in Schreiber, "Lady Bird Johnson's First Years of Marriage." Taking pains to make sure she wouldn't have to return to Karnack: Interview with author. "Because I thought": Smith, p. 38.

"Unlimited" charge account: Smith, p. 38. She still dressed: Steinberg, p. 87. Her only coat: Time, Aug. 28, 1964. "No glamour girl": Hardeman. Her classmates remember: Steinberg, p. 87. "Gene made me": Steinberg, p. 87; Smith, p. 37. "Stingy": Eugenia Lassater, quoted in Time, Aug. 28, 1964.

Lady Bird's first meeting with Lyndon: Interviews with author, which expanded on Smith, p. 40; Steinberg, p. 82; and numerous magazine articles. "Some kind of joke": Smith, pp. 40–41. "Excessively thin": "A National Tribute," p. 3. Her feelings for his father and mother; "Extremely modest": Interviews with author. Exploding at Birdwell: Birdwell OH, p. 11.

Cap'n Taylor liking Lyndon: Ruth Taylor, quoted in Schreiber, "Lady Bird Johnson's First Years of Marriage." "I could tell": Smith, p. 41. Kissing him, and scandalizing the neighbor: Smith, pp. 41–2. The neighbor was Dorris Powell. "I have never": Ellen Taylor Cooper OH, p. 11. "Moth-and-flame": Janeway, "The First Lady"; Smith, p. 40.

"This invariable rhythm": Latimer, Jones. "My dear Bird": Johnson to Lady Bird, Oct. 24, 1934, quoted in "A National Tribute," p. 4. "I see something": Johnson to Lady Bird, undated, quoted in "A National Tribute," p. 5. "Every interesting place"; "Why must we wait?": Johnson to Lady Bird, Sept. 18, 1934, quoted in "A National Tribute."

"Dearest": Lady Bird to Johnson, undated, quoted in "A National Tribute."

"When we were on the phone"; getting engaged: Interviews with author, which expanded on Smith, pp. 42–3, and numerous magazine articles.

The marriage: Smith, pp. 44–5; Quill OH, p. 8 ff. Telephoning Boehringer: Time, Aug. 28, 1964. Lyndon telephoned his mother: Smith, p. 44.

"Just ordered her": Botsford. Acquaintances were shocked: A number of Texans in Washington at the time described Johnson ordering around his new wife, but asked not to be quoted by name on this particular subject. "He'd embarrass her": Lucas. "I don't know": Lucas; other acquaintances.

Exploring alone: Interviews with author. "I was always prepared": Brown OH, pp. 71–2. Couldn't get him to read: Steinberg, p. 100. "He early announced": Interview with author. And she did them: Steinberg, p. 255. She was to tell a reporter: "Lyndon is the leader. Lyndon sets the pattern. I execute what he wants. Lyndon's wishes dominate our household."

"I had never swept": Smith, p. 57. Maverick dinner: Mrs. Maverick, quoted in Schreiber, "Lady Bird Johnson's First Years of Marriage." "Get the furniture insured": Brown OH, p. 11. Her graciousness: Attested to by dozens who knew her.

18. Rayburn SOURCES

Books and articles:

Alsop and Catledge, The 168 Days; Anderson and Boyd, Confessions of a Muckraker; Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox; Cocke, The Bailey Controversy in Texas; Daniels, Frontier on the Potomac and White House Witness; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis; Dorough, Mr. Sam; Douglas, The Court Years and Go East, Young Man; Dulaney, Phillips and Reese, Speak, Mr. Speaker; Freidel, Launching the New Deal; Gantt, The Chief Executive in Texas; Halberstam, The Powers That Be; Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal; Link, Wilson: The New Freedom and Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era; Miller, Fishbait; Moley, After Seven Years and 21 Masters of Politics; Mooney, Roosevelt and Rayburn; Parrish, Securities Regulation and the New Deal; Schlesinger, The Age of Roosevelt: I The Crisis of the Old Order, II The Coming of the New Deal, III The Politics of Upheaval; Steinberg, Sam Rayburn; Timmons, Garner of Texas.

Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner, "Never Leave Them Angry," Saturday Evening Post, Jan. 18, 1941; David L. Cohn, "Mr. Speaker," Atlantic Monthly, Oct., 1942; Robert Coughlan, "Proprietors of the House," Life, Feb. 14, 1955; Edward N. Gadsby, "Historical Development of the S.E.C.—The Government View," Foreword by William O. Douglas, The George Washington Law Review, Oct., 1959; D. B. Hardeman, "The Unseen Side of the Man They Called Mr. Speaker," Life, Dec. 1, 1961; Paul F. Healy, "They're Just Crazy About Sam," Sat. Eve. Post, Nov. 24, 1951; James M. Landis, "The Legislative History of the Securities Act of 1933," The George Washington Law Review, Oct., 1959; W. H. Lawrence, "The Texan Who Rides Herd on Congress," NYT Magazine, March 14, 1943; Dale Miller, "A Requiem for Rayburn," Dallas Magazine, Jan., 1962; W. B. Ragsdale, U.S. News and World Report, Oct. 23, 1961; R. Tucker, "Master for the House," Collier's, Jan. 5, 1935; Jerry Voorhiis, "Mr. Rayburn of Texas," The New Republic, July 10, 1944. William S. White, NYT Magazine: "Sam Rayburn—The Untalkative Speaker," Feb. 27, 1949; "Then Martin, Now Rayburn, And So On," Feb. 6, 1955; "The Two Texans Who Will Run Congress," Dec. 30, 1956.

Fortune: "The Legend of Landis," Aug., 1934; "SEC," June, 1940. Time: "Leader Apparent," Dec. 14, 1936; "Yataghans at 15 Blocks," April 18, 1938; "Mister Speaker," Sept. 27, 1943; "Sam Rayburn, Texan," Jan. 14, 1946.

Bascom N. Timmons, "The Indomitable Mr. Sam," Fort Worth Star-Telegram series, Oct. 11–18, 1961.

Oral Histories:

Helen Gahagan Douglas, Marvin Jones, James M. Landis, Wright Patman, Henry A. Wallace.

Interviews:

Andrew Biemiller, Richard Boiling, Emanuel Celler, Benjamin V. Cohen, Sterling Cole, James P. Coleman, Thomas G. Corcoran, Helen Gahagan Douglas, H. G. Dulaney, O. C. Fisher, D. B. Hardeman, Kenneth Harding, John Holton, Welly K. Hopkins, Edouard V. M. Izac, Walter Jenkins, Lady Bird Johnson, SHJ, L. E. Jones, Murray Kempton, Eugene J. Keogh, DeWitt Kinard, Gene Latimer, Wingate Lucas, George H. Mahon, Gerald C. Mann, W. D. McFarlane, Dale Miller, Frank C. Oltorf, William Howard Payne, Elwyn Rayden, Elizabeth Rowe, James H. Rowe, Lacey Sharp, James F. Swist, Harold Young.

