The next morning, as the team wakes up,
Thomas decides to climb up the side of the mountain to scout the land for signs of a mammoth.
French Narrator: "Thomas decides the best way to spot a mammoth is to get up high to scout the terrain."
Thomas: "It's so disappointing to come back 4,000 years later in modern times in a mammoth country and all I can see is trees, trees, thousands of them. Mammoths, they need plains and grasslands and there's none of that anywhere here and we need to head more to the plains or the mammoth steppes to find them."
French Narrator: "The changing habitat is not the only reason our heroes can't find a mammoth. Thomas knows that another factor has driven them to the brink of extinction. Mammoths are hunted by ice age man."
Thomas: "I think our only chance is a break over there at the base of the mountains. There may be some grassland and we may find them there. And then a clue that mammoth may not be too far away."
Without a moment to lose, they got on their snowmobiles and started following in that direction/
French Narrator: "And then a clue that mammoth may not be too far away."
As our heroes descended down the hill Lillie's Alolan Vulpix, Snowy was following them running across the snow being an ice type she is adapted to these conditions. Then she senses something and whatever it was it's buried in the snow. Then she leaped into the air and dived into the snow head first as our heroes noticed her.
Charlie: "Hey guys, I think she found something."
Thomas: "What is it, Snowy?"
She came out carrying an ivory piece flute.
Mordecai: "A flute?"
Lillie picks it up and plays a high note
Charlie: "Whoa, I didn't know you could play."
Lillie: "I learned when I was little."
Thomas: "This has to be a clue because this flute must have been carved from a mammoth tusk."
Ash: "This instrument must be carved and made. I get the feeling, the hunters could still be around."
Thomas: "Exactly, Ash, and if they're around, the mammoths could be too."
French Narrator: "And before long, there is a sign that, at last, the group is getting warmer."
The fast moving shapes sped through the ice and snow of the taiga forest, strange and foreign sights to many a roe deer or snowshoe hare passing by. As they neared their destination, trees became fewer in number, allowing for smooth sailing. Chris was in the lead when something far ahead caught his eye. He slowed down enough to investigate as the others followed. They found more evidence of the mammoths; they were elephantine footprints and a dung pile.
Thomas: "Look at these massive footprints! This can only be a wooly mammoth. This is the front footprint going that way. Now look... Look at this! A concrete clue at last. Mammoth dung.
Looks gross, but it's not. Plant vegetation goes through the stomach virtually unchanged. They're useless at digesting plant cell wall cellulose, so they have to feed for 16 hours a day. And the crucial thing is it's still warm, so this is fresh. The mammoth can't be far away.
Rocko: "Hey where's Heffer?"
Filburt: "He's gone, where could he have run off to?"
They noticed he wandered off and soon our group heard mooing along with snorting and grunting. Entering a clearing, they found a herd of two species of bovine – one herd of which looked like a European bison, only with longer horns and larger, the males were darken black with brown around the shoulder and face, the females dark brown, grayish brown around the shoulder and face, and a light brown top running down the neck and forehead, the calves were grayish brown with a dark brown top, and pale legs, and the other that looked like oversized versions of Spanish fighting bulls, the Bulls were black with a white eel stripe running down the spine, while cows had a reddish-brown around the top, back, and tail with the rest being in brown color, and the calves were chestnut brown grading to a tannish brown with pale legs, the muzzle regions were pale white with gray noses, and Heffer is among the herd.
Sandy: "Whoa, That's a lot of bovine and What's he doing in there?"
Rocko:" I think he's talking to them."
Heffer: "Say have you seen some mammoths walk by here?!"
They respond with some snorts and mooing.
Luan: "How about some Bovine information Thomas?"
