Reborn a a dragonlord

by Mi414622

Dragonlord pre doom si

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oseo supremacy - Fernando VII SI-Timeline

Thread starterEd of the Pueblos Libres Start dateMar 10, 2023

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Mar 10, 2023

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#1

Threadmarks Every man a King (first post)

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

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Fernando de Borbón.

Fernando de Borbón was born in October 14 of 1784 in the palace of El Escorial - the son of prince Carlos (Carlos IV - son of Carlos III), and Mariua Luisa de Parma.

One of many children, Fernando became Príncipe de Asturias (prince of Asturias) after the death of his older brother Carlos, when he was just a month-old.

A little over half of the fourteen children that Prince Charles and Maria Luisa de Parma died before the year 1800 CE, things of the time...

Already as a child, the chronicles say, Fernando presented some of the characteristics that would define his reign later...

An extreme tendency to procrastinate and sestear (taking naps), a great love of reading, peculiarities in his speech, etc.

Fernando de Borbón was sworn as royal heir to the Spanish crown by the Cortes in Madrid on September of 1789, after the accession of Carlos IV in the year 1788.

The life of the Spanish prince continued normally until the 19th century, in a Europe undergoing great changes in the old regime - product of the first liberal revolutions.

In 1800, Spain under King Carlos IV and France under Consul Napoleon sign the Treaty of San Ildefonso, where the kingdom of Etruria is promised to the Spanish royal family, and France obtains the territories of Spanish Louisiana - among other agreements regarding to the navies of both countries, but that is another matter.

The following year the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801) was signed, which confirmed these previous rather secret agreements.

Little is known about what Fernando did during this period of the government of Chief Minister Manuel Godoy under Carlos IV - he probably wasn't very interested, in 1802 the greatest concern of the Spanish heir was possibly his marriage to Maria Antonia of Naples (1784-1806).

The heir apparent to the Spanish throne generally appears to have been barred from government positions until 1808...

The most remarkable thing until then was the death of Maria Antonia - Fernando then began to focus more on other matters, rather than remarry.

In particular, the Prince of Asturias began to pay more attention to the American territories of the Spanish Empire - which apparently he wanted to visit one day...

In October 1807, the French (now led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte) and the Spanish sign the Treaty of Fontainebleau - with which both countries agree to the expulsion of the House of Braganza from Portugal and the divide of the territory.

This because Portugal was a traditional ally of England (United Kingdom), and after Napoleon's attempt to invade Great Britain in 1806 failed, the Portuguese refused to follow the Napoleonic Continental Blockade - Napoleon required a route for his ground troops to invade Portugal, so he made this pact with Spain.

Not long after, in March 1808, the riot in Aranjuez (a town in Madrid) took place.

For the first time in Spanish history, a king saw his own son seize his crown as a result of a popular riot - a riot instigated by the policies of Chief Minister Manuel Godoy, a favorite of King Carlos IV.

The riot was not very spontaneous, it was planned or supported by various agents within the country and some foreigners - although we must insist that soon the leading role passed from the Spanish people to the most privileged sectors of the population...

Fernando, Prince of Asturias, now became King Fernando VII...

News received with great enthusiasm by the whole country - with less enthusiasm from Fernando himself.

According to some accounts, the King seems to have become especially paranoid...

Which seems to make some sense, considering later events.

Fernando VII seems to have been aware that his position on the throne was quite precarious, considering that the French Empire had troops on its territory.

The young king had entered Madrid in March... and before May, he had already abandoned the country at the hands of the French - with the crown passing de facto to Napoleon, and later to his brother Jose Bonaparte.

Meanwhile, King-Emperor Fernando VII went to his American territories, where he founded the 'successor' to the Spanish Empire (which had not recognized the change of power in the Iberian Peninsula...).

1678504951401.png

Red, the American empire of Fernando VII - Orange, the other colonies of the Spanish empire.

[Flashback]

When he was born -or reborn, depending on how you look at it-, at the beginning Fernando felt relatively comfortable...

He was born a prince after all.

The fact that it was in the 18th century had its drawbacks, but...

Privileges are privileges (money, status, servants!).

Until Fernando finally saw the outside, he went out more to the Iberian peninsula, he saw the snow for the first time (where he lived before it didn't used to snow...) and he ate the food of the time...

Fernando had never felt so...disappointed.

And then yearned again for home but...

How could one yearn for a home that doesn't exist? It's not that it has ceased to exist, it's that it doesn't exist yet - and possibly never will, at least not in his lifetime...

Present, 1808.

Fernando VII arrived in Montevideo, a city in the Banda Oriental - a province on the east side of the Río de la Plata (with Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata on the other side).

He was received with all kinds of fanfare, although really most known that the king would simply be passing through, before going to Buenos Aires...

Fernando for his part... yawned shortly after arriving at his quarters in the afternoon, and took a well-deserved siesta, after having been on a ship for so long.

Truly, he hated the ocean—and if he could, out of fear or disgust, he would never cross the ocean again.

-Being rich is glorious... - Fernando VII concluded, looking at the coast from his current residence in the city of Montevideo - not comparable to the Iberian palaces, but what could be expected from a rather peripheral part of the colonies.

The king's hand briefly passed over the cover of one of his books on the table... they have been collecting dust - Fernando collected a lot of books, but his time was always rather scarce...

And procrastinating, he put many of his books on hold—perhaps now he would have some time.

Having all the time in the world to take siestas (naps), read and be a hedonist would be Fernando's dream...

-More people should be able to enjoy this, Every Man a King or something like that- Fernando (VII) concluded, before leaning back in his chair on the balcony...

The king-emperor of the Spanish Empire (or what was left of it), took his time - in about 15 minutes, he grabbed a book and prepared to read it.

-Your highness!- Soon there is a knock on the door...

Fernando VII closes the book and sighs...

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Threadmarks Asado for everyone (May-December of 1808).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Perspective.

Fernando's court moves from Montevideo to Buenos Aires...in life, or well, in his previous life - Fernando never particularly liked Buenos Aires (too much porteños).

But he really didn't have much of a choice right now...

It was a certain protocol, with Buenos Aires being the capital (with more space, prepared for the monarch) and obviously many people requested the presence of the monarch.

Like Santiago Antonio María de Liniers y Bremond (Jacques de Liniers, a French man), the current Viceroy of the Río de la Plata...

-I must say... that I am very grateful for your work in defending the Río de la Plata from the English- Fernando insists before his Viceroy, who makes a slight bow.

Fernando lightly caresses the cat that he has just gotten, he named it Sancho - a soon spoiled bastard of a cat...

-Thank you very much, your Highness- Viceroy Liniers exclaimed, acknowledging the compliment with respect.

-We are going to celebrate, we will organize a asado for the people of the capital, and perhaps some ceremony in the Catedral- Fernando insists, taking Sancho with him to prepare for the party...

Liniers is... a bit confused, but he follows the monarch.

The reign of Fernando VII marks the beginning of the modern culture of asado (roughly translated simply as barbecue) in the Spanish-American territories.

That it was a partial continuation of traditions of the Native Americans (also called Indians or Indigenous at the time), and customs that already existed among the Criollos (Creoles).

It was popular with the country people, and soon also with the melting pot of people and races or cultures of the cities (lower or middle class).

This asado in fact would be a necessity for the Hispanic-Americans, which would help them in the conquest of the North American desert and the Pampas and Patagonia in the South.

What gave it the partially bad reputation of being the food of the "frontier of civilization" for some: "where the stew ends and the roast meat begins to be eaten, barbarism begins."

The book Cocina Ecléctica (in English, Eclectic Cuisine) was composed - which describes meticulously and in detail the procedure for preparing the Hispanic-American asado (at least in its most original versions).

At least this asado (and some of its successor regional variants), was characterized by not using coal, but dry wood.

With the ingredients being beef (skirt, octopus, roast strip, entrails), sausages such as chorizo, grill sausages, sweet and salty blood sausage, bombon chorizos and offal such as chinchulines, choto, sweetbreads, kidneys, criadillas, heart and udder of cow. Other types of festive meats can also be included such as suckling pig, lamb, fish (especially black sea bass) and chicken, vegetables and other preparations such as pamplonas (pork or chicken pulp rolled and stuffed inside bovine cloth), stuffed bell peppers and potatoes. Criolla sauce, marinade and chimichurri are used as dressing

For the re-popularization of the infusion of mate (Ilex paraguariensis, native to the Paraná and Paraguay - which was already used by Tupi-Guarani tribes for consumption and trade in pre-Hispanic times), when it is productively cultivated again at large scale (something that had been lost to some degree after the expulsion of the Jesuits under Carlos III), was still a bit missing.