NOTES

"The rich richer," etc.: CR, 63rd Congress, 1 Session, May 6, 1913, pp. 1247–51. "Never stopped hating": Coughlan, "Proprietors of the House." "Will not forget": White, "Then Martin, Now Rayburn." "As long as I honor": Quoted in Steinberg, p. 84.

Rayburn's youth: Steinberg, pp. 4–9; Dorough, pp. 43–61; Dulaney, p. 10. "The people … on their trek": Quoted in Dulaney, p. 10. The first year: Steinberg, p. 6; Dorough, p. 58; Dulaney, p. 10. "I plowed and hoed": Rayburn speech, May 19, 1916, quoted in Dulaney, p. 10.

Picture of General Lee: Dorough, p. 59. "Any show": Steinberg, p. 38. "Many a time"; "loneliness consumes people": Cohn, "Mr. Speaker"; Rayburn speech at 1952 Democratic National Convention, quoted in Dulaney, pp. 10–11.

"Dominated"; "his tones": Bowers, My Life, quoted in Steinberg, p. 14. "I didn't go": Alsop and Kintner, "Never Leave Them Angry." Practicing: Dorough, p. 65; Steinberg, p. 8. "I'm going": Steinberg, p. 8.

"I'm not asking you": CR, 76th Congress, 3 Session, Sept. 19, 1940, p. 18747; Steinberg, p. 9. At the railroad station: Rayburn interview in Ragsdale, USN&WR, Oct. 23, 1961. "Sam, be a man!": Steinberg, p. 20.

At college: Steinberg, pp. 10–12.

Campaigning: Dorough, pp. 76–77; Steinberg, pp. 16–17; Lawrence, "The Texan Who Rides Herd"; Rayden. "I'm not trying": Rayburn speech, 1912, quoted in Dulaney, p. 20. Gardner: Steinberg, p. 16; Dorough, p. 77.

"My untarnished name": Dulaney, p. 12; Hardeman. Pharr's soda: Rayburn to Ridgway, quoted in Dulaney, p. 18. Handed check back: Dulaney, p. 20. "We often wish": Mrs. W. M. Rayburn to Sam Rayburn, March 9, 1909. "No one": Among many, who knew Rayburn at different periods of his life, who said it to the author: McFarlane, Hardeman, Miller, Mahon. "I've always wanted responsibility": Alsop and Kintner, "Never Leave Them Angry."

Bailey episode: Cocke, passim; Dorough, p. 79; Steinberg, pp. 17–18. "In dark moods": Robert J. Donovan, NY Herald Tribune, Nov. 17, 1961. Campbell episode: Dorough, p. 106.

"No degrees": Hardeman. "He had a reputation": Ridgway, quoted in Dorough, p. 89. "Once you lied": Hardeman OH, pp. 116–17.

"Just" and "fair": Dorough, p. 98. "Whether or not": Dorough, p. 104; Hardeman.

"If you have anything": Alsop and Kintner, "Never Leave Them Angry." Election as Speaker: Dorough, pp. 96–97; Steinberg, pp. 20–22. "Cottonpatch yell": Dulaney, p. 19. "Up in Fannin County": Rayburn speech, Jan. 10, 1911, quoted in Dulaney, p. 19. As Speaker: Dorough, p. 108; Steinberg, p. 23.

Redistricting: Steinberg, p. 25. "When I was": Rayburn, July 16, 1912, quoted in Dulaney, p. 23.

His first speech in Congress: CR, 63rd Congress, 1 Session, May 6, 1913, pp. 1247–51. Railroad regulation bill: Link, Woodrow Wilson, p. 68; Steinberg, p. 43. "With admiration": Wilson to Rayburn, June 9, 1914, quoted in Steinberg, p. 45. Confrontation with Wilson: Timmons, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Oct. 12, 1961; Hardeman; Steinberg, p. 52.

Refusing lobbyists' meals, travel expenses: Alsop and Kintner, "Never Leave Them Angry"; Dulaney, p. 24; Hardeman. One trip: Dulaney, p. 24. "Not for sale": Dorough, p. 85; Steinberg, p. xii. $15,000: Steinberg, p. 346.

Pumping of a piston: Daniels, Frontier, p. 58. Holding the two Congressmen apart: Miller, p. 242; Hardeman. "Amidst the multitude": Sam Rayburn Scrapbooks, Rayburn Library; McFarlane, Hardeman. "Young in years": Rep. William C. Adamson, quoted in Steinberg, p. 45.

"Someday": Alsop and Kintner, "Never Leave Them Angry." "The only way": Steinberg, p. 33.

"My ambition": Rayburn to Katy Thomas, Feb. 2, 1922, in Dulaney, p. 35. "Almost kills me": Alsop and Kintner, "Never Leave Them Angry." Standing in the aisle etc.: Time, Dec. 14, 1936. "The smartest thing": Dulaney, p. 37; Miller, p. 234.

Cochran Hotel: Alsop and Kintner, "Never Leave Them Angry."

Becoming a part of the hierarchy: Timmons, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Oct. 11, 1961. "Indefinable knack": Richard Lyons, "Mr. Sam Made History in 48 Years' Service." WP, B9, Nov. 17, 1961. "Sam stands hitched": WP, Nov. 17, 1961. "Employed him": Alsop and Kintner, "Never Leave Them Angry." Began to use: Hardeman.

"He would help you": Boiling. "The House soon spots": Jones OH, pp. 110–12.

"A lonesome, dark day here": Rayburn to H. B. Savage, 1919, quoted in Dulaney, p. 32. Waiting in silence: Steinberg, pp. 63–76; Hardeman, Harding.

"Truth-in-Securities" Act: Freidel, pp. 340–50. "I want it": Alsop and Kintner, "Never Leave Them Angry." Problems with the "Truth in Securities" Act: Schlesinger, Coming, pp. 440–42; Moley, After Seven Years, pp. 175–84; Parrish, pp. 42–72. Rayburn paid a visit: Moley, After, pp. 179–81.

Rewriting the bill: Cohen, Corcoran; Landis OH and Landis, "The Legislative History." "A countryman": Cohen. "Rayburn who decided": Landis OH, p. 161. "I had thought": Landis, "The Legislative History," p. 37. "Strong … right … just": Cohen. "I confess"; "I went back"; "very obscene"; "Now Sam": Landis OH, pp. 165–70. "A genius": Corcoran. "Temporary dictatorship": Parrish, p. 112. Moley was to write incorrectly: In After Seven Years, p. 181, and in 27 Masters, p. 243.

Complexities in full House: Corcoran; Landis, "The Legislative History," p. 41. In conference committee: Landis, "The Legislative History," pp. 43–46; Landis OH, p. 169; Corcoran. On every crucial point: Freidel, p. 349.

Securities Exchange Commission fight: Parrish, passim; Schlesinger, Coming, 456–70; Gadsby, "Historical Development"; Hardeman, Corcoran. In his own committee: Parrish, p. 132.

Public Utilities Act: Parrish, pp. 145–74; Schlesinger, Politics, pp. 302–24; Steinberg, pp. 125–29; Hardeman, Corcoran, Cohen. "You talk": Roosevelt, in Schlesinger, Politics, p. 314. Carpenter's threat: Steinberg, p. 127. A rare public statement: Rayburn speech on NBC, Aug. 30, 1935, in Dulaney, p. 59.