Thomas: "Of course Luan, those on the left are a herd of Steppe Bison or steppe wisent (Bison priscus), they are an extinct species of bison that was once found on the mammoth steppe where its range included British Isles, Europe, Central Asia, Northern to Northeastern Asia, Beringia, and central North America, from northwest Canada to Mexico during the Quaternary. The radiocarbon dating of a steppe bison skeleton indicates that it was present 5,400 years ago in Alaska. This wide distribution is sometimes called the Pleistocene bison belt compared to the Great bison belt. A tract of rich grassland that ran from Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico around 9000 BC. The great bison belt was supported by spring and early summer rainfall that allowed short grasses to grow. These grasses retain their moisture at the roots which allows for grazing ungulates such as bison to find high-quality nutritious food in autumn. There findings of mummified specimens such as Blue Babe, a 36,000-year-old mummy of a male steppe bison which was discovered north of Fairbanks, Alaska, in July 1979. The mummy was noticed by a gold miner who named the mummy Blue Babe – "Babe" for Paul Bunyan's mythical giant ox, permanently turned blue when he was buried to the horns in a blizzard (Blue Babe's own bluish cast was caused by a coating of vivianite, a blue iron phosphate covering much of the specimen). Blue Babe is also frequently referenced when talking about scientists eating their own specimens: the research team that was preparing it for permanent display in the University of Alaska Museum removed a portion of the mummy's neck, stewed it, and dined on it to celebrate the accomplishment. In 2011, a 9,300-year-old mummy was found at Yukagir in Siberia, and in 2016, a frozen tail was discovered in the north of the Republic of Sakha in Russia. The exact age was not clear, but tests showed it was not younger than 8,000 years old. A team of Russian and South Korean scientists proposed extracting DNA from the specimen and cloning it in the future.
They are also seen in cave painting and a carving known as the Bison Licking Insect Bite, and have been found in naturally ice-preserved form. a prehistoric carving from the Upper Paleolithic, found at Abri de la Madeleine near Tursac in Dordogne, France, the type-site of the Magdalenian culture, which produced many fine small carvings in antler or bone. It is a carved and engraved fragment of a spear-thrower made of reindeer antler. It depicts the figure of a bison, of the now extinct species steppe wisent (Bison priscus) with its head turned around and showing its tongue extended. It is thought the spear-thrower was broken into roughly its present shape before the carving was made from the fragment, hence the need to show the turned-back head of the animal in order to fit the existing structure. The steppe bison became extinct possibly in the middle to the late Holocene, as it was replaced in Europe by the modern European bison (B. bonasus) and in America by a sequence of several species (such as Bison antiquus and Bison occidentalis) culminating in the modern American bison (Bison bison). Bison survive the winter by having a thick, curly winter coat that is slightly lighter and wooly and when blizzards blanket the plains with deep snow, bison use their heads as a plow of sorts to push aside the accumulation and reach the forage below. They also create pathways to allow other animals to pass through the deep snow."
Rocko: "Heffer there you are?"
Heffer: "Hey guys I was talking to these cattle to see if they saw any mammoths."
Charlie: "What did they say?"
Heffer: "Well, they said…"
Patrick: "What? What did they say?"
Heffer: "They said, no they didn't ."
Patrick: "No mammoths?"
Heffer: "Nope."
Thomas: "Despite no mammoths, but these are another opportunity along with the bison Heffer, you were talking your wild ancestor of cattle, The Aurochs
Heffer: "The what?"
Rocko: "He said Aurochs, Wild Cows!"
Filburt: The name, Both "aur" and "ur" are Germanic or Celtic words meaning wild ox. The Old High German words ūr meaning "primordial" and ohso for "ox" were compounded to ūrohso, which became the early modern Aurochs. The Latin word "urus" was used for wild ox since the Gallic Wars. So they're called Aurochs.
Heffer: "Oh! I get it now!"
Lynn: "So all the cows, especially the ones from Diaryland are descended from these ones?"
