11th Daehan 1794
He frowned when light gentle caresses alighted on his brow, waking him gradually from the mists of sleep. He opened his eyes to see the smiling face of Jeong-hyang. Was it time to get up already? How did he miss paru? He looked at the closed windows. Faint light was visibly filtering in, he turned back to see the disquiet in her eyes and sat up, reaching to cup her face in his hands. They touched brow together in silent prayers.
"I brought your breakfast," she said after a while, turning away to bring nearer the water and cloth.
She waited till he had his ablution before wringing out the towel again to wipe his hands. There was almost a ritualistic feel to it, almost as if she was sending him off on his last journey. After he had rinsed his mouth, she removed the basin and towel to replace them with a soban. She had prepared his favourites. Did she inveigle supplies from Su-dae? Almost dreamlike, he finished the meal and got up to move to the bandaji. She moved behind to help him don the clothing; pungcha, winter tosi, dongdari, jeonbok and the sash around his waist. There was a cough outside the door just as she tied the pungcha and jeonnip. Looking every inch the military officer, Suk-kwon stepped in at Yunbok's answer. He had on a darker dongdari, browh sash and beaded gatkken. He nodded in approval when he saw Yunbok.
"Not this way," he said, untying the sash and redoing it, showing how it should be done, tucking the tail by winding and hiding it inside the waist band. "Give me the other plaque." Threading a longer thicker red string into the metal plaque, he looped it through the lateral band formed by the tail of the sash and tied it. "One identifying marker on the jeonnip and another on the waist, just in case the hat is blown off." He grinned and clapped Yunbok on the shoulder. "Straighten up, don't slouch!"
Making a face, Yunbok stiffened his spine and squared his shoulders.
"That's better. Basic commands to the troops; assemble, face left or right, about face, move out, halt. When you need someone, just look at him and say whatever you want him to do," Suk-kwon grinned as Yunbok grimaced. "Say it with a firm tone, rap it out and look confident. Like you know what you are doing. Never look confuse. Just pretend those men are recalcitrant students from the seodang."
"Really? Can I use the cane on them?" Yunbok said sardonically.
"Unless they have committed serious breeches in regulations. Otherwise, just quarter their rations," came the blithe answer. Taken aback, Yunbok stared at him.
"That's terrible!" gasped Jeong-hyang, hand to her mouth, not certain Suk-kwon was joking.
"That won't happen with the lot coming with us to Hanseong. It is not likely they will drink while on duty. They know their jobs so don't worry. Time to go. I'll get your packs." Knowing they would have words to say to each other, Suk-kwon removed the packs from the bandaji and left the room.
"Remember to wrap up well," Yunbok said as they embraced each other tightly, feeling her nod. "We'll still see each other on the journey to Siheung. I'd better go." He turned to leave.
"Wait." She picked up the sword he had forgotten and presented it to him with both hands. Hesitating momentarily, he plucked it from her hands and went out to the porch as she followed, his boots in her hands.
Old master Han was in the daecheong with Young-joon, Su-dae and the children. A subdued P'ado and Pokkot looked overwhelm when they saw Yunbok and seemed unable to say anything. Yunbok went up to old master Han to thank him for everything he had done.
"Go with my blessings and return safely," old master Han said solemnly. Yunbok nodded and put on his boots at the porch.
"Give me your sword," Suk-kwon said as he moved towards the horses in the courtyard. He showed him where it could be stowed on the saddle. He held the horse steady as Yunbok stepped on the hamasok to mount before doing the same himself. With a bow and wave, he turned his horse towards the gates. With a last bow towards old master Han, Yunbok followed.
"Our own preparations are almost done, we do not want to be late," Young-joon said when the riders had vanished through the gates.
Murmuring assent, Jeong-hyang beckoned to the children noting that P'ado had a preoccupied look on his face. Probably still soaking in what he learned last night. She did did not want to trouble him too much so she engaged his attention with mundane tasks. They had their breakfast before collecting their belongings from their respective rooms. The bulk of their packs were already on the packhorses so they went to the courtyard to wait for Young-joon. The two servants who were to accompany them helped Jeong-hyang to mount her horse, putting Pokkot with her as P'ado got onto his mount himself. After spending some time saying his farewells, Young-joon led the little group out to the west gates. As they rode through the street, Jeong-hyang looked all around her. Would she be seeing this town again next year?