This was the motivating part of certain 'agrarian reforms', or agricultural-livestock modernization.

[First Modernization: 1808 - ????]

When speaking of modernization, one can speak of two more or less related processes - economic-social modernization, and political modernization.

At the beginning of the reign of Fernando VII of Spain or I of the Americas, we see a process of economic-social modernization in its first five years - which will conclude in the Congreso del Año XIII (Congress of the XIII Year, Congress of the 13th Year, or Congress of 1813), which begins the political modernization of the Empire in the American territories (configuration of the state, its coercive capacity, and its economic and social attributions).

This modernization process between 1808 and pre-April of 1813 focuses above all on the primary sectors of the economy (agriculture-livestock and derivatives of this activity, and mining), with the also associated development of some sectors such as the textile industry (result of changes in the livestock sector) - and commerce as second main axis of the economy.

The state, after the loss of the peninsula, was relatively weak but preeminent throughout the territory - the Spanish colonial institutions still stood, and these recognized Ferdinand the Seventh, now present in the Americas.

Political parties as understood today were not yet organized, and socio-political alliances formed by hegemonic sectors did not exist either (understood these groups as the church, the army or the landowners).

This meant that there was still a bureaucracy capable of imposing itself on the rest of society (even if they had their problems), for the time being.

In summary, the paradoxical situation of a weak or shaky state, but for the moment, centralized.

Without distracting us: What did this modernization consist of?

Affirmation of the ownership of the land, stimulating and imposing (in a moderately forced way), the delimitation or wiring of the field, in productive units.

Regularization and registration of land titles; as well as establishment of brands and signs on cattle.

Before, land ownership was a rather diffuse matter, due to the overlapping of titles of diverse origin, and the generalized illegal appropriation of public lands. And the labor force that did not own land (whether owned or simply owned), was linked to livestock production units (land, farms) in highly personalized and partternalistic ways.

This gave rise to a certain social conflict between owners, between owners and landowners without titles (occupants or simple owners), and between owners and/or occupants and the State.

The national mercantile bourgeoisie (not always a separate class from the large landowners, but on several occasions the same figures or families concentrated in them both economic activities), emerged in commercially privileged regions due to their geographical position - and gave rise to the first partly institutionalized banks in the Hispano-American territories (before the creation of central banks).

The fence and delimitation of the land meant the liberation of labor (a large number of landowners without titles, who until then had remained simple landowners and occupants) - leading to the partial creation of a labor market (still more seasonal than stable, and still constrained by pre-industrial manufacturing capabilities).

Which in turn leads to the formation of a still incomplete but relatively incipient internal market.

This met certain internal and external needs, such as the fall of the Iberian peninsula at the hands of the French, and the lifting of certain commercial restrictions - in addition to an increasing demand for greater agricultural-livestock production, inside and outside the country.

The asado was not going to make itself - the Spanish-American empire needed more cattle.

These laws appear to have been pushed by Fernando VII and some other officials - some authors dispute whether it is a true "agrarian reform" or not.

[International]

April to May 2, Ferdinand VII leaves Spain and begins the peninsular war - or Spanish resistance against the Bonaparte monarchy.

For his part, Ferdinand VII takes the Spanish-American territories from the Spanish Empire - "founding" a 'successor state' to the Iberian government (how Ferdinand VII actually saw it is debatable).

June 12-19, several Swedish failures in the Finnish War (conflict between Sweden and Russia, which takes place in Finland) in particular in attempts to land at Ala-Lemu, near Turku.

While in later days the Swedes will have some successes against the Russian Empire's navy in the Baltic, the truth is that this war is pretty much tipped for a Russian victory sooner or later.

At the end of June the English chemist Humphry Davy informs the Royal Society of London of his isolation and discovery of two elements by electrolysis (calcium [Ca] and boracium, eventually called boron).

This same year Davy also isolated the elements magnesium (Mg) and strontium (Sr).

July 8, King Joseph Bonaparte of Spain approves the Bayonne Statute (or also called the Bayonne Constitution, Bayonne Charter).

A Napoleonic (and to some extent local) influenced royal charter intended to be the basis of Joseph's rule as King.

There was to be a tricameral legislature, nine ministers (as against five or six in recent Bourbon governments), an independent judiciary, and various individual liberties were recognized - many good de jure clauses or articles, although their effective capacity is debatable.

September 27, the Congress of Erfurt begins between Napoleon Bonaparte (Emperor of the French) and Alexander I (Tsar of Russia).

This Congress aims to reaffirm the alliance between the First French Empire and Russia - the conference was attended by kings, princes, dukes, barons and notables from all over Europe.

The Congress concludes on October 14: calling on Great Britain to cease its war against France, acknowledging Russia's conquest of Finland from Sweden, and declaring that in the event of war with Austria, Russia should help France "to the best of its ability."

September 29-October 19, temporary truce between the Swedes and Russians during the Finnish War.

October 12, foundation of Banco do Brasil.

November 8, presidential elections in the United States lead to the election of James Madison, who becomes the fourth president of the republic.

November 12, Four large French frigates under the command of rear admiral Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin, are sent to operate from Isle de France (Mauritius) against British trade in the Indian Ocean.

November 15, Mahmud II becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

December 1, Alexander I declares Finland part of Russia.

December 4, Napoleon joins his armies in the Iberian peninsula.

Last edited: Mar 11, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Mar 12, 2023

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Threadmarks The king knows maybe a bit of Nahuatl - well this is a lie but its sounds good for propaganda? (January-June, 1809).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Perspective.

It is difficult to say with any certainty how the American Viceroyalties (composed of Nueva España, Nueva Granada, Peru, and the Río de la Plata) felt when Fernando the Seventh moved to the continent.

Many later authors have portrayed the American people as welcoming from the start - this could well be simply later propaganda, intended to legitimize the crown's position in the Americas.

If we look at the sources of the time (contemporary), at least in principle there were more doubts about Fernando's reign, and whether the king-emperor would rise to the occasion - a product of the interests of different groups or sectors of the population of the Spanish America of the time.

One of the successes of the early reign of Fernando VII, was his interest in traveling through the capitals of the Viceroyalties...mainly to be a libertine (eat, drink, loss time, - and depending on the author have more or less nights with womans), but goodwill was not lacking.

Visiting the capitals meant that the figure of the King, who had always been limited to the far Spain, would now approach the Hispanic-American subjects.

Eventually it would be the custom that from time to time, Fernando VII would take his court and move through part of the territory - which may have provided the idea for certain infrastructure projects during his reign, such as better roads.

In general, the places he visited the most were Peru, New Granada and New Spain.

Ciudad de México, Nueva España/México City, New Spain.

-Sancho!- Fernando calls his cat, who has grown in a few months from being a little kitten, to a bigger ... and fatter cat.

The black cat with bright eyes curiously approaches its owner, the king and emperor of almost all the Americas.

Fernando for his part, takes out a kind of toy, made with rubber-as he had asked some Novohispanos during his brief stay in Yucatan.

The cat examines the toy for a moment, while Fernando watched his cat.

This animal had been domesticated thousands of years ago, and humans have never ceased to be fascinated with it.

But putting that aside, why would Fernando have made such requests in the Yucatan peninsula?

To be able to make better balls of football, of course.

The current ones are made from animal organs or something, and they weren't of that good quality...

So the king would simply ask to take some of New Spain's rubber production with him on his return to the Río de la Plata, to eventually develop the rubber 'vulcanization' process (roughly heating rubber to high temperatures - or a series of of processes to harden rubber).

But now, Fernando was concentrating on watching his cat play...

How nice it was to be king indeed - when he does not have to work.

-One question...- King Fernando is having dinner together with the Viceroy of New Spain, Pedro de Garibay, and some other guests...

-Of course, Your Highness- Viceroy Garibay exclaims.

Garibay was one of the many royalists quite delighted that the Spanish king could have escaped to the Americas.

-...Have you (vos) ever heard the word 'taco'?- Fernando asks, with relative discretion.

The king's culinary taste is somewhat…demanding, in a sense.

We don't know where the word taco comes from, some say it comes from the Nahuatl "tlahco" (half or in the middle), others say it comes from the Nahuatl "quauhtaqualli"- a type of tortilla that was difficult for the Spanish to pronounce, and which became "taqualli" and finally a taco.

We know that something similar to the taco could have existed in pre-Hispanic societies.