Thomas: "Yes, like how dogs are descended from wolves. The cows or cattle are descended from the aurochs. There are about three subspecies: The Indian Aurochs, North African aurochs, and lastly the ones we're seeing is the Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) which are part of the Pleistocene megafauna in Eurasia. The aurochs was widely distributed in North Africa, Mesopotamia, and throughout Europe to the Pontic–Caspian steppe, Caucasus and Western Siberia in the west and to the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in the north. The Landscapes in Europe probably consisted of dense forests throughout much of the last few thousand years. The aurochs is likely to have used riparian forests and wetlands along lakes, as indicated by certain mineral isotopes in recovered aurochs bones from the Mesolithic. It may have also lived in open grasslands. Aurochs formed small herds mainly in winter, but lived singly or in smaller groups during the summer like what we're seeing in other wild ungulates that form unisexual herds, considerable sexual dimorphism was expressed. Ungulates that form herds containing animals of both sexes have more weakly developed sexual dimorphism. Bulls are mostly black while cows are brown. If aurochs had social behavior similar to their descendants, social status was gained through displays and fights, in which both cows and bulls engaged. With its hypsodont jaw, the aurochs was probably a grazer, with a food selection very similar to domesticated cattle feeding on grass, twigs and acorns. Mating season starts in September, and calves were born in spring. The bulls had severe fights, and evidence from the Jaktorów forest shows these could lead to death. In autumn, aurochs fed up for the winter, and got fatter and shinier than during the rest of the year. They also have thick skin, coarse hair and natural insulation to help them stay warm which should help in these conditions."
The team observed the aurochs and bison walking through the snow using their snouts to push through the snow looking for hidden vegetation. Some young bulls head butt clashing their horns as a form of sparring, those young bulls want to work up the ranks to be the top Bull. The calves drink from the udders of their mothers' milk.
Thomas: "Calves stayed with their mother until they were strong enough to join and keep up with the herd on the feeding grounds. They are vulnerable to predation by gray wolf, brown bear, while healthy adult aurochs probably did not have to fear predators. But large predators like the lion, tiger, and hyena in prehistoric times would prey on the weak and injured adults. Although they are wild animals, Adults and even bulls can do to historical descriptions, the aurochs are described as swift and could be very aggressive, but not afraid of humans. That's why they don't seem to see us as a threat."
Ron: "Maybe because they're not used to humans or have seen any before."
Thomas: "True Ron, but there were the human hunters too and maybe due to their lack of ear with humans is how humans managed to domesticate them. In the future humans will raise them on farms for transportation to pull carts and plow fields along with their skin leather and food like meat and dairy products like milk, cream, and cheese. The aurochs was one of the largest herbivores in Holocene Europe, comparable to the European bison. The size of an aurochs appears to have varied by region; in Europe, northern populations were bigger on average than those from the south. Aurochs in Denmark and Germany had an average height at the shoulders of 155–180 cm (61–71 in) in bulls and 135–155 cm (53–61 in) in cows, while aurochs bulls in Hungary reached 160 cm (63 in). The body mass of aurochs appears to have shown some variability. Some individuals reached around 700 kg (1,540 lb), whereas those from the Late Middle Pleistocene are estimated to have weighed up to 1,500 kg (3,310 lb). The sexual dimorphism between bulls and cows was strongly expressed, with the cows being significantly shorter than bulls on average. Because of the massive horns, the frontal bones of aurochs were elongated and broad. The horns of the aurochs were characteristic in size, curvature, and orientation. They were curved in three directions: upwards and outwards at the base, then swinging forwards and inwards, then onwards and upwards. Aurochs' horns could reach 80 cm (31 in) in length and between 10 and 20 cm (3.9 and 7.9 in) in diameter. The horns of bulls were larger, with the curvature more strongly expressed than in cows. The horns grew from the skull at a 60° angle to the muzzle, facing proportions and body shape of the aurochs were strikingly different from many modern cattle breeds. For example, the legs were considerably longer and more