"Am I suppose to take charge of the company immediately?" Yunbok said nervously as they rode towards the government centre of Uiryeong.
"Don't worry, the haegun jungwi will oversee that lot. I'll be giving him orders. If he should go to you, don't panic, just listen to whatever he has to say. If it involved sending men anywhere, tell him you have to discuss it with me. Otherwise, just use your own judgment." That was not very assuring to Yunbok.
The sight of the soldiers waiting outside the eupchi was daunting, Yunbok wanted to turn his horse about right then and go home. In a bid to distract himself, he glanced down the ranks when they stopped outside the eupchi, searching for faces he knew. An officer with different colour patches on his dongdari, stepped up and bowed to both of them.
"Everything is ready, sir," he said as he reached to hold the reins of Suk-kwon's horse.
"Wait here."
Suk-kwon dismounted and entered the eupchi swiftly. Unable to resist his curiosity, Yunbok nudged his horse down the column of assembled soldiers. Two banners held by the standard bearers flapped gently in the breeze. From the designs on one of the banners, the company was part of the Blue Dragon unit. The other banner resembled a Red Gate banner. He did not venture to look closer but examined the rest of the column casually. Spears held at rest, packs slung on their shoulders. None of the soldiers so much as looked in his direction but he could feel the weight of their eyes on him.
Ah .. he spotted familiar faces. Their eyes rolled at him but none of his colleagues or the villagers twitched a smile. Stifling a grin, he returned to the head of the column. The haegun jungwi eyed him, probably trying to gauge whether he was the approachable sort. He looked about the same age as himself. What could they possibly say to each other? He had no idea. It seemed to him that Suk-kwon was taking forever to reappear but he put it down to his own nervousness. When his master finally appeared, he could hardly wait to get going.
"Order the men to move out." Suk-kwon nodded to the haegun jungwi before turning his horse about. Yunbok followed him, keeping abreast.
A shout rang out behind them, repeated down the ranks. The muffled trump of a hundred and fifty pairs of boots resounded. Along the streets, people scooted to the side of the street once they saw what was coming, yet another company heading towards Hwaseong. There was no rancor in them. The general populace welcome the idea that these men were to be engaged elsewhere. With their absence, there would be less demand on food supplies since the army was provisioning the soldiers. Food prices might drop. Their burdens would be reduced so they watched the soldiers with a carnival like atmosphere.
The west gate guards snapped to attention when hollers rang out from those at the ongseong. The nabal sounded as the company marched through. Behind the carts and packhorses carrying the provisions for the soldiers, a small band of merchants and other travellers besides Young-joon's little group added themselves. The news of the troop muster was a boon to merchants and travellers. In such difficult times, who would not take the opportunity to travel in the company of soldiers? Especially when deserted stretches were long in between towns. If there was trouble, there was the soldiers to rely on.
After ensuring that all was well with his group, Young-joon looked ahead once more. He almost could not recognize master Suk-kwon or Yunbok when he saw them leading the troop. Perhaps it had something to do with the presence of soldiers. It gave them an unusual martial aspect. Having known them for so many years, if he himself had trouble distinguishing his friends so would those who had not seen Yunbok for more than a decade. It was a comforting thought. He looked back again at the riders behind him. His present other worry was P'ado. The boy had been very quiet. He hoped he would talk to him if he felt he could not do so with Jeong-hyang. He listened as a sweet voice spoke up behind him.
"Omoni, who are those people?" Pokkot pointed to the encampment set a distance from the road as she peered out from beneath Jeong-hyang's jangot. There were sharpened stakes planted outside and soldiers standing guard at the entrance. Numerous campfires blazed here and there, raggedy dressed people could be seen moving about.
"They are poor people who cannot find food where they live. They travel far in search and came here, hoping to find some but there are too many of them so they have to stay outside the town," Jeong-hyang explained sadly.
"It's the drought, isn't it?" Pokkot said. "Why are there soldiers outside the camp?"
"When people are hungry, they will do anything to get food. The magistrate is afraid they will make trouble for those who live here so he tells those soldiers not to let the poor people wander around or into the town." She did not add it was also to prevent any outbreak of sickness. Thus far, there had been no outspread of disease, which was fortunate.
"But if they are hungry, how can they find food if they cannot leave?" Pokkot asked in bewilderment and sympathy. "Can't the King do something?"