The reign of King Fernando VII, according to some, supposes the vindication of certain Criollas/Creole traditions or aspects, and even pre-Hispanic ones.

[Economy]

The arrival of King Ferdinand VII to the Americas brought about a lot of changes in the political, social and economic scene - as we saw previously, in 1808 the first steps of the first modernization in the countryside (agriculture and livestock, and to a lesser extent mining) took place.

And the second axis of the economy was trade.

While Fernando the Seventh was dedicated to giving the first trip around the capitals of his empire, he left Viceroy Santiago Antonio María de Liniers y Bremond in charge of certain matters.

Mainly to establish greater trade with the United Kingdom (free trade, as one might say).

While it is true that the UK had attempted two military expeditions to the Río de la Plata in recent years (and these territories were essentially the center of Ferdinand's new empire), the state needed financial resources.

Things don't pay for themselves, so Hispanic-Americans needed ways to get money.

And the British would be willing to negotiate, after all the Spanish-Americans had resources and certain ports on important trade routes - and this meant keeping them [the Spanish Americas] out of French hands, just in case.

This commercial opening (breaking the former peninsular monopoly) would make it possible to pay the salaries on time of the soldiers and servants of the State, which was vital to maintain certain stability and loyalty.

The reign of Fernando VII would then see the lifting of previous economic laws that had been established by the Iberian metropolis (Spain).

Resulting in new waves within the semi-internal market that existed in the Empire after the reforms of the field.

Mainly in economic benefits arising from trade and economic activity of the commercial classes (bourgeois-merchants), and the relatively small but continuous increase in manufacturing in urban centers.

From these new laws and commercial opening, whose benefits were now destined mostly for the Americas, the government of Fernando VII could also benefit from foreign expertise (especially British in these times) and immigrants from various parts of the world.

[Familias criollas]

As a result of the new government of Fernando VII, certain social tensions decreased to a certain point - the new laws, state and economic policies, implied the recognition of certain interests and demands made by the Criolla/Creole population of the Americas, previously with certain enmities with the citizens of Iberian origin received.

Creole landowners and merchants began to advance considerably in their position and social-economic condition, in exchange for a certain loyalty to the viceregal-imperial government.

Other Creoles would also be part of the army or the administration as part of this ladder of social promotion.

[Army]

When Ferdinand VII left the Iberian Peninsula, he not only took with him the crown, a lot of money and the colonies from the Spanish Empire - he also took with him a lot of personnel, both civilian and military (according to some, this was one of the problems for Spain and allies in the peninsular war).

It is difficult to say if Fernando was a thief, a wretch or cunning...

(The first, a bit of the second, and definitely not the third - at least according to some.)

It is clear that Fernando VII cared more about these goods and men than his own family-who remained as prisoners of the Napoleonic authorities.

And although there were plans to rescue them from some viceroys like Garibay, Fernando never showed much interest.

But we digress.

What matters to us is that in the first half of the year 1809, Fernando took advantage of these military officers that he took with him.

Ferdinand VII appointed the first field marshal and lieutenant general of his reign, Enrique José O'Donnell y Anhetan (descendant of the O'Donnell of Tyrconnell).

O'Donnell was a convinced loyal royalist, and Fernando put him in charge of organizing the named "Gran Ejército" (Great/Grand Army), sometimes Gran Ejército de las Américas (Great Army of the Americas).

That it would form a new, important force for the entire Empire in the Americas.

O'Donnell, although he did not always coincide with all the officers* of the Gran Ejército, followed orders to recruit thousands (eventually tens of thousands) of men from the Río de la Plata, Peru, New Granada, the Caribbean, and New Spain.

This Gran Ejército would not only foster unity among officers from various parts of the Americas and allow the government of Ferdinand VII to monopolize violence in the country, but would also be a force to modernize the army (in terms of institutions, training and equipment), and be one of the many pillars of the Empire (a necessary backbone).

Some of the officers that Enrique José O'Donnell did not get along with so well was Rafael del Riego, another of the officers that Fernando had brought to the Americas - Riego was more liberal, but at least for much of the early years of the Gran Ejército was second in command.

There was little emphasis on the navy, although reforms of this type would eventually come - mainly through trade with the English.

[Immigrants]

As a consequence of the Columbian discovery, obviously the Americas are a grouping of peoples of different origins - mainly Native Americans, Euro-descendants and Afro-descendants (and the results of all the miscegenation between these groups).

Ferdinand VII's government would be particularly open with these realities, going so far as to name some of the first Native American officers in the 1810s (Andrés Guacurarí).

Although we are straying off topic.

The point is how the new land laws and trade liberalization would also become an attraction and the basis for new migration movements and policies.

At least in these early stages of Ferdinand VII's government, many people from Catholic regions of Europe would begin to move to the new Spanish-American empire - such as the Irish, people from the Italian peninsula, Austria, southern German states, Warsaw duchy/Poland, etc.

Eventually this would expand much more with other types of citizens (Jews, Muslims, Asians, Africans, etc).

[International]

January 5, signing of the Dardanelles Treaty between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire.

The treaty ended the Anglo-Turkish War, and restored Britain's extensive commercial and legal privileges in the Ottoman Empire.

Britain would promise to protect the integrity of the Ottoman Empire against the French threat, and the principle that no warship of any power should enter the Dardanelles and Bosphorus Straits was affirmed.

January 16, during the peninsular war at the Battle of Corunna, Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult prevents British troops (under General Sir John Moore) from landing in Galicia.

February 3, creation of the territory of Illinois in the United States (based on western Indiana territory).

February 8, Austrian declaration of war against France.

February 11, Robert Fulton patents the steamboat in the United States.

February 20, the Supreme Court of the United States rules that the power of the federal government is greater than any individual state in the case United States v. Peters.

March 1, the Non-Intercourse Act replaces the Embargo Act of 1807 (USA).

March 13, a military coup results in the removal of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden.

Later, on March 29, the Diet of Porvoo swears allegiance to Tsar Alexander I of Russia, resulting in the founding of the Grand Principality/Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire.

April 10, start of the War of the Fifth Coalition with the Austrian invasion of Bavaria (Confederated States of the Rhine or Confederation of the Rhine).

The Austrians are subsequently defeated in battles on April 14 (Abensberg), April 19 (Raszyn and Teugen-Hausen), and April 22 (Eckmuhl).

May 12, the British and French fight in Porto - although the French are forced to withdraw from Portugal, the British General Sir Arthur Wellesley is killed fighting the French Marshal Soult.

Leading to certain problems in the peninsular war, at least on these sides.

May 17, Napoleon orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire.

This results in Napoleon's excommunication by Pope Pius VII.

May 31, the French capture most of the fleet of the British East India Company in the naval skirmish of the Action of May 31 (Bay of Bengal, Mauritius campaign).

June 14, French victory at the battle of Raab, which prevents Archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the battle of Wagram.

Last edited: Mar 13, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Mar 13, 2023

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Threadmarks Egalité, Fraternité and all that (July-December, 1809).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Perspective - the Canarian King.

After his stay in the Río de la Plata was extended for over 1 year, King-Emperor Fernando was called the Rey Canario (Canarian King, after the Canary Islands).

Not because the King himself had any relationship with the islands, but because the peninsular people from there had a reputation for being lazy around the Montevideo region - and this fame seems to have stuck to Fernando VII...

He was also remarkably lazy so the nick-name come to stay when he was alive.

Fernando folded a free piece of paper multiple times, until he made a small fan, to fan himself due to the heat at the end of the year...

The emperor of all Spain was in one of the gardens of his palace, lying on a carpet on the grass that served as a floor-where he rested while eating grapes and reading his books.

Not far away is Sancho the cat, playing more in the grass and in the shade of the bushes in the garden...

This is life, in Fernando's opinion - the sun can be annoying, but luxuries are luxuries.

-Your Highness...- A servant of the court appears - follow by some other minor persons, interrupting the mid-day break (one of the many that the king takes...).

-What's wrong?- Fernando asks, putting aside the paper fan for a moment.

-Another letter from your sister Carlota- The servant reports.

-Put it with the others, she can wait...a little more- Fernando insists, dismissing for the moment the 'calls for attention' from his older sister...

Maybe if Fernando continued to ignore them, they would give up.

[Navy]

Although it is true that during these years, the focus of the Spanish-American Empire of Fernando VII was focused above all on the Great Army, there was also some naval development...

The curious thing is that this development does not come only from British influence or help (which had its reasons after the free trade established in the region, and the elimination of some threats such as local pirates-corsairs).

But also of the Russian Empire...