slender, resulting in a shoulder height that nearly equaled the trunk length. The skull, carrying the large horns, was substantially larger and more elongated than in most cattle breeds. As in other wild bovines, the body shape of the aurochs was athletic, and especially in bulls, showed a strongly expressed neck and shoulder musculature. Therefore, the forehand was larger than the rear, similar to the wisent, but unlike many domesticated cattle. Even in carrying cows, the udder was small and hardly visible from the side; this feature is equal to that of other wild bovines. The coat color of the aurochs has been reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions; historical descriptions of the aurochs agree with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet Caves. These indicate that calves were born with a chestnut color, and young bulls changed black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine, while cows retained the reddish-brown color. Both genders had a light-coloured muzzle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s. Some primitive cattle breeds display similar coat colors to the aurochs, including the black color in bulls with a light eel stripe, a pale mouth, and similar sexual dimorphism in color. A feature often attributed to the aurochs is blond forehead hairs. Historical descriptions tell that the aurochs had long and curly forehead hair, but none mentions a certain color for it. Although the color is present in a variety of primitive cattle breeds, it is probably a discolouration that appeared after domestication. The gene responsible for this feature has not yet been identified. They were seen in cave paintings, often hunters hunting them although they will survive after the ice age and still widespread in Europe during the time of the Roman Empire, when it was widely popular as a battle beast in Roman arenas. Excessive hunting began and continued until it was nearly extinct. Aurochs were occasionally captured and exhibited in venatio shows in Roman amphitheaters such as the Colosseum. Aurochs horns were often used by Romans as hunting horns. Aurochs were hunted with arrows, nets and hunting dogs, and its hair on the forehead was cut from the living animal. Belts were made out of this hair and believed to increase the fertility of women. When the aurochs was slaughtered, the os cordis was extracted from the heart. This bone contributed to the mystique of the animal and magical powers have been attributed to it. By the time of Herodotus in the 5th century BC, the aurochs had disappeared from southern Greece, but remained common in the area north and east of the Echedorus River close to modern Thessaloniki. The last reports of the species in the southern tip of the Balkans date to the 1st century BC, when Varro reported that fierce wild oxen lived in Dardania, southern Serbia and Thrace. By the 13th century AD, the aurochs' range was restricted to Poland, Lithuania, Moldavia, Transylvania and East Prussia. Archaeological data indicate that it survived in northwestern Transylvania until the 14th to 16th century, in Romanian Moldavia until probably the beginning of the 17th century, and in northeastern Bulgaria and around Sofia until the 17th century at most. By the 13th century, the aurochs existed only in small numbers in Eastern Europe, and hunting it became a privilege of nobles and later royals."
Double D: It's quite sad that we're in Poland, This was the country where the last aurochs died."
Lana Loud: "That's terrible.
Charlie: "Well, humans can be cruel sometimes."
Thomas: "It was guys. In Poland, the right to hunt large animals on any land was restricted first to nobles, and then gradually, to only the royal households. As the population of aurochs declined, hunting ceased altogether. The Polish Royal Family used gamekeepers to provide open fields for grazing for the aurochs, exempting them from local taxes in exchange for their service. Poaching aurochs was made a crime punishable by death. According to a Polish royal survey in 1564, the gamekeepers knew of 38 animals. The last recorded live aurochs, a female, died in 1627 in the Jaktorów Forest, Poland, from natural causes. The causes of extinction were unrestricted hunting, a narrowing of habitat due to the development of farming, and diseases transmitted by domesticated cattle. There were even breeding back attempts by using domestic cattle to resemble the aurochs like the Heck Cattle."
Lola: "Well, I guess it's a good thing we're here right?"
Tish: "I mean this would make our second extinct animal we rescue that went extinct due to humans in recent times. "
Tucker: "Good point, any ideas how to get this herd through?"
Trey: "I have a plan how to get them through the portal since they are partially color blind."