"Few people": NYT, April 2, 1934. "He did": Halberstam, p. 246. "I always": Hardeman, "Unseen Side." "Let the other": Dulaney, p. 372. "In on the borning": Pearson article, March 3, 1955, quoted in Anderson and Boyd, pp. 279–80. "I cut him": Miller, pp. 231–32. "The 'Sam Rayburn Commission'": Douglas, George Washington Law Review, Oct., 1959, pp. 3–4. Putting FDR's picture beside Lee's: Hardeman; Time, Sept. 27, 1943.

Given patronage: For example, Steinberg, p. 120. "A man in the shadows": R. Tucker, "Master for the House." "If you were": Boiling. "A very big mistake": White, "Sam Rayburn," NYT Magazine, Feb. 27, 1949. Never ask you again: Hardeman.

"Always": Hardeman. "She-e-e-e-t": Miller p. 230. "Afraid": Harding.

Pitied him: Hardeman, Harding, Rayden, Holton. "For all my children": Steinberg, p. 35. "They crawled all over him": Hardeman, "Unseen Side." "I was the joke": Steinberg, p. 207.

Metze Jones: Dorough, pp. 183–84; Miller, pp. 228–29; Steinberg, pp. 78–79. Miller says that Rayburn later in life saw another woman once or twice a week, but Miller says, "I never found out who she was" (p. 229). Rayburn's other aides do not believe this is correct. "A great hurry": Steinberg, p. 79. "Oh, I'm so cranky": Hardeman, "Unseen Side." "Kept watch"; "It is true": Miller, pp. 228–29.

"I never felt that [the hostess] knew or cared": Steinberg, p. 37. Trying to prolong the hours: Hardeman, Rayden, Harding. "Sometimes I had something planned, but": Harding. "Those who went": Steinberg, p. 200. "God what I would give": Steinberg, p. 151; Dulaney, p. 176. Walking alone on weekends: Hardeman, Harding.

"You are one member": Rayburn to Sam Ealy Johnson, Feb. 22, 1937, "General Correspondence" file, Rayburn Library. Limited by custom: Latimer, Jones.

Inviting "Mr. Sam" to dinner: Mrs. Johnson. Sitting beside Lyndon's bed: Steinberg, p. 159; Hardeman.

Johnson's feelings: Hopkins, Latimer, Jones, Lucas. Coleman's feelings: Coleman. The Coleman election: Lucas, Coleman, Payne. "My God": Swist.

"That burning ambition"; trying to get him a job in Texas: Hopkins. Wirtz offering a partnership: Jones.

At Law School: Brown OH, pp. 1, 2, 5, 7, 19–20; Jones.

College presidency: Jones. "I want to be": Dale Miller. The job offer: Jones, Mrs. Johnson; Corcoran, who heard the story later.

Rayburn going to see Connally: Connally to his biographer, Steinberg; quoted in Steinberg, Sam Johnson's Boy, p. 94. Announcing and retracting the Kinard appointment: Kinard, Corcoran. "When I": McFarlane, SHJ.

19. "Put Them to Work!" SOURCES

Books, articles, theses, documents:

Davis, Youth in the Depression; Lash, Eleanor and Franklin; Lindley, A New Deal for Youth; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream.

Edwin W. Knippa, "The Early Political Life of Lyndon B. Johnson, 1931–1937" (unpublished Master's Thesis), San Marcos, 1967. Deborah L. Self, "The National Youth Administration in Texas, 1935–1939 (unpublished Master's Thesis), Lubbock, 1974.

Federal Security Agency, "Final Report of the National Youth Administration: Fiscal Years 1936–1943," Washington, 1943. NYA, "Administrative and Program Operation of the NYA, June 25, 1935—January 1, 1937," Washington, D.C., 1937. NYA, "Digest—NYA in Texas," Feb., 1939. NYA, "Facing the Problems of Youth: The Work and Objectives of the NYA," Washington, 1936. Mary Rodgers, "Youth Gets Its Chance," a mimeographed pamphlet of the New York NYA, 1938.

George Creel, "Dollars for Youth," Collier's, Sept. 28, 1935; Walter Davenport, "Youth Won't Be Served," Collier's, March 7, 1936; "Texas Gets Better Roadsides," Engineering News-Record, Sept. 23, 1937; "Government and Youth," Life, May 15, 1940; "Texas Tech Again Receives NYA Funds," Texas Tech Magazine, Oct. 1937; "Second Start," Time, July 27, 1936; "NYA," The State Week, Nov. 14, 1935; "NYA—'Marginal' Jobs Developed for Youth," The State Week, May 7, 1936.

Barker Scrapbooks, Barker Texas History Center. Birdwell Scrapbooks, LBJL. Johnson NYA Papers, LBJL.

Oral Histories:

Sherman Birdwell, Richard R. Brown, Willard Deason, L. E. Jones, Jr., Carroll Keach, Jesse Kellam, Ray Roberts, Fenner Roth.

Interviews:

Willard Deason, Edward A. Clark, Mary Henderson, Lady Bird Johnson, L. E. Jones, Ernest Morgan, J. J. Pickle, Horace Richards, Vernon Whiteside, one NYA staff member who asked not to be quoted by name.

"NYA Group Interview" conducted by William S. White with Willard Deason, J. J. Pickle, Ray Roberts, Fenner Roth, Albert W. Brisbane, C. P. Little.

NOTES

"Moments of real terror": Eleanor Roosevelt, quoted in Lash, p. 536. College attendance falling: Lindley, p. 158. "Shoes": Lindley, p. 195. "Scalpels": Lindley, p. 12. A study: Davis, pp. 18–19. "The more": Lindley, p. 193. 5 million: NYA, "Facing the Problems of Youth," p. 5.

"Maybe": Quoted in Lindley, p. 21. "Only boys": Davis, p. 5. Comparison with old West: Davis, p. 29. "The worst thing": Davis, p. 5. "To workers": Manchester, p. 21. 2.25 million more: Lindley, p. 7. "Boys and girls": Davis, p. 44. "Lost generation": Quoted in Lash, p. 550. No fewer than 700,000: Davenport, "Youth Won't Be Served." "A civilization": Eleanor Roosevelt, quoted in Lash, p. 538. Early began pressing: Lash, pp. 536–554 is the best description of Mrs. Roosevelt's catalytic role in the creation of the NYA. The following quotes are from those pages. Discussion between Eleanor and Franklin is Fulton Oursler, Behold the Dreamer, quoted in Lash, pp. 539–540. "That was another side": Lash, p. 540.

"Minimum": NYA, "Facing," p. 9

Recruiting Deason: Deason OH IV, pp. 17–18; Deason. Recruiting Kellam: Knippa, p. 53; Birdwell OH. Central staff: Rodgers, pp. 209–210. White Stars: Self, p. 20; Deason, Jones, Richards, Whiteside.