The Russian Empire had a navy with its historical highs, although arguably it was never its forte (at least in comparison to the land army).

But Russia lent a hand to the Spanish-Americans, especially in regards to developing the cargo and transport capacity of the thousands of troops that the Empire was training or moving through its territory.

It would not make the Empire of Fernando VII the lord of the waves, but it definitely helped when transporting soldiers or supplies along the western and eastern coasts (which served as a means of transportation between the continental viceroyalty territories).

As a result, more commercial ties between Russia and Spanish-America also developed.

It is difficult to say how much this helped the Empire of Ferdinand VII, the Russian Empire and the Russo-American Company, but it is generally accepted that it seems to have been beneficial to everyone involved to some degree as fur trade and similar was still strong.

Strengthening some positions on the west coast of North America for Spain and the Far East for Russia (and the far east of Siberia, Alaska).

[Mining economy]

The reforms of Fernando VII supposed, as already mentioned, an increase in agricultural-livestock productivity.

Of course this happened in regions more than suitable for such economic activity... and at the same time, in some parts of the Viceroyalties (especially the west and north of the Río de la Plata [Chile and Charcas, Peru and New Spain), a revitalization of mining.

Not only of precious minerals such as gold and silver, which had been the main objectives of the peninsulars, but of all kinds of mineral resources.

Some that would become more and more valuable...

And more importantly, now, all these mineral resources did not go to the metropolis - but to the Viceroyalties themselves.

This was the basis of important resources with which to trade... and the basis of metallurgical development, vital for the modernization that the central government of these territories yearned for.

[Real Cédula and Carlota Joaquina de Borbón - Enlightenment in the Americas]

Around October 1809, by 'Royal Certificate' (Real Cédula) Fernando VII added a number more titles to his 'curriculum'.

Among those, for example, was the title of Count of Buenos Aires - where the King resided at that time, Mexican Prince and Mexican Emperor, etc.

This was not only a measure by Fernando to place more titles in his name, it was also a propaganda and legal measure in front of his American subjects, and the rest of the world (especially his older sister, the queen of the Portuguese court in Brazil).

On the one hand, this made many American territories equal to historical entities of the Spanish crown-Spanish sovereign, such as the County of Barcelona, the Kingdom of Castile/Aragon, etc.

Which could be used both propagandistically and legally for Ferdinand VII's plans - it gave him some de jure legitimacy, and allowed him to build new bridges between the Viceroyalties.

With this came promises of certain changes, during the process of change in the new entity into which the Spanish Viceroyalties in America were becoming.

And it gave Fernando some freedom, he was no longer just the King of Spain and the world could start to accept this...

This new period of Ferdinand VII with his American titles, which is why he is sometimes referred to as Ferdinand I, also takes the first steps for the enlightened Creoles to join the cause of this 'liberal' (or enlightened) ruler-monarch.

As we mentioned earlier, Ferdinand the Seventh used the coercive power of the colonial army and the new Grand Army that he was building to support the modernization of the countryside, making the land more productive and reforming at least part of the economy.

With this pressure group formed by the army, the recognition and enforcement of private property rights was given...

Which called the attention of Illustrated Criollo families and individuals (understood by these bourgeoisie, landowners, merchants and in general an educated 'middle'-upper class), who, generally due to their previous socio-economic conditions, had been educated in Europe and adopted Liberal-Enlightened beliefs.

That put this issue of private property very high...

It meant, from the political angle, the rapprochement between the groups of economic power and the groups of coercive power, before the political reforms.

It meant then, the beginning of the construction of a government - that although it was militaristic and closed at the moment, it had several reforms and promises in mind.

"Egalité, Fraternité" (and all that) - Fernando VII made special emphasis.

The liberté was more debatable apparently (liberté for what, exactly?).

This perhaps already demonstrated some of Fernando's traits, or was it just a coincidence - An empire where all Hispanic-Americans were equal - Criollos, Peninsulares, other immigrants, etc.

The rest of the world at that time was more focused on other issues, such as their own internal policies and the Napoleonic wars (besides they did not know that it was coming within the Viceroyalties).

Except perhaps for the Portuguese court in Brazil - after Napoleon's invasion of Portugal, John VI fled and established the Portuguese court in Rio de Jainero...and it turns out that Ferdinand's older sister, Carlota Joaquina de Borbón, is the queen.

A queen with intrigues and ambitions.

Carlota Joaquina de Borbón, or simply Carlota, was quite angry with her brother Fernando -not because he had escaped from Spain and staling family's money, but because Fernando denied any attempt to negotiate with her (not necessarily with the Brazilians or Juan VI- it's just that Fernando didn't like dealing with the crazy women who happens to be his older sister).

Carlota had the ambition to take advantage of the chaos in the peninsula to create a throne for herself in South America... and it turns out that her brother Fernando got in the way, reaching the Viceroyalties and starting to rule - also putting on a lot of titles, just in the vicinity of Carlota cutting her off in a few moves that weren't too grand or hyper-planned, but rather shone in being simple.

This essentially ruined the older sister's plan, and soon many potential allies began to crowd around Fernando as King.

That he also had a reputation for being less aggressive with courtiers, and even if he was lazy or hedonistic, that could at least guarantee the possibility of negotiating with him (or even manipulating him, at least in opinion of some...).

This led to snubs between siblings, who didn't even want to see each other's faces at all.

Fortunately for Fernando, given Carlota's ambitions, which meant that Spanish-American territories would fall under the influence of her husband (Juan VI of Portugal), the population began to support him more.

And at least tacitly, the British recognized him as king-emperor, thinking that he was simply using the viceregal territories (just like the House of Braganza) while the Bonapartes were in Spain.

Sooner or later these tensions between the Spanish Viceroyalties and Brazil would explode, especially due to poorly defined borders on certain occasions, and conflicts of interest over resources or strategic areas.

Fernando VII made special emphasis...in the need to control industrial mate production - but that's something for later.

Until then the Spanish monarch, also called a Catholic king, had among his collection of titles:

King of Spain.

King of Castile, of León, of Aragon, of the Two Sicilies, note 3 of Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of Mallorca, of Seville, of Sardinia, of Córdoba, of Córcega , from Murcia, from Jaén, from the Algarves, from Algeciras, from Gibraltar, from the Canary Islands, from the East and West Indies and from the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea.

Archduke of Austria.

Duke of Burgundy and Brabant, Milan, Athens and Neopatria.

Marquis of Oristán.

Count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tyrol, Barcelona, Roussillon, Cerdanya and Gocéano.

Lord of Vizcaya and Molina.

Etc.

[International]

July 5-6, Napoleon defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram.

During these dates the French Napoleonic troops arrest Pope Pius VII from the Vatican, taking him to Liguria.

July 10, the French marshal Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont defeats the Austrians in the battle of Znaim (southern Moravia) - with this victory, the French carry out the last major action of the War of the Fifth Coalition (in favor of of the French).

July 28, the Portuguese and Spanish troops suffer a defeat

at the hands of the French at the Battle of Talavera, partly a consequence of the British troubles after the death of General Wellesley.

When the British arrived it was too late, and they were forced to withdraw from the southwest of Madrid.

July 30, the British begin the Walcheren campaign, trying to open another front in the Austrian fight against France.

August 11, poorly led Spanish forces are defeated by the forces of Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Almonacid.

September 17, conclusion of the Finnish War - Finland becomes part of the Russian Empire as a consequence.

October 8, Prince Klemens von Metternich becomes foreign minister of the Austrian Empire.

October 14, Austria cedes the Illyrian provinces to France in the Treaty of Schönbrunn.

November 18, a French frigate squadron in the Bay of Bengal captures three British East Indiamen mainly carrying recruits for the presidency armies in India.

November 21, the first stone is laid for the first 'guided bus' passenger wagonway (Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad).

November 25, British diplomat Benjamin Bathurst mysteriously disappears in Perleberg, west of Berlin (possibly murdered).

Around early December the so-called Boyd massacre takes place, in which Whangaroa Māori people kill (and eat) 66 crew and passengers of the brigantine Boyd.

December 25 , American physician Ephraim McDowell performs the first ovariotomy - removing a 22-pound tumor.

December 26, a British invasion force leaves Vlissingen (historically known in English as Flushing).

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I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Threadmarks How clever you are Fernando (1810).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Perspective - Buenos Aires, Virreinato del Río de la Plata/Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

Finally, Fernando VII had achieved what he wanted... (well, one of the many things - dream is free, and Fernando loves free things)

Basically after a few months of his trip through the Viceroyalties, and requesting rubber from Yucatan, based on making other more qualified chemists do work, the people of the Río de la Plata arrived at the "vulcanization" of rubber.