"The King knows his people are starving. He is trying his best to make sure there is food to share with the poor people. The magistrate is carrying out his orders by giving them food every day."
"Do we have enough food, omoni?" Pokkot asked anxiously as she took in the sight of the thin, palid and haggard demeanor of those she could see.
P'ado was also scrutinising as he listened. Even though he knew of the camp, he had never seen it himself nor had he given any thought to it. Why should he when they themselves had barely enough to have daily meals, poor as they were? There was hardly any moment to spare a thought of extending any help to those less fortunate. The sight of the hungry people prodded him to consider his own life and that of Min-soo. Was this how his birth mother had suffered?
"We do. We are more fortunate than them that we have enough food that fill us every day." Jeong-hyang hugged the little girl as she shivered. "It will be better this coming year, you will see. The crops will grow well. There will be plenty of food for everyone."
"Then I will get to eat my favourite gwapyeon?" Pokkot asked hopefully for it had been a long time since she ate any.
"Yes you will." Jeong-hyang tickled her gently till she giggled to distract her from what she had seen.
As the morning wore on, they passed patrols that stopped to let the column by. Suk-kwon would draw aside to get whatever news there was from the officer in charge before rejoining the company. They paused at noon at a jumak for a meal. There was hardly any customer so Suk-kwon had some of the soldiers bunched up under the shelter, making sure to leave plenty of tables for the travellers. Tents were set up for those who had to stay outside. Glad to rest aching legs, the soldiers talked quietly among themselves as a few designated cooks prepared a meal from the provisions they had brought along. The travellers ordered hot tea and prepared their own meals, eating whatever they had brought along.
The haegun jungwi joined Suk-kwon and Yunbok at a table, introducing himself as Yi Hang-yu from one of the villages near Guhye. Like Yunbok, he was recently promoted, just to oversee the transfer of troops to Hwaseong. As they chatted, a couple of soldiers came up, offering them the food that had been prepared. Curiously, Yunbok looked into his bowl. A little patbap (rice with beans) with plenty of namul (vegetables). He was expecting mostly namul. That was usually the fare for the lucky ones during the famine. He looked around, wishing he could give the patbap to Jeong-hyang.
"Eat up," Suk-kwon said quietly, knowing what Yunbok was about. "She will not accept it, you know that." At that, Yunbok reluctantly ate the food, knowing what he said was true.
Hang-yu looked at them curiously, wondering what they were talking about but forbore to query since he did not know these two officers. He ate his share quickly and excused himself as he had to make sure everything was in order. The men were busy tucking into their meal as he strode among those at the jumak. Those in the tents were similarly engaged. Handing over his bowl and spoon to the cooks, he received the provision record from the soldier who acted as the clerk. Going over to the provision carts, he checked that the record was correct before returning to the jumak.
He presented the book to Suk-kwon who looked through carefully as the clerk hovered behind with prepared ink and brush before signing it. Yunbok kept an impassive face when Suk-kwon handed the book to him. Was he supposed to check and sign it too? Clueless, he pretended to look through while inwardly castigating the older man for not preparing him as he noted how much seok of rice, juji of beans, du of millet and namul that were brought along with the troops and how much was used.
"If all is well, just sign it," Suk-kwon said mildly.
Well, that was a help, Yunbok glanced at the bottom to see how Suk-kwon had done it. Just his rank and name. He followed suit though he made sure to mar his script slightly. It would not do to sign in his usual handwriting. Hang-yu held his hands out for the record which Yunbok nearly threw over with relief and did the same before handing it over to the clerk who bowed and left. Seeing that they had finished, Hang-yu picked up the empty bowls and spoons and went back down to the cooks.
"He's doing his duty, that's something," Suk-kwon said as he watched the young man stride away.
"It never pays to be slothful before superiors," Yunbok said dryly. "You could have warned me," he grumbled, lowering his voice.
"Think of it as a test. That one was simple. Unexpected moments might crop up. I might not be around to tell you what you ought to do. Do as you did and you'll be fine." Suk-kwon saw that Yunbok was unconvinced. "You survived the last mission on your own or have you forgotten?" he reminded him. He refrained from laboring the point when Yunbok remained uncertain.
"How long are we supposed to rest?" asked Yunbok. If there was time, he would look for Young-joon and the rest.
"Go ahead." Suk-kwon knew what he intended, "They're just round the corner of the tavern. I'll send someone to tell you when we are leaving."
