September 25, 20XX
In this milestone of my journal entries, this is where I reveal and reflect on my all past life and years.
My heritage is that my parents are immigrants from a foreign country; as they settled in California, I was born.
Fast forward to years later; I decided to seek job opportunities in Illinois.
I meet many great interesting individuals; until the day that shattered my perception of reality suddenly.
Where I was, was attacked by a brutal alien force that wished to occupy a nearby American military base.
That would have ended my story right then and there in the crossfire between the supernatural forces between good and evil.
It would have been, if it weren't for The Doctor.
This mysterious alien traveler and his current companion, Clara Oswald saved me and many others from this alien invasion.
After when all is said and done, both made an unusual request to me; they asked me if I would like to join them in adventures (or future misadventures) to the stars.
Tempted to see the thrilling galaxies myself, I accepted. There was nothing for me back here due to recent stress and possible discontentment from where I worked at.
Many times, I saw and admired the beauties of the stars. We ate meals near the beginning of time, and even the end of everything.
How it was possible was because of the Doctor's time machine that he recently considers his home.
The Doctor travels through time and space in a time machine known as the T.A.R.D.I.S (Time and Relative Dimension in Space). The TARDIS has the outward appearance of a blue British police box, but it's much larger on the inside and can travel to any point in time and space.
Clara Oswald and The Doctor are known for their strong moral compass and dedication to helping others. They often intervene in situations of injustice and oppression, striving to make the universe a better place. The Doctor abhors violence but can use intelligence, diplomacy, and problem-solving skills to overcome challenges.
The Doctor carries a tool called Sonic Screwdriver, a versatile tool that can perform a wide range of functions, from unlocking doors to analyzing data and more. It is a symbol of the Doctor's resourcefulness and problem-solving skills.
Throughout their adventures, Clara explains, the Doctor is typically accompanied by one or more companions. These companions are often ordinary humans who join the Doctor on their travels, providing a relatable perspective for the audience. Companions have included people from various time periods and backgrounds.
The Doctor is not human but rather a Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. Time Lords are known for their advanced technology, intellect, and their adherence to non-interference in the affairs of other civilizations. However, Clara humored me, the Doctor frequently breaks this code to make a positive impact on the universe.
Like many others like Clara, the Doctor confided in me his unique biology. One of the most iconic aspects of the Doctor is their ability to regenerate. Time Lords have the power to change their appearance, personality, and even gender when they are mortally wounded or dying. This process allows for different actors to play the same character over the years, which has been a fundamental element of the biological longevity.
Due to regeneration, the Doctor's personality can vary significantly from one incarnation to another. Each "incarnation" who portrays the Doctor brings their unique interpretation to the character, which keeps the character fresh and dynamic. Ms Oswald says that right now; he is known as the Twelfth Doctor.
After many years of traveling together (how much time was relative since we had a time machine/spaceship) back and forth from different galaxies to Earth (in different points/eras in time), we came to this present futuristic colonized civilization whereas unfortunate circumstances earlier had us separated. I hope the friends and allies (some are familiar with the Doctor) that I meet can help me to go back to him, so I can return to the direct time I left my era and home.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
• Higher concentration increases rate
• This increases the frequency of reactant molecule contact.
• Higher temperature increases rate
• In general, for every 10 °C increase in temperature, the speed of the reaction doubles.
• Nature of the reactants
• Small molecules tend to react faster than large molecules.
• Gases tend to react faster than liquids, which react faster than solids.
• Ions react faster than molecules. (Na+ versus HCl)
Collision Theory of Kinetics
• Primarily For Gas-Phase Reactions
• For most reactions, for a reaction to take place, the reacting molecules must collide with each other.
– About 109 collisions per second
• A successful reaction occurs
• When the collision has enough energy to "break the bonds holding reactant molecules together"
• Temperature increases the energy molecules have to break bonds
• When the reacting molecules collide in the proper orientation for new bonds to form
Collision Frequency and Effective Collisions
• The collision frequency is the number of collisions that happen per second.
• The higher the frequency of effective collisions, the faster the reaction rate.
• The proper orientation results when the atoms are aligned in such a way that the old bonds can break and the new bonds can form.
• For most reactions, the orientation factor is less than 1.
Activation Energy Barrier
Activation Energy and the Activated Complex
• The activation energy is the amount of energy needed to convert reactants into the activated complex.
• Also known as the transition state.
The Arrhenius Equation
• Changing the temperature changes the rate constant of the rate law.
• This relationship is given by
– T is temperature in kelvins.
– R is the gas constant in energy units, 8.314 J/(K · mol)
– Ea is the activation energy
– A is a constant referred to as the exponential/frequency factor.
• Number between 0 and 1.
• Fraction of reactant molecules with sufficient energy so they can make it over the energy barrier.
• The exponential factor increases with increasing temperature but decreases with increasing activation energy.
k = Ae–E /RTaThe Arrhenius Equation
• Changing the temperature changes the rate constant of the rate law.
• This relationship is given by
– T is temperature in kelvins.
– R is the gas constant in energy units, 8.314 J/(K · mol)
– Ea is the activation energy
– A is a constant referred to as the exponential/frequency factor.
• Number between 0 and 1.
• Fraction of reactant molecules with sufficient energy so they can make it over the energy barrier.
• The exponential factor increases with increasing temperature but decreases with increasing activation energy.
k = Ae–E /RTa
Arrhenius Plots: Experimental Measurements of
Frequency Factor and Activation Energy
• The Arrhenius equation can be algebraically solved to give the following form (take natural log of both sides):
• A graph of ln(k) versus (1/T) is a straight line
• Solve for rate constant (k) using initial rate method at different temperatures
• Determine Ea and A.
k = Ae–E /RTaArrhenius Plots: Experimental Measurements of
Frequency Factor and Activation Energy
• The Arrhenius equation can be algebraically solved to give the following form (take natural log of both sides):
• A graph of ln(k) versus (1/T) is a straight line
• Solve for rate constant (k) using initial rate method at different temperatures
• Determine Ea and A.