What did it mean...

Football.

Fernando lightly caresses Sancho, while the two watch the two teams recently prepared to play foot-ball in one of the spaces in Buenos Aires owned by...Fernando.

The king can't help but feel proud, he will soon be able to go to the next part of his plan...

Popularize football, create various sports teams (especially Boca, River, Peñarol and Nacional), and finally - create a football tournament...

And it will take the name of Copa del Rey, since he is the king.

-How clever you are, Fernando- The Spanish king in the Americas cannot help but marvel at his own 'wit'.

Fernando VII is known for many things - among them, for being a patron of sports, particularly the so-called king of sports (football).

Sport that is practiced almost religiously from New Spain to the south of the Río de la Plata - in what is essentially a folk religion or form of tribalism based on clubs, and how many prizes (cups) a team gets.

This was possible thanks to the fact that the Hispanic-Americans quickly discovered the process of vulcanizing rubber (from territories such as Yucatan, in New Spain).

They developed a consistent system for this process, and decades later, between the 1820s/1830s-1840s, Hispanic-Americans were able to take advantage of this in industrial capacities.

Vulcanization greatly improves the life, function, and strength of rubber - which is why many rubber products are vulcanized (rubber hoses, shoe soles, toys, erasers, shock absorbers, tires).

[Gran Ejército]

1810 is the year of the baptism of fire of the Great Army of the Spanish Viceroyalties - after Carlotism was strangled in the cradle (mainly through militias, although the army could have helped too), came the first real evidence of the forces viceregal armies.

On April 19, rebellions began in areas of Paraguay, and in the following months there would also be rebel activity in the royal audience of Charcas, and parts of the Viceroyalty of New Granada.

A portion of the Grand Army then left for Paraguay, which was successfully pacified.

From there in the following months they traversed Charcas, arriving in Quito around August-September, pacifying the city before moving up further to other rebellious cities of New Granada.

And there were still other Grand Army forces at various important points, holding the Empire together (mainly due to their superiority in resources, technology and depending on the case, numbers - to the rebels).

This meant that the Great Army of the Viceroyalties was a success...

It was celebrated with an asado in Buenos Aires.

The campaign of 1810 accelerated the patriotic process of the officers, and motivated the construction of routes that would further unite the Viceroyalties.

True, it could be difficult due to geography, essentially the Caribbean Sea separated the islands, the Darien separated New Spain from New Granada, and Florida was separated from the rest of the Viceroyalties by American Louisiana, and the Andes could also be a problem...

But it did not take away that some routes could be made, especially within important cities from one Viceroyalty to another and in less hostile regions (geographically).

Which was a good start for the infrastructure of the Viceroyalties, increasingly on the way to modernity.

[Journalism]

Before the educational reforms that would allow a large part of the population to become literate, the central viceregal government needed other ways to keep its population informed and relatively in line with the ideas of the central government.

Newspapers had existed in the Americas for some time, possibly as early as 1733 in New Spain/Mexico - but this was not a universal rule in the Viceroyalties.

Until June 2-7, when the first centralized gazette of the Spanish Viceroyalties of Ferdinand VII was created and published: simply titled "El País".

A simple title, which already indicated the unifying intentions of the people behind...

The newspaper provided information about new laws, new developments and news, and served as a vehicle for political thought - mainly that of the central government.

And it was this government that ordered that the newspaper be read aloud at chapels after mass celebrations - because there were still a lot of people who couldn't read.

Now June 7 is the day of the Spanish-American journalist in honor of this journalistic propagation of the reign of Fernando VII, which spread especially through large cities.

Eventually every respectable Hispanic-American politician during the late 19th century and early 20th century would need a newspaper of his own to propagate his political thought, and attack political opponents.

[Crown jewel - New Spain]

While it is true that when Ferdinand the Seventh's first modernization is analyzed, one speaks mostly of the agricultural, mining, and commercial sectors - a process that also happened in New Spain we must insist - there was also another myriad of economic activities supported by the new government.

The one that could have had the most development in these aspects, before the development brought about by the industrial revolution (and therefore the introduction of advantages such as the railway) - was New Spain.

The Viceroyalty that in itself was already the 'jewel in the crown' of the Spanish Viceroyalties - although the Río de la Plata always had the heart of the king.

During the time of the first modernization (1809-1813), New Spain sees the flourishing of beekeeping, vine cultivation and wine production, the increase of the rubber industry (gradual, but that will be notable later ), silk manufacturing through silkworm farming, leather tanning, pottery (and some other types of similar pre-industrial manufacturing) and brick production.

[International]

January 4, discovery of Campbell Island by seal hunter Frederick Hasselborough - the island is located in the subantarctic zone of the southern hemisphere.

January 12, the marriage of Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte to his first wife, Josephine Bonaparte (Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie, by birth ...) is annulled.

Some time later on March 11, Napoleon by proxy marries his second wife, Marie Louise of Austria (daughter of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor / Francis I of Austria).

February 13, Napoleonic troops enter Malaga (Spain).

February 17, by decree of Napoleon I Bonaparte, the city of Rome becomes the 'second capital' of the Empire...

March 4, André Masséna withdraws from Portugal after months of stalemate, which have left his men without food or supplies.

In early April, the aliʻi nui (supreme ruler of the island) Kaumualiʻi of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau, agrees to submit to the authority of King Kamehameha.

In return Kaumuali'i would remain in power-although it is established, in turn, that upon Kaumuali'i's death, Kamehameha's son would inherit his position as ruler of Kaua'i...

Not long after, Kaumuali'i would start planning how to get out of this deal.

April 2, marriage in person of Napoleon I with Marie Louise of Austria.

May 10, Reverend Henry Duncan opens the world's first commercial savings bank in Ruthwell (Scotland).

July 9, Napoleon Bonaparte dissolves the Kingdom of Holland and occupies the territory.

Through deals with the Abkhazian dukes, Russia obtains the territory of Sukhumi and declares a protectorate over all of Abkhazia, in the Caucasus.

August 20-27, the French defeated a Royal Navy frigate squadron attempting to blockade a harbor on Isle de France (Mauritius) at the Battle of Grand Port.

August 21, French Marshal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte takes office as Governor of Rome - second capital of Napoleon Bonaparte's Empire.

In early October, King George III of the United Kingdom is deemed permanently insane.

October 12, celebration of the first Oktoberfest.

November 2, division of Haiti between the State of Haiti to the north, led by Henri Christophe, and a republic to the south, led by Alexandre Sabès Pétion.

In a conflict that exacerbates tensions between blacks and mulattoes from the north and south.

November 17, Sweden declares war on the United Kingdom... and this war really does not manifest itself on anything more than paper.

Perspective.

On September 24, after some time of the French occupation of Spain, the Courts of Cádiz met - which declared themselves the sole representative of Spanish sovereignty (ie Spain, the American territories and the Philippines).

And these Cortes requested delegates not only from Spain, but from the Viceroyalties of New Spain, Peru, New Granada and Río de la Plata...

But Fernando VII, refused to allow representatives of his territories to be sent to the Cortes-for various reasons, mainly:

Under pretexts that it was not the right time, due to the war in the peninsula.

The conflict of interest that arose because of the Cortes...

The wealthy Creoles understood the Cortes to be located in the port of Cadiz, from which the consulate of merchants (a large merchant guild) influenced the Cortes, trying to maintain their commercial benefits - which would nullify the free trade established after the ending of the Spanish monopoly of trade in the Americas by Ferdinand VII.

(And very possibly... that the King didn't feel like it).

The Cortes theoretically recognized Ferdinand VII as the sovereign of Spain...Fernando was not so interested in the Cortes.

Fernando sits in his wooden chair, watching how the fathoms heat the juicy meat that he is about to eat with bread and some vegetables...

The king is having dinner together with Sancho, some friends (a few) and 'friends' (rather out of interest, but what can he do with that, being king - sooner or later he would attract one or more), servants, guests, etc.

While Spain is fighting against the French yoke...Fernando sleeps in a comfortable bed, eats a lot of meat and takes a lot of naps...

Worth leaving Spain, yep.

-The Courts continue to send some questions, sir- One of the servants, a young man named Alfonso -already slightly more accustomed to the king's behavior than the rest- mentions with his usual dry tone.

-I see- Fernando insists, dismissing the insistence of the Cortes simply with his bored tone.

The asado cannot wait, the Courts (and/or Carlota) can.