At that, Yunbok got up and followed the directions to find Young-joon and the others seated at a table. It looked like they had finished their meal. He wondered what they had. Pokkot, he noted, was asleep in Jeong-hyang's lap. The sight reminded him of the time when they had brought her back from Chinhae, she spent most of her time in dreamland too. He changed his mind on talking to Young-joon when he saw P'ado at the edge of the sitting platform, looking out across the snowy landscape with a retrospective air. Young-joon nodded when he subtly gestured to the boy; he had not been talking much.
"What are you thinking about?" he said softly as he stopped next to the boy. The others listened attentively.
"I'm trying to get a feeling of what omonim went through." P'ado looked down at his hands, feeling sick and cold. It had started when he saw the camp. The wretched and dejected air visible in the drooping, bowed, thin disposition of those he could see. The vision had stayed with him, leaving him no appetite for the noon meal. "All those poor people outside of Uiryeong... was she like that?"
"Worst." Since the boy had seen for himself the living conditions of the poor, Yunbok felt there was no point in keeping anything back. "She was almost skin and bones. We thought she was driven away in winter but we had no idea how far she had travelled."
"Why.. why didn't anyone help her? Had everyone around her died?" P'ado thumped the wooden platform with a fist in anger.
"Take a walk with me," Yunbok said, gesturing with his head. If the boy should become agitated and started shouting, he would prefer his words be muddled by distance. P'ado followed wordlessly.
"Hak-sun told me his brother discredited Min-soo's reputation, branding her a thief so that none would be inclined to extend any help. I do not think it was done immediately. What I surmised is that once he knew for certain Hak-sun would not be returning, the brother prepared a series of incidents that steadily eroded the trust Min-soo's friends and family had in her. He had all the time he needed, there was no hurry. Min-soo herself might not have realised what was happening until it was too late."
"That easily?" Anger in the boy's voice. Did he wish to get his hands on his long dead uncle? "Why didn't he kill us then?"
"What do you think are his reasons?" Wishing to divert the boy from his hatred, Yunbok prodded him to figure it out. P'ado frowned, struggling to cast aside his fury for the moment to think. "Pretend for a moment, you are your uncle. You could have killed mother and child, disposed of the bodies, no one would be the wiser. Why didn't you?"
"She must have run, perhaps she feared what he would do." P'ado frowned, shifting possibilities. "She ran before he could carry out the last part of his plan. So, if I were him, if I have the money, I would hire men to remove her. If I were omonim, knowing I would be hunted..," he trailed off. "But she could go to the authorities!" he exclaimed.
"What if she was not sure if your uncle had bribed the official? She relied on your father to provide. When he was imprisoned, on your uncle. When he betrayed her, who could she trust? Perhaps she might have tried to get to her friends but your uncle might have prevented any attempts in that direction." Yunbok was certain Min-soo had tried the latter and ran when she found no help from those around her. Run, get as far away as possible despite the undesirable conditions of travel.
"Hak-sun said his brother hired men to kill her and child but the famine that occurred prevented them from finding her. Rather than waste more money on a search, his brother called off the men, trusting the famine to kill off his targets."
"I am glad abonim killed him!" P'ado said vindictively, fists clenched as Yunbok watched him sadly but composedly.
"If your uncle were still alive, what would you do?"
"I would..," P'ado began furiously as the rising tide of rage took him, "beat him, beat him until he begs for mercy."
"Can you?"
The quiet, sober question was like a dash of cold water, bringing to a halt P'ado's desire for bloodshed. He looked down at his fists which he hardly used on anyone. When he had those fights with Seong-cheol, they were play rather than a desire to inflict pain. Could he really slug another person until he was bleeding? He had never seen anyone beaten till he bled. The closest he had ever come was to witness the punishment meted out on thieves in a public trial by the magistrate a year ago. They had quickly confessed before the soldiers had to proceed very far in beating with their bamboo poles. He turned his hands over, unable to imagine it.
"Perhaps, I would report him to the authorities," he said finally after a long moment.
"To accuse someone of such a crime, you need evidence. Where would you get it?"
"From her friends, her neighbours. Surely they would..," P'ado paused uncertainly.
