The quick fall of the majority of Libya to Italian forces sent shocks through the Ottoman government as the swiftness of the defeat was greater than anything they had dealt with before. The government was divided with the more nationalistic demanding that all possible forces be sent to deal with the Italians while others pointed out that the Balkan nations had been increasing their militaries and more nationalist rhetoric could be found in them. Then word came that the Italians had occupied the Dodecanese islands as the Regia Marina had used their naval superiority to strike at the Ottoman coasts and outlying islands. This infuriated the government who ordered that the largest force possible should be outfitted and sent to retake Libya from the Italians.
The force was gathered in Izmir and the majority of the Ottoman fleet was assigned to guard it on the passage to Libya the first target of the so-called fleet of wrath was to liberate the Dodecanese from the Italian occupiers. The Italians saw the build-up and withdrew all their forces on the islands and so when the Ottomans landed, they found no resistance and managed to reconquer the islands. Then they turned towards Libya and the Balkan League began to finish their mobilisation in preparation for the upcoming war. As the Ottoman fleet sailed towards Libya the Regia Marina and the Royal Hellenic Navy sailed to the Gulf of Sidra.
-Extract from Harrold Turtledove's book the return of Alexander: Greece in the Balkan War
The battle of the Gulf of Sidra was one of the largest naval battles of the 20th century and the last of an empire. The Ottomans were devastated as both their navy and a large portion of their army were wiped out by the Regia Marina and the Royal Hellenic Navy. The main force pf the Regia Marina formed a battle line between the Ottoman fleet and Benghazi in order to hold off the relief force for the besieged city. The Ottoman fleet formed up with the goal to break through the battle line with their warships while their transports waited behind until the line had been broken.
The battle began with the Ottoman fleet opening fire and charging in on a desperate hope to break the Italian lines the Regia Marina countered, and the battle of the Gulf of Sidra began the last charge of the Ottoman navy. The battle hung in the balance for ten hours until it seemed that the Ottomans might be able to break the lines and relive Libya and then shells started to fall among the transport ships. At 9:00PM the Royal Hellenic navy fired the first shots in the Balkan war as the Greek government delivered the declaration of war ten hours after their navy opened fire on the Ottomans. The Ottoman fleet were torn they could either focus on breaking through but in all possibility lose the transport ships or defend the transports but have to fight two navies at once ultimately, they tried to do both and truly lost both the battle and eventually their empire. While a few ships managed to escape fleeing towards Cyprus and two broke through and continued to Benghazi only to find out that the town had already fallen to the Italian by the time they had got there. The Ottoman navy had not been completely destroyed yet in reality they symbolised the death of the empire they served.
-Extract from Danish Documentary the Heirs of Osman: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire.
The Greek invasion of the Ottoman empire began on the Tenth of May 1912, at 7:00AM local time with forces storming over the border into Thessaly and Epirus while the few ships that they had left bombarded Crete and the Dodecanese in preparation for the upcoming invasion of those islands. Two hours after the Greeks invaded the Tsardom of Bulgaria declared war and stormed south with speeches by Tsar Ferdinand and Aleksandar Malinov talking of uniting all Bulgarians under one banner. Serbia and Montenegro jointly delivered their declaration and so the first stage of the Balkan War began the many peoples of the Ottoman Empire began to see a chance for freedom from their Turkish oppressors and many would soon have a chance to act.
-Extract from Harrold Turtledove's book the return of Alexander: Greece in the Balkan War
The Ottoman empire was forced to commence retreat after the retreat in the early days of the war as their forces where defeated in battle after battle by the Balkan League. The uprisings on Crete and the other Dodecanese Islands striking against isolated Ottoman garrisons proved incredibly successful with many of the smaller islands falling to the Greek uprising. while Crete the Turks were forced to withdraw to their fortress and dug in to try and hold off the rampaging rebels this only meant that when the Royal Hellenic Navy transported forces to the island that the Ottomans were defeated easier as there was no Guerrilla resistance formed. The fall of Crete to Greek forces provoked massive upwellings of support and nationalism among the Greek population.
As the Greeks conquered the Aegean and stormed through Thessaly and Epirus, Bulgaria aimed towards Thrace and Constantinople. The force was blunted at Adrianople with the critical actions of one Mustafa Kemal Pasha who managed to hold the centre of the line and counterattack forcing the Bulgarians back and the beginning of the Thrace line was established. The Serbians and Montegonians aim was to meet up and then push south to hopefully meet up with the Greeks in Albania. The Ottomans were divided and confused, and the Balkan League managed to encircle large portions of the Ottoman forces in the region further crippling the uncoordinated Ottoman response.
-Extract from Georgios Tsolakoglou's book Heirs of Leonidas: The early Balkan War
As the Balkans collapsed into war the Kingdom of Italy sent peace feelers to the Ottoman empire requesting an end to the war that had started the death of the Ottomans. The Ottoman government accepted, and the diplomats moved to the British controlled Cairo for a week to hammer out a treaty to end the war. The opening Italian demands were secession of Libya and the Dodecanese islands completely to the Kingdom. The Ottomans offered to grant the Italians control over Libya while keeping formal Ottoman suzerainty much like in Egypt and Sudan with the British. The Italians refused and offered to drop the claims on the Dodecanese as they had fallen under the occupation of the Greeks and officially been integrated into the Kingdom of Greece alongside the other Aegean islands that had fallen. The Ottomans agreed to the new claims especially after news came that Skopje had come under range of the Bulgarian guns.
The Treaty of Cairo was singed at 11:00Am on the 1st of July 1912 it brought an end to the Italian-Ottoman war. The Italians had secured a large victory securing Libya for their new colonial empire while the Ottoman Empire had less one enemy to fight against in their desperate war. While to many the war seemed a decisive Italian victory in reality the amount of men that they had lost in battle proved that the Italian military needed a large overhaul and retraining. The Regia Marina had performed well but the battle of the Gulf of Sidra had weakened the navy with a large number of ships being sunk by the Ottoman navy.
-Extract from August William's book War in the desert: The Italian invasion of Libya
The reign of Edward VII began in 1901 on the death of his mother Queen Victoria and ended on the 10th of March 1911 when he finally died from the may health problems that assailed him. His reign saw Britain begin to take her first steps into the cosmos through the Stargate to New Windsor. He was the last monarch who only reigned over the United Kingdom and her dominions as his successor would see the United Empire form in 1933 as the war with the Goa'uld began to pick up pace. He was succeeded by his son George V also known as the King of Blood and Plasma for he would know little peace in his 29-year reign over the British Empire. Yet as Edwards body cooled in his bed and the news was sent across the empire he ascended to the ranks of those like William the conqueror, Edward I, Henry V, Henry VIII, Elizbeth I and his mother in short he became little more than the studies of academics in other words only history.
-Extract from Peter FitzSimons book Edward VII: An Interstellar King