-Some nobles are asking if you have wedding plans, sir- Alfonso mentions, as part of the king's 'ears' in the viceregal service...or rather, the only one direct enough to speak clearly to the king.

-I've been married before, it was a bit awkward...- Fernando mentions, at least the woman wasn't his relative... and she died relatively quickly.

Alfonso does not judge, nor is to him to be nosy.

-Couldn't I maybe adopt a nephew or something?- Fernando mentions, leaning slightly forward...

-It would be politically risky if the Viceroyalties don't accept it- Alfonso concludes logically, besides, it's not as if his king has the best relationship with the rest of his family.

-You're right- Fernando mentions, going back to lie down on his rug to rest.

He had almost gotten too stressed out that time...he had been serious for almost an entire (1) minute.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#85

Threadmarks Fall... ( 1811).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Perspective.

-It can't be...you can't tell me that oregano is grown in Spain...- Fernando exclaims, very worried...

-It is also cultivated in the Río de la Plata, Peru and New Spain sir- Alfonso mentions indifferently, but Fernando sighs in relief.

Oregano also grows in other parts of Eurasia but why buy when you can have your own...

-I almost had a heart attack, I thought I was going to have to recover Spain...it's time to make pizza- Fernando concludes after being informed.

Although pizza originated in Italy prior to the 19th century, the first pizza places began to appear in this century... around the Spanish-American Viceroyalties (essentially in their golden age of culinary expansion).

[Gaucho - Huaso, Charro, Chalán, Llanero - Chagra]

The productive model implanted during the first years of the viceregal modernization at the beginning of the 19th century, resulted in certain social transformations.

We already talked about how the confirmation of the private property of ranchers gives rise to a seasonal agricultural market, and a minimal but constant increase in pre-industrial manufacturing, which benefit from new free laborers.

But certain changes also occur with a particular sector of the population - a rural and independent population of "cimarrón" (linked to livestock) and multi-ethnic character (Creoles, mixed with natives and Afro-descendants), which, at least since the end of the 18th century, did not usually accommodate themselves to the social norms and work routines imposed by the authorities.

Riders/horsemen, strongly linked to equestrian life, and field work (as client-pawn workers of the landowners).

Gauchos (which may derive from the Quechua* "huachu" - orphan, vagabond) or Huasos in the Río de la Plata, Charros in New Mexico, Chalán in Peru, and Llanero or Chagra in New Granada.

The feminine form of gaucho is 'china' (could literally be translated as "Chinese" - in femenine), from the Quechua 'muchacha' (girl), female.

Previously, they were more associated with vagabonds and criminals, but with the government of Fernando VII they became, as we have already said, farm laborers, owners of small tracts of land, muleteers, and lessors.

And more importantly, a kind of soldier-settlers or militia-settlers, for the colonization of Patagonia and the North of New Spain, and integration of some of the Horse tribes into the Spanish-American society - essentially the Cossack of the Americas.

They become the stereotypical figure of the horseman and rural traditions, they are given the right to bear firearms (so they will serve as a backbone, or extension of certain state forces - call it the army, police, militia or caudillo) and they become a cultural figure* of their regions - a form of local identity, sometimes subduing the 'lawless' lands.

Central figures of a horsemen-cowboy literature, which will denounce social injustices.

320px-Gaucho1868b.jpg _91321322_37426533.jpg

Gaucho in Peru, and Charros from New Spain/Mexico.

[Inca nobility]

When Ferdinand VII arrived in the Americas, he settled particularly in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata - to the north of which were territories heavily populated by Native American and mestizo populations, and the Viceroyalty of Peru (of a similar condition).

The Inca heritage remained strong among the indigenous populations of Upper Peru, and the Inca nobility had not become extinct despite conquest and colonization.

The nobility was a kind of class in decline because the new production models meant a class with greater economic power, and which was beginning to occupy the most important positions in the administration.

But there was still room for these people in the Spanish-American Empire, so the government of Ferdinand VII still recognized many of these chiefs or nobles of Inca descent - in future plans,

[Ideology - of the empire of the different but the same]

"...that the most unfortunate be the most privileged"

Beyond the logic that exists in the large cities of the Viceroyalty, there were societies of a more syncretic nature - an 'alternative' society, formed by the mixture of Creoles, Native Americans and Afro-descendants (slaves or escapees).

This cluster of families will be one of the key pieces in the ideology that will guide the Hispanic-Americans with the arrival of the liberal reforms (based on the works of American authors such as Thomas Paine and those of French authors of the Enlightenment like Jean-Jacques Rousseau).

In this growing civic, social and economic ideology of the Viceroyalties - some figures were already speaking of freedom as a consequence of equality (although let's remember, the definition of equality has changed over time), and of distribution - before Karl Marx.

The basis for a later agrarian reform that would also benefit the poor, the blacks, the mulattoes, and the indigenous - and not just the landed classes.

And this is more important than it seems, even if the landed classes were willing to make concessions, it is necessary to understand how the Hispanic-American Empire undergoes a transformation in its conceptions of equality, and of 'peoples' - to allow such change (it was not only result of economic transformations, but civic-cultural ones).

The "peoples" are now going to be more linked to socio-historical identities, than "territorial" as a whole - we speak of "we, who walk together".

In short, when a Hispanic-American kills another Hispanic-American in civil conflicts, it is usually less for territorial-separatist issues...and more for historical, political issues.

It's a family murder, but at least after one side loses they'll still be 'family.'

Essentially a new idea of patria (homeland, motherland, fatherland) is being born.

In the Congress of the Year XIII there were especially criollos and peninsulars now loyal to the American regime, but also natives, blacks, mestizos - and women (who would later be denied the vote, but their presence was not lacking).

And this coincides with the rise of certain enlightened figures in the administration and the new army of the Americas - José Gervasio Artigas, Agustín de Iturbide, and more who will come after the fall of Cadiz such as José de San Martín.

[Silver]

October 17 of 1811, a silver mining boom takes place in Agua Amarga (translated as Bitter Water), the northern region of Chile - part of the Río de la Plata.

There are 150 individual mines in the Agua Amarga district by 1822 - essentially leading to a silver rush, which is to last until the middle of the century.

The fever not only finances at least part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, but also leads to rapid demographic, infrastructure and economic expansion in the semi-arid mountains of the so-called Norte Chico.

Several Chileans from the Río de la Plata would make great fortunes in the rush, and they would reinvest in other areas of the economy of the Viceroyalty (diversifying their assets in the agriculture and trade sectors - and later going to the mining of other more profitable resources).

[Liberties]

On October 26 (1811) in the government of Fernando VII, the transition from the militarist period to the civil period (which officially begins in the year XIII, 1813) begins, through the beginning of the proclamation of certain liberties.

Which end of course in the constitution of 1813, but we are getting ahead of ourselves.

The first liberties of a liberal-enlightened nature in the Spanish-American Empire are obviously, the liberties of private property, commerce and industry, work - to which are added the freedom of worship, and press (with limitations, like almost all governments of the time).

And more interesting was the freedom of the womb (a step towards the abolition of slavery), meaning that children born to slave mothers were free, and also that new slaves were prohibited from entering the country (in the sense that one could not trade-sell slaves into the country, slaves would continue to escape towards the Spanish-American borders tho).

[International]

January 8, African-American Charles Deslondes leads a slave revolt in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana (United States) - like so many such revolts, it will unfortunately result in the defeat of the oppressed.

February 5, British regency of George Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom, given the perceived insanity of his father George III.

February 19, an outnumbered French force under Édouard Mortier nearly destroys the Spanish, near Badajoz at the battle of Gebora.

March 1, Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha assassinates the last Mamluk leaders in Egypt, in the so-called Citadel Massacre.

March 5, French victory at the Battle of Barrosa resulting in the defeat of a large Anglo-Portuguese-Spanish force attempting to lift the siege of the city of Cadiz.

This marked strong snubs between the British (Thomas Graham) and Spanish (Manuel Lapeña) commanders - which would lead to a significant drop in Spanish morale, as a consequence of the disasters caused.

March 11, the British fleet has a bit more luck of course, defeating a French fleet at the Battle of Lissa (in the Adriatic).

March 22, the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 for the streets of Manhattan is presented in the United States.

March 25, discovery of the Great Comet of 1811 by the French astronomer Honoré Flaugergues.

March 27, the British navy defeats Denmark at the Battle of Anholt.

March 28, proclamation of the Kingdom of Haiti in the north of the divided country.