"What could they say? At best, they could bear witness that she was gone suddenly but they would reason it was shame that was the cause." Yunbok watched as frustration and agitation raced across the boy's face. "It is a foolish thief who steals and leaves evidence of his crime behind. If she had lived, it would be her word against his. In the eyes of the law, women's words do not carry as much weight. Not unless they are of noble blood. Women do not inherit from husbands so what is there to steal? At the most, she could only say he was not doing his duty. You were not of age so properties and monies would be managed by the closest blood kin and Hak-sun trusted him. There was no illegality if he made decisions with the estate."
"If she could not prove anything..," P'ado struggled to find an answer and could not. His frustrations mounted.
"Conjectures can be wrong. There are so many possibilities. Depending on one's motive, it's a futile exercise that let slips time through fingers which should be used in better engagements."
"What are you saying?" Resentment was rifed in P'ado's voice.
"Your uncle is dead. Omonim and abonim have gone to their rest and peace. Is there aught to be done?"
"I don't understand."
"The grief is fresh," Yunbok sighed, wondering if the boy would get the point, "for you have learned the truth of your parents. It is natural you desire to know more about them, to understand their circumstances. But you must keep in mind that the person responsible is dead, abonim had seen to that. What will your anger and hatred bring you? Will you let them use you? Will you only keep in your heart the injustice and sufferings of omonim? Or will you remember the love she showered on you. Her courage in her harsh journey to seek a home for the both of you."
Afraid of what he would see in the boy's eyes, Yunbok turned away. "Hak-sun was a man of integrity and deep passions. I am sorry I could not bring him back with us from Chinhae. I do not blame you if you feel rancor with me for this failure. I did after all, accept his offer of service"
"Aboji, no." P'ado shook his head, tears in his eyes, his angry bitterness vanished with the sorrow he heard. Footsteps crunched on snow, becoming louder. They turned to see a soldier making his way to them.
"Sir, we are ready to set off," the soldier said, bowing in Yunbok's direction.
"All right," Yunbok nodded. The soldier turned away, retreating back to the rest of the company. "Come, back to the jumak. Remind omoni to cover herself and Pokkot well. It will get colder. Make sure your pungcha is tied properly. Tell ajoshi Han I'll come by to visit tonight."
"Aboji," P'ado finally got in a word after that rush of instructions as he followed Yunbok. "Aboji!" he said a little more loudly as Yunbok walked away when they reached Jeong-hyang and the others. She looked at them anxiously and sagged with relief with the boy's next words. "I do not blame you." Her eyes met Young-joon's who smiled to assure her.
"I'll see you tonight," Yunbok nodded to the boy and rounded the corner. P'ado followed a little way as Young-joon roused the servants and paid the tavern-keeper. The other travellers bustled about to prepare themselves when they saw the soldiers keeping away the tents.
Did aboji think he would condemn him for abonim's death? P'ado was sad that Yunbok would think so but he understood his rationale. Perhaps that would explain that faint air of gloom hanging around him? He looked on as Yunbok mounted his horse and joined Suk-kwon at the head of the column. There would be more to talk about that night. He hoped to further discuss his parents, particularly, abonim. Yunbok was afterall, the only person who interacted most with him and have more to reveal.
Hearing someone calling him, he turned to see Jeong-hyang beckoning to him, already on her horse with Pokkot. He hurried to his own and climbed on. Recalling Yunbok's messages, he passed them on and looked ahead as the travelling groups swung in behind the column of soldiers. The forest of bristling spears prevented him from a clear view of the foremost riders so he looked at the military horsecarts and wondered about Hak-sun.
What rank did abonim hold? Where had he lived before? He felt the pendant on his chest, omonim's gift. Aboji was right, anger and hatred would not avail him now. The man to be held accountable was long dead, thanks to his father. It was useless to think of how much he would like to wring a dead man's neck and of those who did not lift a finger to help. What good would that do? Far better to cherish omonim's spirit. He smiled, feeling a heavy weight lifting from him.
Jeong-hyang was pleased to see P'ado looked a little more like himself. That talk Yunbok had with him seemed to have shaken him out of his malaise. She had been so afraid that the boy would lose his temper or other in his brooding and kicked up a furious row. That it had not turned out adversely was a great relief. But it was not time yet to relax. It was only the beginning. Shivering in the cold wintry air, she pulled the hood of the quilted jangot lower over her face and made sure Pokkot was covered properly. Hours yet before they reached the next town, she hoped there would be another stop.