Trey used one of the marker flags, a red one to wave at the bison and aurochs to get them to charge. But the movement of the flag gets them to charge at the flag Back and forth
French Narrator: "Trey is using the bullfighter strategy by waving the bovids with a flag in front of their faces. It's the movement of the flag or mantle that causes bulls to charge, not the color red as they can only see yellow, green, blue, and violet Due to the retina receptors in their eyes."
Walking up the herd with one of the marking flags they'd used for setting up base camp, Trey waved the flag around – the lead bulls of the auroch and bison herds both began to bellow at him, riling the rest of their herds up.
Trey: "Hey! Over here!"
Bison and aurochs bellow with the calves in the center of the herd. Eventually, they all charged at him.
Trey: "NOW!"
Wilt: "Incoming!"
Sandy presses the button and the portal appears as the herd charged in and disappeared into the present.
Sandy: "That was some cattle wrangling."
Charlie: "How did you know how to get that herd through the portal – do they teach that in the civil war?"
Trey:" In Mexico, I was working at a bullring – my job was to eject troublemakers and pikers.
Charlie: "How did you feel having to…?"
Trey: Watch it? I felt sick – although, I was drunk morning, noon and night for most of that time, so the memories are blurry.
Charlie: "You seriously got yourself in a hangover?"
Thomas: "It's war trauma. It gets people to do stuff like that."
Sandy: "Look! Roughly north-west of our position, there's a cave."
As we walked towards the cave we stopped. Inside the cave looked like a butchery – meat ranging in size from flayed hares to haunches of wooly mammoths hung from the wall and roof, strung up with rope. Double D Walking up to a haunch of auroch,
D: "That's interesting… the meat's salt-cured."
Tucker: I'm not a paleoanthropologist, but I don't think people knew about that back then…
Cat sees Dog who has his tongue out in savor he wants to eat it.
Cat: "Dog I don't think it's a good idea to eat it!"
Dog:" I'm sorry brother I can't help it!"
Cat: "Oh no, someone grab hold of me and restrain him! Heel Dog! Heel Dog!"
Muscleman and Mr. Krabs held them down by grabbing Cat's end.
Thomas: "Something isn't right first those figures, the spear barb arrow points, and the dead bear we encountered. These are the work of an unknown Primitive tribe or human species we haven't discovered."
Clemont: "Then there's only one conclusion."
Cilan: "We investigate as in find clues and search high and low."
Trey: "That's what I'm thinking too… And I'm also thinking we need to leave."
All: "Why?!"
Trey: "In a place full of scavengers, you don't leave your meat store alone for long…."
French Narrator: "Our heroes know whoever uses this cave will return eventually and they don't want to be there when it happens as they will be seen as intruders and thieves to these unknown beings."
Max: "Guys look here."
They found their fourth piece of evidence
They looked like naked human feet, but they were massive, first off, at least seventeen inches long and, from the depth, the creature that made it must have weighed over seven hundred pounds. A closer look had noted something else – the big toe was slightly off to the side like an ape.
Ed: "It looks like Bigfoot's footprint."
Eddy: "Or the mucky boys?"
Double D: "Eddy, you seriously made them up. They're not real and we ended up getting caught, remember?!"
Iris: "Oh you two are just kids there's no such thing as those mucky boys or Bigfoot?"
Ed: I am a kid! (chuckling)
Iris face palmed from hearing from Ed
Eddy: "You mean, Bigfoot doesn't exist in THIS timeline, IRIS!"
Thomas: "Take it easy and I think my theories are correct. We're dealing with an unknown ape human species we don't know exist or found in the fossil record, and I think we must leave and focus on our mission, there's an opening in the Taiga Forest that could talk to the Natural Habitat of the wooly mammoth, the mammoth steppe."
Agreeing to Thomas' word, they don't want to get caught by these unknown people. Soon our heroes left as fast as they could as they rode out on their snowmobiles out of the forest and into the mammoth steppe.