May 16, the French Jean-de-Dieu Soult defeats the Anglo-Spanish forces in the battle of Albuera, allowing the siege of the French garrisons to be lifted in the city of Badajoz.

Perhaps war-wise the battle was not that important, but it did considerable damage to Anglo-Spanish relations during the war.

June 9, large fire in the commercial district of Podil in kyiv, Russian Empire.

June 10, a volcanic eruption briefly creates Sabrina islet in the Azores.

June 15, outbreak of the Klågerup riots in Scania (Sweden) as a result, among other things, of the mandatory military draft.

Although the riots don't go very far.

July 9, British explorer David Thompson claims the area at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers for the United Kingdom.

A few days later on July 15 when Thompson reaches the mouth of the Columbia, he finds Fort Astoria under construction - by the American Pacific Fur Company.

July 11, removal of Anthon II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia - by the Russian Empire, which is going to install a new patriarch chosen by them.

July 26, forest fires in the Tyrol region (Swiss Confederation), resulting in the destruction of 64 villages and hamlets.

October 11, American inventor John Stevens' boat, the Juliana, begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry service (between New York City and Hoboken - New Jersey).

November 4, start of the so-called Luddite uprisings in Northern England and the Midlands (UK),

November 7, American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American spiritual leader Tenskwatawa, also known as The Prophet, in the battle of Tippecanoe.

December 2, reverend Samuel Marsden sends the first commercial shipment of wool from the colony of New South Wales to England.

December 16, the New Madrid earthquake takes place in the Mississippi Valley (near well, New Madrid) - this even reverses the course of the river for a while.

At the end of December, the fall of the city of Cadíz takes place at the hands of the Napoleonic forces.

Many peninsular officers escaped to Hispano-America, where they were accepted by the Empire of Fernando VII, although without the previous benefits (it is a criollo empire, and increasingly syncretic - egalitarian, or even meritocratic).

When the news of the fall of Cádiz reached the Viceroyalties...

-... See Alfonso? I told you that problems solve themselves!- Fernando can't help but laugh, while he leans back once more in his chair. Taking some food to his mouth...

-If you say so, sir- Alfonso mentions, rolling his eyes.

The truth is that many problems had not been resolved, now there were a lot of peninsulars escaping to the Americas, and well - in theory the peninsular homeland was still invaded by foreign boots.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Threadmarks Map of Viceroyalties - before the Congress of the year XII or further expansion.

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Screenshot_2023-03-14-08-34-22-843_com.android.chrome~2.jpg

Screenshot_2023-03-14-08-34-31-519_com.android.chrome~2.jpg

Red: Nueva España/Mexico (Mexican Empire).

Bue: Río de la Plata/La Plata (and other names).

Pink: Peru

Yellow: Nueva Granada/New Granada (Gran Colombia)

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Threadmarks Finally, civilization... (January-June, 1812).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Perspective.

-Finally! Civilization...- Fernando mentions during his second lunch with his cat Sancho and some company, shortly after having decreed the use of the metric system at mid-day...

Alfonso has rarely seen the King so excited...for state affairs - very small, but it was progress, Alfonso supposes...

-Alfonso, if you ever see someone using something other than centimeters or kilos from now on, that person is a barbarian- Fernando insists, as if he was personally invested in the metric system.

-If you say so sir- Alfonso accepts.

The king is very...petty.

[Metric system]

The metric system began to develop as early as revolutionary France around the 1780s-1790s, and has continued to evolve thereafter.

Napoleon authorized its use with the usual Mesures as a base...

Curiously, the Iberian-influenced countries were the first to update to the use of the Metric System, the Spanish-American Empire first (between 1812-1813) and Portugal later (in 1814).

[Caracas]

The city of Caracas in Nueva Granada is shaken by a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.7 (possibly two seismic shocks in the space of 30 minutes) on March 23 - resulting, according to estimates, in the deaths of 15-20,000 people , and incalculable damage in Caracas, La Guaira, Barquisimeto, San Felipe, and Mérida.

The central government in Nueva Granada (based in Santa Fé de Bogotá), and other viceroyalty governments were quick to send aid to the affected eastern region of Nueva Granada.

What was destroyed was eventually rebuilt (with some new construction, although still maintaining colonial styles - a tendency that would stay in the viceroyalties for a little longer, despite its de-facto separation with the peninsula).

As a curious fact, this meant for a brief time that La Villa de Catia (also called Catia La Mar), a port city "where pure air may be breathed" (as newspapers of the time described it), grew in demographics and influence. socio-economic.

Because a quarter of the population of Caracas left the area.

(OOC: After the earthquake, apparently, the Gazeta de Caracas proposed to found a new capital in Catia La Mar).

[Anglo-American war of 1812]

In June 1812, the United States, due to certain pre-existing tensions, declared war on the United Kingdom - which, although it is true, was also to blame for these tensions, was busy in Europe with the 'ogre' of Napoleon Bonaparte. ...

The Spanish-American Viceroyalties watched from a distance - King Ferdinand VII was not very sympathetic to either Anglo-Saxons or Anglo-Americans (for which, apparently, he even coined a term, which spread throughout Hispanic America, 'Gringo/s').

But several officers and even Viceroys insisted that they should seek good relations with the British - speaking exclusively in commercial terms, no one was seeking or proposing a military alliance at the moment.

Ferdinand VII seems to have finally accepted this idea - and the foreign policy of the Viceroyalties continued in a neutrality, slightly friendly to the British.

Of course, a friendship dependent on trade and the exchange of resources, in exchange for capital and technology or expertise that the British could offer to the Hispanic-Americans.

This seems to have been received in a slightly negative way by the Americans - though of course not meriting a massive escalation of tensions or the outbreak of conflict.

Curiously, the Viceroyalties seem to have paid more attention to what was happening on their continent with this war, than on the peninsula... which was perhaps an omen of what was to come in the year XIII.

[International]

January 1st, the Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (general civil code) comes into force in Austria.

January 19, Most of mainland Spain finds itself free of the coalition forces of the UK, Portugal and the Spanish old regime - with English forces being confined heavily to Portugal after the fall in Spanish morale, and defeats against the French.

As a result, the conflict in this peripheral area stagnates for the moment...allowing the French to take some forces from the peninsula, and send them to Central Europe (to the German states), more important for the French empire at that time.

February 7, New Madrid earthquake (USA).

February 12, Napoleon I Bonaparte authorizes the use of the Mesures usuelles, the basis of the metric system.

The Spanish-American Empire becomes the first country outside of French influence to adopt the metric system not long after.

February 27, the poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the British House of Lords ... in which he defends Luddite violence against industrialism in his home county of Nottinghamshire.

February 24 to March 14 France, Austria and Prussia sign their respective Treaties of Paris, in which the German countries promise to support Napoleon Bonaparte in case of war against the Russian Empire...

March 15, Luddite attacks in West Yorkshire.

April 4, President James Madison of the United States enacts a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom.

April 8, Helsinki becomes the new capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire.

April 30, Louisiana becomes a state of the United States.

May 11, English merchant John Bellingham assassinates Prime Minister Spencer Perceval, who had served in office since 1809.

Apparently Bellingham felt the Crown owed him money for the time he served in a Russian prison, for an alleged debt (he probably didn't deserve it) and some other legal issues (attempting to impeach the local Governor-General... ).

May 16, ratification of the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812) - as a result, Bessarabia is integrated into the Russian Empire.

June 1, President James Madison asks the U.S. Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom.

This request originates from tensions that have been increasing for some years in the disputes of both countries in territorial expansion in North America, and the support of the UK for American tribes opposed to the US expansion in the Northwest...

War is declared not long after, on June 18...

At the end of June, the Grande Armée may also be heading to war...

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#129

Threadmarks I love happy endings (July-December, 1812).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Perspective.

Fernando takes a sip of his mate...

He just introduced the dulce de leche to the court a few days-weeks ago (the truth is that he doesn't remember the date very well)...

And now different parts of his empire, and even some Luso-Brazilians at court, are fighting over where it comes from.

Some say that it comes from Chile, others that it is clearly from Rio de la Plata, and others that it comes from the Portuguese colonies, etc.

It seems that Latin America has not really changed as much in a few centuries as it may seem.

-Hispanic-Americans truly are ungovernable- Fernando concludes, as he leans back.

Alfonso just nods slowly...

The origin of dulce de leche, a gastronomy that also receives various names in other countries or contexts, has an origin that is difficult to attest - basically because many say that they created it, and to tell them otherwise is to incite trouble...