"A winter march is really insane," Yunbok murmured later when they made another stop at another jumak, sipping the bowl of misutgaru gratefully. It had been a pleasant surprise when it was served. Mixed with honey, it was a flavorable and filling drink.
"That is why it is not commonly done. But sometimes, even unwise, there is no choice. Troops are forced to move. Supplies would be scarce and men would suffer greatly." Suk-kwon slurped nosily from his bowl. Hang-yu was warming his hands over the brazier, face pinched and pale. "We're making good time, we'll reach the town before nightfall."
"That's a thought to hold on to, warm shelter." Hang-yu rubbed his nose which was red from the chill. "This is the coldest winter yet."
"It must be even worst up north. The price of wood and charcoal will have more than redoubled. That nose of yours will fall off if you don't cover your face properly," observed Suk-kwon humorously as the young man finally gulped down his drink, licking his lips to make sure he finished off every drop.
"Then I'll be able to return home or even better, get to rest in town," grinned Hang-yu, holding out his hands for their empty bowls.
"When we reach our destination, make sure the men are properly sheltered and victualed. Pack as many as possible into the barns and stables, they'll keep one another warm. There's no point in setting up sentries, it will be too cold. Besides, we're camping in town," Suk-kwon instructed in a low voice once Hang-yu had moved away.
Yunbok nodded, knowing what had to be done as he tucked back the flaps of the pungcha around his lower face.
"Come, let's make an inspection before we set off," Suk-kwon said, voice muffled as he was similarly enveloped.
"Do they keep their spears with them when they sleep?" Yunbok whispered as he followed Suk-kwon.
"No, have them stacked the weapons by the doors. We don't want accidents in the dark or in their sleep." Suk-kwon eyed the men as they walked down the column, visually checking their hands and faces, making sure none was suffering from the onset of frost bite. Satisfied that all was well, they set off again down the barren road. The landscape was a sea of white that threatened to daze the mind and eyes. The only sounds was the clop of hoofs, the faint jingle of gear and the muffled tramp of boots, the huffs of one's breath.
"I half wonder we do not fall off our horses in capitulation to such overwhelming mesmeric assault on our eyes," Yunbok said wearily as he looked at his horse's mane in order to break the monotony of the landscape.
"Usually, there is a military band to go with any company but it would be creating an extra hassle in terms of provisions and lodgings in our case. In spring, the men would sing songs but I don't think they have the energy." Suk-kwon looked back at the column; most of the soldiers were plodding rather than marching, huddling visibly.
"Do you have to pick up any messages?" Suk-kwon turned back at Yunbok's query and followed his gaze.
A small clump of buildings, almost invisible against the landscape had appeared. A banner, white with frost, was frozen to the pole outside the entrance of the largest house. One of many yeokmacham (government message post) in the district, he realised as they approached. One of eleven posts separated at thirty ri intervals. The door of the main building opened. A man peered out to see what was all the noise about. Seeing it was only a company of troops, one of many in the past weeks, he waved to the officers and returned to his warm haven.
"I doubt it."
They fell silent. The buildings receded. There was nothing in front of them, except the long empty road. Yunbok fought to stay awake but lapsed into sleep now and then, jerking awake when he felt himself starting to slip from the saddle. He rubbed his eyes and pulled the thick cloth protecting his lower face more securely around his neck. How were the others doing? He started to turn but changed his mind, he would not be able to see past the column.
Two or more weeks of such marches. Would they be able to endure it? He wished Jeongjo's order had come earlier. Journeying in autumn would be better than slogging through the last month of winter, the coldest of all. The downside to travelling in autumn was that he would arrive in Hanseong much earlier and would have to keep his head down for more than a month. Which was better?
The sound of drums and nabals that carried across the air startled him and he looked up to see the walls of a town. The snowscape had melted into a soporific vista that he did not notice they had been passing farmlands. The town was their stop over for the night, he heaved a sigh of relief. Their pace had been good for the sky was turning into hues of dusk.
Korean Words
jeonbok - a type of sleeveless long vest in hanbok, which was worn by military personnel. It does not have overlapped column on the front side, and was worn over dongdari
misutgaru - fine powdered glutinous rice or barley mixed in water, honey can be added, usually carried around when travelling
namul - vegetables
ongseong - additional wall to protect gate with semicircular or rectangular belt around the main gate
patbap - rice cooked with beans
yeokmacham - government message post