September 27, 20XX
Ever since the ancient times and nineteenth century, meta-humans have been secretive and been if possible; covered up by their allies who deal with paranormal and supernatural events that a daily "primitive" human mind cannot fathom. Battles and wars were waged been those who wish to use their powers for ambitious evil or positive benefits.
Stories ranged from magical beings (alchemists who are witches and wizards), demi deities (children or descendants from advanced alien civilizations are seen by our Earth's civilizations as gods or goddesses), and secret societies.
Then ever since alien invasions became more recognizable and increasing after World War Two and twenty-first century, they have established official meta-humans groups to defend the world from evil meta-humans who wish to do harm through terrorism and dictatorships. Space colonization's increased. Our academic textbooks been updated; for example, in social science classes, one carries both the human histories and another filled with declassified documents from mainstream governments on the subject of supernatural and paranormal events of the past.
The Justice League and the Avengers were established firmly during many aftermaths of certain alien invasions on Earth.
Its an interesting note that the recent ones that were repealed by Clara and the Doctor, were also stopped by them as well.
The core concepts and their missions revolved in groups of "superheroes" from various backgrounds and with different superpowers coming together to protect the world from powerful threats, supervillains, and cosmic dangers.
Chem Notes: (filled with academic notes)
What is Equilibrium?
Equilibrium on the Macroscopic and Molecular Level
N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)
N2O4(g) is colorless and NO2(g) is brown
At a certain time, no net change in concentration at equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time
Equilibrium and Rate
Start with NO2 Start with N2O4 Start with NO2 & N2O4
An equilibrium can be reached starting with all reactants, all products, or a mixture.
Regardless of starting concentrations, the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium is constant since it reflects their differences in enthalpy and entropy
Equilibrium From Both Directions
A(g) ⇌ B(g)
To approach equilibrium, the concentration of A and B change so that kf[A] = kr[B] at equilibrium where k is rate constant
Note concentration are not equal at equilibrium instead the forward and reserve rates are equal at equilibrium
Equilibrium From Both Directions
Equilibrium Constant
N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)
aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
Equilibrium Constant (Kc)
Ratio of Reactant/Product Concentrations at Equilibrium
Size of Equilibrium Constant
Equilibrium Constant (K)
• The value of K for a given chemical equation is equal to a constant a given temperature
• The equilibrium product concentrations are in the numerator.
The equilibrium reactant concentration are in the denominator
• The equilibrium concentrations of each species are raised to the power equal to the stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced chemical equation.
• Reactants and products that are pure solids and liquids do not appear in the equilibrium expression.
Heterogeneous Equilibrium
The amount of C is different, but the amounts of CO and CO2 remain the same. Therefore, the amount of C has no effect on the position of equilibrium.
Heterogeneous Equilibrium
• The concentrations of pure solids and pure liquids do not change during the course of a reaction.
• Because their concentration doesn't change, solids and liquids are not included in the equilibrium constant expression.
• For the reaction
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + HCO3–(aq)
The equilibrium constant expression is as follows:
K = [H+][HCO3–]/[CO2]