Creating the program: Self, "The NYA"; Lady Bird Johnson; Jones, Deason OHs and interviews; NYA "Facing," p. 9. Roadside parks: "Texas Gets Better Roadsides," Engineering News-Record; Knippa, pp. 58 ff; Johnson to Brown, July 29, 1936, Box 3, JNYA Papers: Griffith to Johnson, Aug. 27, 1936, Box 7, JNYA Papers; Self, "The NYA," pp. 82–85; Deason and Deason OHs and interviews; Jones.

Hiring Henderson: Jones, Jones OH I, pp. 14–15; Mary Henderson. Williamson Creek: AA, May 25, 1941. Quota: Self, p. 35. Additional projects: Birdwell Scrap-books; "Texas Gets Better Roadsides," Engineering News-Record; Griffith to Johnson, Aug. 27, 1936, Box 7, JNYA Papers.

Resistance from local officials and Taylor: Deason. "The greatest salesman": Deason.

Directives: Lindley, pp. 184–188. "A lot of travel": Deason OH V, p. 11. Dean Moore: Self, pp. 54–55, 63. Red tape: Self, pp. 53–57; Deason; Morgan. Other state directors: Rodgers, pp. 22–24, 210–212.

The staff was very young: Analysis of staff résumés in Box 5, JNYA Papers, and interviews cited in Sources. "Very nervous": Morgan. Dictating: Mary Henderson. "The nature"; "tomorrow"; competition: NYA Group Interview, pp. 22, 23, 28. "Goddammit"; cursing: Morgan. Hurting Henderson, other staffer: SHJ, confirmed by others. Without a pause: Jones. "I hope": staff member. Gas lights: Steinberg, Sam Johnson's Boy, p. 97; Deason, Birdwell OH, pp. 14–15.

"Lyndon is the leader": Lady Bird Johnson, quoted by Schreiber, "Lady Bird Johnson's First Years of Marriage," Woman's Day, Dec. 1967. Guests: Jones; Deason; Mrs. Johnson, quoted in Self, pp. 23–4. "Hardest thing": Deason OH IV, p. 25. "Lyndon would": Birdwell OH II, p. 14, OH I, pp. 7–8. "We weren't off duty": Deason OH IV, p. 22; Deason. "When he woke up": Mrs. Johnson.

"The sifting out": Deason. Morgan's story: Morgan. "He knew": Richards. "We knew": Jones OH I, p. 12. "Let's play awhile": Deason OH II, p. 22.

Inspiring: Deason, Birdwell OHs; Henderson; Jones. "Put them to work!": Birdwell, quoted in Knippa, p. 55; Deason. "Deep days of the Depression": Deason. 8,000 teenagers: Morgan. "I saw him get angry": Morgan. "Absolutely frantic"; "Charlie! Charlie!": Mary Henderson, Charlie's wife. "Sense of destiny": Deason OH IV, op. 10, 11. "I'm working": Mary Henderson. "I named my only son": Roth OH, p. 12. "It all went back to that NYA": Deason. "I was very inept": Keach OH II, p. 5. Johnson's reason for making Keach his chauffeur: Latimer.

Johnson on Congress Avenue: Clark. "Stand with me": Clark.

"A very bad start": Williams, quoted in Time, July 27, 1936. Texas statistics: Self, p. 49. Negro colleges: Self, p. 61. Kept students in school; deserved to be in school: untitled form in Box 9, JNYA Papers; Self, pp. 62, 64; Texas Tech Magazine, Oct. 1937.

Building facilities: Self, pp. 63–4, 88. Freshman College Centers: Self, pp. 36–7, 69–72. Resident training centers: Lindley, pp. 86–108; The Lubbock Avalanche, June 10, 1938; HP, July 26, 1937. "Theirs are not": Lindley, p. 69. At San Marcos: Greenville Morning Herald, Nov. 22, 1938. "Kind of homesick": Lindley, p. 91. "When you were young": Brenham Banner Press, quoted in "Digest—NYA in Texas," Feb., 1939, p. 10. "The lads from the forks": Dallas Journal, April 1, 1938. "Similar roadside parks": Oklahoma Farmer-Stockman, Oklahoma City, Okla., Feb. 15, 1937. "A first-class job": Williams, quoted in Texas Outlook, May, 1937 (in Self, p. 45). By the end of 1936: NYA, "Administrative and Program," pp. 28–29. Greenhouse: "Texas Gets Better Roadsides," Engineering News-Record. Plans for 1937: The Mission Times, July 28, 1937; Waco Tribune-Herald, Feb. 28, 1937; DMN, Nov. 19, 1937; Galveston Tribune, Aug. 11, 1937.

20. The Dam

HERMAN BROWN

The story of his life is based on the author's interviews with his brother, George R. Brown; with Herman's longtime attorney and Austin political tactician, Edward A. Clark; with another of his attorneys, Herman Jones; with one of Brown & Root's Washington lobbyists, Frank C. Oltorf; with various Texas politicians who knew him, including Emmett Shelton, Harold Young, Welly K. Hopkins; with the Bureau of Reclamation official who worked most closely with him during the construction of the Marshall Ford Dam, Howard P. Bunger; and with a Pedernales Electric Co-operative official, E. Babe Smith.

ALVIN WIRTZ

Wirtz's personal papers are at the LBJL. In addition, his correspondence with Lyndon Johnson is in the LBJA SN file.

The Seguin Enterprise, 1925–1936.

Interviews with Wirtz's law partner, Sim Gideon, and his secretary, Mary Rather; with L. E. Jones, who was for a time his assistant; with his political intimates, Edward A. Clark and Welly K. Hopkins; with his client, George R. Brown; with Texas political friends and foes such as Charles W. Duke, Tom C. Ferguson, D. B. Hardeman, W. D. McFarlane, Daniel J. Quill, Emmett Shelton, Arthur Stehling, Tom Whitehead, Sr., Harold H. Young; with New Dealers in Washington such as Thomas G. Corcoran, Abe Fortas, Arthur (Tex) Goldschmidt, James H. Rowe; with Howard P. Bunger of the Bureau of Reclamation; with young men he advised, such as Willard Deason and Charles Herring. With Walter Jenkins and Lady Bird Johnson.

Oral Histories of Russell M. Brown, Willard Deason, Virginia Durr, Welly K. Hopkins, Robert M. Jackson, Henry Wallace, Claude Wickard, Elizabeth Wickenden.

"My dearest friend": Johnson, quoted in AA, June 16, 1952. "Lodestar": Mrs. Johnson in Woman's Day, Dec., 1967. Wirtz personality: Durr, Hopkins, Deason OHs; Deason, Herring, Hopkins, Rowe, Goldschmidt, Hardeman, McFarlane, Clark, Gideon, Duke, Shelton, Young. "I have not called his attention": Wirtz to Johnson, Dec. 12, 1939. "Independent Offices: REA," Box 36, LBJA SN.

THE DAM

The legal problems encountered in the effort to finance and build the Marshall Ford (now the Mansfield) Dam are detailed in the files of the Lower Colorado River Authority, which are now in the LBJL, particularly Boxes 167, 168, 178, 179, 185. They are also detailed in the Alvin Wirtz Papers in the Library, particularly Box 36, and there are some revealing letters in correspondence between Herman and George Brown and Lyndon Johnson (Boxes 12 and 13, LBJA SN). They were also detailed in interviews with George Brown; with Wirtz's law partner (and his successor as LCRA counsel, Sim Gideon); with the member of the original LCRA board who accompanied Wirtz on his early trips to Washington to try to solve the problems, Tom C. Ferguson; with the Bureau of Reclamation official supervising the construction of the dam, Howard P. Bunger; and with Abe Fortas, on whose desk, as will be seen in Chapter 23, most of the problems landed. Also helpful were interviews with Arthur (Tex) Goldschmidt, Thomas G. Corcoran, and Charles Herring, and with the following present and former officials of the Bureau of Reclamation: Thomas A. Garrity, Frederick Gray, Louis Maurol, Theodore Mermel, K. K. Young.

Record Group 48, Secretary of the Interior, Central Classified Files, Selected Documents Relating to Lyndon B. Johnson, Roll 1, LBJL (Ickes Files), contains memoranda and correspondence relating to the dam, as do the files of the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA Files) at the LBJL.

Jones, Fifty Billion Dollars; Long, Flood to Faucet.

Comer Clay, "The Lower Colorado River Authority: A Study in Politics and Public Administration" (unpublished Ph.D. Thesis), Austin, 1948.

Colorado River Improvement Association, Improvement of Colorado River from Austin to the Gulf, Austin, 1915; Application: Colorado River Project (of Texas), presented to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Jan. 1933, San Antonio, 1933; Minutes, Board of Directors, Lower Colorado River Authority, 1937–1941; Contract Between the United States of America and LCRA in Regard to Operation and Maintenance of Marshall Ford Dam and Partial Reimbursement of the United States, March 13, 1941, "Trust Indenture—Lower Colorado River Authority to Chemical Bank & Trust Company as Trustee and the American National Bank of Austin as Co-Trustee," May 1, 1943, Twentieth Century Press, Inc., Chicago. Report on Allocation of Construction Costs—Marshall Ford Dam—Colorado River Project, Texas, Washington, U.S. Dept. of Interior, 1947.

Wirtz's alliance with Insull: Seguin Enterprise, 1927, passim; Clay, pp. 58–84; Long, pp. 73–86; Hollamon shooting: NYT, Feb. 27, 1934; Duke, Hopkins. "Run Out": Duke. Redistricting; renaming the dam; Long, p. 78. Creating the LCRA: Clay, pp. 88–130; Ferguson, Clark, Gideon. "I want a birthday present": Ferguson; AA, Feb. 23, 1937. Ickes considered: Foley to Fry, Jan. 11, 1936, "General Information File—Administrative Data … Wirtz A J," Cong. Corres., Box 1, LCRA Papers; Foley to Wirtz, April 19, May 4; Wirtz to Foley, March 7, April 13, 26; Wirtz to Johnson, May 7; Foley to Fry, July 15, 1937, Wirtz to Farbach and to Johnson, Jan. 5, 1938, Box 36, LBJA SN; Corcoran, Ferguson, Gideon. $85,000: See Chapter 30. A voice in their selection: Bunger; Wirtz Letters and Papers, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, Boxes 36, 37, LBJA SN.

Lack of authorization for dam: George Brown, Ferguson; Gideon to Gottlieb, Oct. 6, 1978.

Forbidden to build it: Act of June 17, 1902, 32 Stat. 389 (43 USC 421); 33 L.D. 391–1905 of the Federal Board of Land Appeals; Mermel, Ferguson, Maurol; Gideon. Reaffirmed: For example, in 34 L.D. 186–1905, the Justice Department ruled: "This act contemplates that the United States shall be the full owner of irrigation works [including dams] constructed thereunder, and clearly inhibits the acquisition of property, for use in connection with an irrigation project, subject to … obligation to … a landlord holding the legal title." If someone: Garrity. The difference in Texas: Bascom Giles, Commissioner, General Land Office of Texas, "Disposition of Public Domain," Texas Almanac, 1941–1942, p. 338. No one had thought to check: Ickes file; Wirtz Papers, passim; Ferguson, Gideon, Fortas. Legislative prohibitions on LCRA: Chap. 7, 43rd Leg, 4th Called Session; Gideon. No realistic possibility: Gideon, Ferguson. Wirtz's report; Wirtz's solution: Wirtz Papers, passim; George Brown; Ferguson.

21. The First Campaign SOURCES

Documents and newspapers:

The records of Johnson's campaign headquarters are in Boxes 1, 2, and 3 of the Johnson House Papers (JHP).

Austin American, Statesman, and American-Statesman, Johnson City Record-Courier, Blanco County News—February 23-April 14, 1937.

Oral Histories:

Sherman Birdwell, Russell Brown, Willard Deason, Virginia Durr, Welly K. Hopkins, L. E. Jones, Carroll Keach, Gene Latimer, Ray E. Lee, Daniel J. Quill, Claud Wild.

Interviews:

J. R. Buckner, Howard P. Bunger, Edward A. Clark, Ava Johnson Cox, Mary Cox, Willard Deason, Thomas C. Ferguson, Brian Fudge, Sim Gideon, Stella Glid-don, D. B. Hardeman, A. J. Harzke, Charles Herring, Welly K. Hopkins, Lady Bird Johnson, Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt (RJB), Sam Houston Johnson (SHJ), L. E. Jones, Carroll Keach, Gene Latimer, Ray E. Lee, Gerald C. Mann, Ernest Morgan, Daniel J. Quill, Mary Rather, Emmett Shelton, Carroll Smith, Warren Smith, Clayton Stribling.

NOTES

(All dates 1937 unless otherwise indicated)

"This was my chance": Johnson, quoted in Kearns, Lyndon Johnson, pp. 85–86. Longer average tenure: Cong. Directory, 75th Cong., 1st Session. Speeding back to Austin: Keach, Mrs. Johnson. "A good ol' boy": Clark.

"Not known at all": Quill OH II, p. 15. Says Birdwell: "Many of the people that were leaders in the ten counties that comprised the Tenth Congressional District at that time were people that he'd just not met" (Birdwell OH II, p. 23). Not even mentioned: AS, Feb. 23.

"Lyndon would always": Durr OH II, p. 23; OH I, p. 8. "Just as tall": Rather. Wirtz's opinion of Avery: Hopkins. "Disapproved"; money would run out: Brown to Johnson, July 16, 1937, "CRA: Financing (PWA)," Box 169 JHP, Ferguson, Corcoran.

Unusual instructions: Bunger. Wirtz's reasons for supporting Johnson: Ferguson, Hopkins, Clark, Brown OH.

Ickes' speech: AS, Feb. 20. 7 to 1: AA, March 28. Wirtz's advice to Johnson: From Jones, who was clerking for Wirtz's firm and was in the room during this discussion. In his customary fashion, Jones gave a more circumspect version to the Johnson Library in OH II, p. 14. Wirtz's true feelings on Court packing: Shelton, Hopkins, Jones.

Wirtz raising cash: Quill OH I and II. Wirtz enlisting Lady Bird: Mrs. Johnson.

Kellam letting the NYA staff know: Deason; Lee. Deason's car: Deason. Latimer's drive: Latimer. "No matter what": Latimer. "Just assumed": Deason OH II, p. 26, and see Birdwell OH I, p. 21.

Pledges to Mrs. Buchanan: AA, Feb. 28. Sam Johnson's advice: SHJ; confirmed by Cox, Gliddon, who heard the story later that same day, RJB. Johnson and Mrs. Buchanan announcements: AA, AS, March 1, 2. "Gliddon, I want": Gliddon. "Johnson for Congress": JCR-C, March 4.

Sam Johnson's speech: Johnson, quoted in Kearns, p. 87. Blanco County caravan: Cox, Gliddon.

"The late Mr. Buchanan": AA, March 9. "When Miller came out": Quill OH. Analysis of Johnson's chances: Shelton, Clark, Ferguson, Quill, Lee, Deason; Wild, Birdwell, Quill, Deason OHs; Austin newspapers.

"He has never voted": Avery, quoted in AA, April 7. Misleading about his age: "He soon will be 30," in AA, March 1. See also JCR-C, March 4. "A young, young man": Judge Will Nunn, quoted in AA, April 8. Austin Trades Council: AS, March 20.

Using his men: Morgan, Harzke, Deason, Herring, Keach. "Dear Mr. Carson": Johnson to Carson, March 10, "Briggs," Box 1, JHP. Or Johnson to Ratliff, March 18: "Dear Mr. Ratliff: My platform is very simple. I am heartily in favor of the entire broad program of President Roosevelt."

"The paramount issue": AA, March 1. "Jesus Christ": Shelton. "I'm no hypocrite": Shelton.

"He felt": Clark. The Governor's Stetson: Keach OH I, p. 8

"I am enclosing": Lee to editors, March 2. "We appreciate": Lee to editors, March 6. "Here are": Johnson to editors, March 15. "If this is not": Lee to editors, March 23—all from "Form Letter to All," Box 1, JHP. "I called on": Willie Riggs to Johnson, March 11, "Burnet," Box 1, JHP. Weeklies coverage: Author's analysis.

"Who the hell": Wild OH, p. 4. $5,000 fee: Jones OH II, p. 32. Lady Bird did not know: Mrs. Johnson.

"All the barbecue": Clark. "A giving away": Shelton. Negro, Czech votes: Clark.

"I kept": Mrs. Johnson. Sheltons spent $40,000: Shelton. Clark raising money: Clark. $2,242.74: Lee to County Judge, Travis County, "Statement … of Lyndon Johnson's … expenses," April 20, Box 3, JHP; also AS, April 23.

He started early: Keach; AA, AS, March 2, 3, 5, 6. Late openings for other candidates: AA, March 9, 19; AS, March 28; JRC-C, March 25. "I don't ever": Mrs. Johnson.

Sketchy or incorrect directions: Found in "General: Campaign Memo, 1937," Box 1, JHP; Keach. "Grassyville": Johnson's handwritten notations on "Jarrel." Cassens: "Jarrel." "Gomillion"; "unknown": "Memorandum—Lytton Springs"—all from "General: Campaign Memo, 1937," Box 1, JHP.

"Get on record": Halcomb to Wild, March 20. "Too young": For example, Halcomb to Wild, March 16, March 20, "General: Campaign Memo, 1937," Box 1, JHP. "Too elaborate": Keach; Keach OH I, p. 12, OH II, pp. 21–22. Awkwardnes with a prepared text: Gliddon, Cox, SHJ.

Shaking hands: Gliddon, Cox, Lee, Keach. "He kissed me!": Fudge. His unprepared speeches: To reconstruct Johnson's basic impromptu speech—no complete printed text or recording of one exists—the author took paragraphs and phrases from descriptions of this speech that were printed in the district's daily and weekly newspapers. Then he asked some dozen Hill Country residents who not only heard these speeches, but who were familiar with Johnson and his way of speaking—mainly relatives and boyhood friends from Johnson City—and asked them to give their recollection of what he said, and to try to recall the phrases he used. Those phrases which recurred most often were combined with the written material to reconstruct the speech. Particularly helpful in doing this was Ava Johnson Cox. "When the Chief would start talking": Keach. "Listened unusually attentively": Halcomb to Wild, March 17. "Not a man moved": Halcomb to Wild, March 20. "Started folks talking"; "a go-getter": Halcomb to Wild, March 18, 19—all from "General: Campaign Memo, 1937," Box 1, JHP.

Visiting Low and Miller: Keach. "Prime mover": AA, April 8, 1937.

Burnet: Lee, Keach. The description of Johnson's campaigning in the countryside comes from Keach, who was, of course, his chauffeur, from campaign aides such as Deason, Lee, and Birdwell, who occasionally accompanied him, from Hill Country politicians such as Ferguson, from Halcomb's daily reports to Wild, and from Johnson's schedules, which can be found in Boxes 2 and 3, JHP. Campaigning in Beyer's Store; in beer joint; in blacksmith shop: Halcomb to Wild, March 20. Gas-station campaigning: Shelton. "Deaf old German; "That's the first candidate": Halcomb to Wild, March 18—all from "General: Campaign Memo, 1937," Box 1, JHP. "He went": Cox.

"How's our money?" Latimer. Johnson in the evening meetings: Jones, Latimer, Keach, Clark.

Visiting Burleson: AA, March 26, 28. His father's inspiration: Cox, SHJ. The Henly rally: AA, March 27. Avery deciding to rest; Johnson's day in Hays County; "Everywhere I go": AA, March 26; AA, AS, March 27, 28; Cox.

"Back-stabbers": AA, March 31. "Love, admire": AA, March 31. Shelton debate: AA, April 8; Shelton.

Use of radio: His schedules are found in the Austin and weekly newspapers, and in his campaign files, Boxes 2 and 3, JHP. "Judge N. T. Stubbs Broadcast, Station KNOW, 8 to 8:15 pm Wednesday," Box 2, JHP. "Small savings" was a phrase of which Johnson was evidently fond. He used it himself. On one occasion, for example, he said that he was paying for radio time "personally out of my own small savings" (AA, March 12). SHJ, Cox, Gliddon. Johnson's heavy expenditures repeatedly drew fire from other candidates. Attacking the "young secretary who claims that as a secretary he got things done," Brownlee said: "Some of the candidates in this race are spending too much money. … Where is this money coming from" (AA, March 23). Avery took an indirect slap at Roy Miller's financial participation in the campaign in AA, March 26. AA reported on May 24: "Congressman Lyndon Johnson, we're glad to note, still maintains his sense of humor. During his campaign, there were lots of wisecracks made about his speeches saying that his campaign was financed from 'my own meager savings.' We received a package of radish seed from him in yesterday's mail with this note in it: 'Enclosed purchased from my own meager savings.'"

Harbin's reaction: Harbin to Johnson, April 12, "Correspondence A-L," Box 2, JHP. Latimer's: Latimer OH, p. 18. Black mask: Keach. "Very angry": Mrs. Johnson. Vomiting, other symptoms: Mrs. Johnson; Lee; Birdwell OH. Courthouse rally: AS, April 6; AA, April 9. "Waited too long": in AA. Rebuffed by Miller: Keach. Campaigning in Austin: Birdwell OH I, p. 22; AS, March 29.

Appendicitis attack: Lee OH, p. 19; Birdwell OH I, p. 24; Mrs. Johnson.

Vote: Official tabulation of the state canvassing board, reported in AA, April 27.

22. From the Forks of the Creeks SOURCES

See Sources for Chapter 21.

NOTES

(All dates 1937 unless otherwise indicated)

Fewest votes: Cong. Directory, 76th Cong., 3rd Sess., pp. 251–57. "In the byways": Deason OH I, p. 27. "That's what": Cox. Among the newspapers which made this point: "Capitol Jigsaw" in Nachogdoches Sentinel, April 20.

Lost 40 pounds: AA reported on May 15: "He weighed 181 pounds" at the start of the campaign, and "seemed thin; then, when he left the hospital bed, he weighed 151 pounds."

Congratulatory letters: Summy to Johnson, April 30; Whiteside to Johnson, April 14; Perry to Johnson, April 12—all from Box 3, JHP. His replies: To Avery, April 13; to Shelton, April 13 and undated; to Stone, undated—all from "General: Campaign Memo, 1937," Box 1, JHP. Miller's visit to Washington: Quill OH I, pp. 13–14; Quill; SHJ; Bardwell to Johnson, April 14, "Correspondence A-L," Box 2, JHP. Giving Shelton a lift: Shelton, Kellam. Miller's $100: "Statement … of Lyndon Johnson's … expenses," April 20, Box 3, JHP.

"Congratulations": Nichols to Johnson, April 13; Johnson to Nichols, April 17, Box 3, JHP. 50 form letters: Author's analysis of letters in Boxes 2 and 3, JHP. Supporting Kellam: For example, Johnson to Brown, April 15; Sheppard to Johnson, April 21, Box 3, JHP.

"Your father": House to Johnson, April 15, "Correspondence A-L," Box 2, JHP; Meador to Johnson, April 30, Johnson to Meador, May 24, Box 3, JHP.

Setback: AS, April 18; AA, April 25.

"Not progressing": Frazer to Johnson, April 20; Jones to Frazer, April 21, "Correspondence A-L," Box 2, JHP. Going to Karnack: Mrs. Johnson; Marshall Messenger, April 28. Scene at station: Austin Dispatch, April 28. See also photographic section following page 358.

23. Galveston SOURCES

See Sources for Chapter 20, and the following.

Books and articles:

Alsop and Catledge, The 168 Days; Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox; Douglas, The Court Years and Go East, Young Man; Freidel, The Launching of the New Deal; Ickes, Secret Diary, Vols. I, II; Koenig, The Invisible Presidency ("Tommy the Cork" and "Lord Root of the Matter" chapters); Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream; Schlesinger, The Age of Roosevelt: I, The Crisis of the Old Order, II, The Coming of the New Deal, III, The Politics of Upheaval; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins; Shogan, A Question of Judgment; Simon, Independent Journey; Steinberg, Sam Rayburn; Woodward and Armstrong, The Brethren.

Blair Bolles, "Cohen and Corcoran: Brain Twins," American Mercury, Jan., 1938; Blair Bolles, "The Nine Young Men," Washington Sunday Star, Aug. 29, 1937; Walter Davenport, "It Seems There Were Two Irishmen," Collier's, Sept. 10, 1938; Alva Johnston, "White House Tommy," Saturday Evening Post, July 31, 1937; "The Saga of Tommy the Cork," Saturday Evening Post, Oct. 13, 20, 27, 1945; Cabell Phillips, "Where Are They Now," The New York Times Magazine, Sept. 26, 1946; William S. White, "Influential Anonymous," Harper's, May, 1960.

Oral Histories:

Robert S. Allen, Ernest Cuneo, Clifford Durr, Virginia Durr, Abe Fortas, D. B. Hardeman, Welly K. Hopkins, Carroll Keach, Gould Lincoln, Elizabeth and James H. Rowe, Edwin Weisl, Sr.

Interviews:

Benjamin V. Cohen, Thomas G. Corcoran, Abe Fortas, Arthur (Tex) Goldschmidt, Elizabeth and James H. Rowe, Elizabeth Wickenden.

Richard Bollins, George R. Brown, Oscar Chapman, D. B. Hardeman, John Holton, Alice and Welly Hopkins, Eliot Janeway, W. D. McFarlane, Elizabeth Wickenden, Edwin Weisl, Jr.

The description of Johnson's relationship with the young New Dealers is from interviews with them, unless otherwise noted.

NOTES

"I never": Clark. "Hope it suits": Jamieson to Johnson, April 16, 1937, Box 2, JHP. AP story: In WP, April 11, for example. The TEXAS SUPPORTER OF COURT CHANGE headline is in an early edition; the headline in the later edition said, BACKER OF COURT EXPANSION PLAN WINNER IN TEXAS. Telegram: Lockett to Roosevelt, April 11, 1937, OF 300-Texas (J), Roosevelt Papers. "When we get down": Unsigned "Memorandum for the Trip File," April 20, 1937, 200-LL, Roosevelt Papers.

Johnson asking Allred: Allred to Johnson, May 3, Allred to McIntyre, May 6, 1937, 200-LL, Roosevelt Papers.

Galveston handshake and rally: Galveston Tribune, Houston Chronicle, May 11; AA, May 12, 1937; Keach OH; Clark. "Went unassisted": AA, May 12. Hands on the rail: Johnson's subtle maneuver can be seen in newsreels of the occasion in the National Archives. Texas A&M Review: NYT, May 12. Conversation with Roosevelt: Corcoran; Kintner, quoted in Miller, Lyndon, p. 63; Steinberg, pp. 119–20. Showing Roosevelt Burleson's brown bag: CR, 75th Congress, 2nd Session, Nov. 24, 1937, p. 354. "Young man": Vinson, quoted in Steinberg, p. 121. "Remarkable young man": Corcoran, Weisl, Jr., Janeway. "What is a government?": Corcoran, quoted in Schlesinger, Politics, p. 227.

Johnson's relationship with the young New Dealers: Cohen, Corcoran, Fortas, Goldschmidt, James and Elizabeth Rowe, Brown, Alice and Welly Hopkins, Wickenden. "Cohen's the brains": Holton. "The most brilliant": NYT, May 16, 1969. "Honorary uncle": Elizabeth Rowe to Johnson, Sept. 16, 1941, Box 32, LBJA SN. "Crossed with a beef": Elizabeth Rowe. "If I owned": Johnson to Rowe, July 13, 1939, Box 32, LBJA SN.

Johnson's relationship with Rayburn: Corcoran, Rowe, Fortas. Practical jokes: Fortas, Brown.

Recommendations: Rowe, Hopkins. "Born old": Goldschmidt.

Ickes glad: Ickes, II, p. 643. Party for Ickes: Fortas, Hopkins. Falling asleep at parties: Fortas, Elizabeth and James Rowe, Alice Hopkins, Corcoran.

"His native strength": Hawthorne, quoted in Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, p. 42

"Has never been specifically authorized" … and legality in question: House, 75 Cong. 1 Session. Report No. 885, May 24, 1937, p. 41. "Is hereby authorized": Act of Aug. 26, 1937, 50 Stat. 850, Sec. 3.

Cash running out: Herman Brown to Johnson, July 16, 1937, "CRA (1) Financing, PWA," Box 169, JHP. Delaying approval: Brown. Rumors—and dampening them: Corcoran. "Cabinet officers": Johnston, "White House Tommy." "Give the kid the dam": Corcoran. The refusal abruptly ended: Page to Burlew, June 29, 1937, Ickes File; Corcoran.

Second appropriation: (Signature illegible), "Budget officer," to Hopkins, June 30, 1937; Page to Burlew, June 29, 1937, RG 48. "At a standstill": Davis to Johnson, July 29, 1937, "CRA: Davis, T.H., Box 169, JHP. Connally attempting; James Roosevelt intervention: AA, June 22, 23, 30, July 21, 22, 1937; AS, July 23; Floresville Chronicle-Journal, July 30, 1937; Johnson to James Roosevelt, Aug. 9, 1937, JHP.

Rotary Club maneuver; reaction: Bunger's untitled speech; Bunger; Lee to Johnson, Wirtz to Johnson, Nov. 30, 1937, McDonough to Johnson, Dec. 12, 1937, "#3 (Marshall Ford Dam)," Box 167, JHP; Ferguson, Gideon. Wirtz to Johnson, March 22, 1938, Box 36, LBJA SN. Johnson to Davis (and attachments), Dec. 7, 1937.

Alliance shaky: See, for example, Wirtz to Johnson, Aug. 12, 17, 1937, Johnson to Wirtz, Aug. 13; Bunger.

Fortas the sharpest weapon: Johnson knew it. Said a Johnson aide: "Johnson always said Abe Fortas was the smartest guy he ever knew, for sheer brains" (Los Angeles Times, April 7, 1982).

Maneuvers to secure high dam: Bunger, Fortas, Brown, Corcoran, Goldschmidt, Gideon. "Statement of Hon. Lyndon Johnson, A Representative in Congress from the State of Texas," House of Representatives. 75 Cong. 3 Session. Interior Department Appropriation Bill, 1939. Hearings Before House Appropriations Committee, Vol. 92, pp. 916–17. Page to Ickes, Jan. 3, 1938; Ickes to Burlew, Jan. 11, 1938; Burlew to Foreman, Feb. 7, 1938; Ickes to Goeth, Feb. 11, 1938; Ickes to Johnson, undated, but appears to be March 1, 1938; Burlew to Johnson, Jan. 17, 1939; Williams to Mansfield, March 9, 1939—all from RG 48, Ickes file. "Contract Between the Lower Colorado River Authority of Texas and the United States Concerning the Operation and Maintenance of Marshall Ford Dam … March 13, 1941"; Bardwell to Johnson, July 5, 1938, JHR Bunger, however, did not escape unscathed for his part in the episode. Johnson quietly moved against him in Washington. "I have talked to the proper authorities here (this is quite confidential)," he wrote, "and I think we can expect a good-bye from our Reclamation friend before long" (Johnson to Wirtz, Dec. 3, 1937, Box 36, LBJA SN); and he was quietly transferred off the project (Ickes to Burlew, Feb. 23, 1938, Ickes File). So effectively did Johnson move in covering his tracks that Bunger told the author that he did not know why he had been transferred but was sure that Johnson, who Bunger was sure was his friend, had nothing to do with it.

Committee of the whole: Cong. Record, 75 Cong. 3 Session (March 2, 1938), pp. 2707–9 (Rich actually used the figure $15,000,000 instead of $10,000,000 the second time he mentioned it, but from the context it is apparent that he meant to repeat $10,000,000); McFarlane. "I felt": Boiling. "The gentleman is correct, yes": CR, p. 2708. "I had at least 19": Johnson to Wirtz March 5, 1938; Accomplished "the impossible": Wirtz to Johnson, March 8, 1938, "Mighty glad": Rayburn to Wirtz, March 9, 1938—all Box 36, LBJA SN.

24. Balancing the Books SOURCES

Interviews:

George R. Brown, Howard R Bunger, Edward A. Clark, Thomas G. Corcoran, D. B. Hardeman, Herman Jones, Frank C. Oltorf, Emmett Shelton, Harold Young.

NOTES

"Whole world": Corcoran.

Johnson's relationship with Herman Brown: George Brown, Clark, Oltorf. A hater: Herman's dislike of Roosevelt, at a time when he was asking for contracts from the New Deal, was common knowledge in Austin. When he heard about Herman's proposal to enlarge the Marshall Ford Dam, AA editor Charles Green said: "Don't you think we've got enough dams already? Herman Brown and McKenzie [another contractor] spend all their time cussing Roosevelt. Why, if it wasn't for Roosevelt where would we all be?" [Lee to Johnson, Nov. 30, 1937, "#3 Marshall Ford Dam," Box 167, JHP]. Also Young, Hardeman. "Watch out": Oltorf.

Housing Authority dispute: Harold Young interview; confirmed by Clark, Brown's attorney on housing matters, and attorney Sim Gideon.

Lid was off: Bunger. Working closely: See, for example, Herman Brown to Johnson, Aug. 3, 1937, Jan. 15, 1938; Johnson to Herman Brown, Aug. 9, 1937, Jan. 7, 1938 (with enclosures), Jan. 30, March 10, 1938; White to Duke, Oct. 18, 1937; McKenzie to Johnson, Jan. 24, 1938; Johnson to George Brown, Dec. 2, 1937, Jan. 30, March 10, 1938; George Brown to Johnson, Nov. 29, 1937, Jan. 17, 1938—all from Boxes 12, 13, LBJA SN. "It is needless": Johnson to Herman Brown, April 18, 1939, Box 13, LBJA SN. "Finally got together": George Brown to Johnson, May 27, 1939, Box 12, LBJA SN. CONFIDENTIAL: Johnson to George Brown, Aug. 11, 1939, Box 12, LBJA SN. "You get": George Brown. "Full weight": Clark.

25. Longlea SOURCES

The story of Lyndon Johnson's relationship with Alice Glass and Charles Marsh was told to the author by Alice's sister, Mary Louise Glass Young; by Alice's best friend, Alice Hopkins; and by two of Alice's confidants and friends, Frank C. Oltorf and Harold H. Young (who later married her sister). Additional details were furnished by Alice's daughter, Diana Marsh, and by Welly Hopkins. Another source for information on the relationship asked not to be quoted by name. Alice and Welly Hopkins were kind enough, because Longlea has been closed to the public by its new owners, to take the author to it over a back road and to show him around the estate, pointing out where various scenes had occurred.