It is widely used in desserts such as alfajores, cuchuflíes, wafers, pancakes, waffles, ice cream, and cakes. And its consumption extends throughout the Hispanic-America, and other Romance-Latin countries.

Some say that dulce de leche comes from the Indian subcontinent dessert called rabri, or from Southeast Asia (from where it moved to the Philippines, and was eventually introduced to the Spanish).

Of course the Hispanic-Americans say that they invented it... now dont ask where or which of all the types of Hispanic-Americans.

There is an anecdotal version of the origin of dulce de leche, which involves King Fernando VII/I.

It is said that the king was going to meet with several of his generals, members of the court and bureaucrats in Buenos Aires-the king, as always, arrived first... and fell asleep on the cots of some guests.

Some servants found the king asleep, and did not have the courage to wake him up - resulting in the milk with sugar that they were boiling, to accompany the mate, had remained on the fire for too long...

When returning to look for the milk, the youngsters found a thick substance similar in color to brown. Its taste pleased the guests during the meeting.

This is probably an anecdote, and it's not really how it happened, but it's a curious version.

[Conquest of the desert]

The end of the year 1812 in the American Viceroyalties sees nothing but expansion - literally and figuratively.

In the north, Hispanic-Americans, led by a vanguard of charros, begin to increase the population and infrastructure throughout the northern territories of New Spain.

Particularly along Alta California or New California.

In the south, the Gauchos are the vanguard of the conquest of Patagonia or Tierra del Fuego.

These events are known at both sites as the "conquest of the desert", which sees the expansion of infrastructure and settlements in these areas - thus dominating them for good.

In this process, which involves the immigration of both people already born in the Americas and new members, the normally peaceful integration of Native Americans is also achieved.

That they integrate either into society through miscegenation, or into certain state services, such as the army and local militias.

Many caciques obtain titles of nobility as a consequence, and Native American people in general obtain Spanish-American documents (the Viceroyalties were increasingly abandoning peninsular documents...).

[Navy]

The war of 1812 seems to be going well for the British, who during this time, through their commercial dealings with the Spanish-Americans, agreed to help modernize the Viceroyalty's navy.

As a result British experts traveled from North America and the Caribbean to New Spain and South America to train officers and give technical assistance to the Viceroyalty fleets - which began programs to build more ships locally.

It is said that already at this time, due to certain difficulties, the idea of building a Canal in Central America reached viceregal ears and become slightly more popular - which would facilitate navigation from West to East/East to West throughout the Americas.

[International]

At the beginning of July, Napoleon I Bonaparte's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River towards the Russian Empire - which had broken the continental blockade, which Bonaparte had wanted to impose against the United Kingdom.

Napoleon's army entered Russia with more than 450,000 men, 150,000 horses, around 25,000 wagons and almost 1,400 pieces of artillery.

This marks the start of what the Russians call the Patriotic War, or the Patriotic War of 1812 - better known abroad as the Napoleonic invasion of Russia or Napoleon's Russian campaign.

July 12, the Americans invade British North America through Windsor, Ontario.

July 16, the Battle of Klyastitsy takes place in Napoleon's Russian campaign - in which General Yakov Petrovich Kulnev defeats French General Nicolas Charles Oudinot, who ends up dying of wounds sustained during the battle.

Kulnev will be defined in the Patriotic War for being more hot-headed than General Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, more reserved when facing or directly pursuing Napoleonic troops.

August 5, forces under Shawnee chief Tecumseh ambushe Thomas B. Van Horne's forces at Brownstone Creek, forcing them to retreat - in the context of the War of 1812.

August 12, almost all the British and Portuguese have been expelled from the Spain of Joseph I Bonaparte.

August 15, Potawatomi warriors overrun the United States fort Dearborn (Illinois Territory).

The next day American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit to the British, without a fight.

September 7, the Battle of Borodino takes place during the Napoleonic invasion of Russia, there are at least 70,000 casualties, with a minimum of 6,562 dead from the French Grande Armée alone.

The battle results in a tactical victory for the French, who then head for the important city of Moscow - the old Russian capital (although that post now belonged to Saint Petersburg).

September 14, "the greatest example in history of national self-sacrifice for the destruction of an invader." - The Muscovites themselves under orders, burned Moscow before the entry of Napoleonic troops...

Despite the loss of Moscow, Alexander I refused to negotiate with the French, extending the campaign a little more...

Fun fact, Napoleon tried to blow up the Moscow Kremlin - giving these orders to Marshal Édouard Mortier.

As soon as the last French soldiers had left the city, the planted mines began to explode - destroying Vodovzvodnaya Tower, and damaging the Nikolskaya, First Unnamed, and Petrovskaya towers, and a section of the Kremlin wall and part of the Arsenal...

But a heavy, incessant autumnal rain extinguished most of the fuses before the mines could explode. Local residents hurried to put out the fuses too, similarly the vanguard cavalry of the Russian army under the command of Alexander von Benkendorf - preventing Napoleon's plan from coming true.

October 12, the capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (US) is moved from Lancaster to Harrisburg.

October 13, forces of the US under general Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from British North America in the battle of Queenston Height (Niagara campaign).

Sir Isaac Brock is lightly wounded in the battle, but survives, leading the British to make more direct attacks on the American forces.

October 18–20, the second battle of Polotsk takes place in White Russia – resulting in the defeat of Franco-Bavarian forces.

October 19, Napoleon begins his retreat from Moscow.

October 24, an inconclusive confrontation between the French and the Russians in the battle of Maloyaroslavets, makes Napoleon decide to withdraw from Russia where he had arrived...

The Grande Armée has never seen such a disastrous campaign up to that time, like that of Russia.

November 3, defeat of the rear of the Napoleonic forces in Russia.

November 5, the candidate DeWitt Clinton (supported by some Democrat-Republicans, and the Federalists) wins the presidential elections in the United States of America, over the previous winner James Madison Jr.

We must stress, Clinton was more successful than previous Federalist candidates-but he narrowly won.

November 15-18, Napoleon is defeated once more at the Battle of Krasnoi, though he narrowly avoids complete defeat...

The remnants of the Grande Armée finally escape Russia on December 14, defeated by the people of Russia, their generals, and ultimately, by their own incompetence.

December 30, ratification of the Convention of Tauroggen - an armistice signed between General Ludwig Yorck on behalf of his Prussian troops, and General Hans Karl von Diebitsch (of the Imperial Russian Army).

Perspective.

-Alfonso, you have no idea how much fun it is for me to see the French and Gringos lose their wars- Fernando can't help but laugh, while reading the reports and the newspaper with the news coming from North America and Europe...

-I get the idea sir- Alfonso mentions.

The servant and the king are very different, they are friends (apparently), but their personalities and mannerisms are completely opposite...

Fernando caresses his cat Sancho for a moment, before the guest finally arrived - to the barbecue, before there was already a whole protocol, but now it was a more informal situation.

-João!-Fernando exclaims delighted to see his brother-in-law, visiting on "official business"... without the queen.

-Fernando!- The Portuguese king of Brazil also greets.

Alfonso has only served one king in his life, Ferdinand VII / I... and he never imagined that Joao VI could be... so similar.

Are all kings really lazy, and common people really have no idea?

Anyway, changing the subject - the kings had a asado/barbecue and more food to try...and currently Fernando ended up bringing some serious discussions to the table (to Alfonso's surprise - a plan for the next year).

Last edited: Mar 15, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#145

Threadmarks Year XIII (January-April, 1813).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Congress of the Year XIII]

On January 31, in the year XIII (1813) people from all the Spanish Viceroyalties meet in the city of Buenos Aires (Río de la Plata) - in what is called for obvious reasons, Congress of the Year XIII.

The Congress is attended by delegates from all the Viceroyalties (and no peninsular delegates), and white men, Afro-descendants, Native Americans and even women - from members of the nobility, to more common-born people.

Here the king-emperor Ferdinand VII, together with the delegates, ratifies the Constitution of 1813 - which declares the independence of the Viceroyalty territories, from the kingdom of Spain, and gives rise to the creation of the Liga Federal/Federal League (also called the Liga Federal de los Pueblos Libres/Federal League of the Free Peoples, or Liga Federal de las Américas/Federal League of the Americas - they have a country called the United States nearby, no one can criticize the name anymore since that country got the independence).

Of which, Ferdinand VII became the first head of state, as Ferdinand I.

The constitution of the year 1813 established:

The separation of powers into three (Executive, Legislative and Judicial).

Limitation of the powers of the Monarch (King-Emperor, Head of State), that is, led to the creation of a rather semi-constitutional monarchy - with the Governors-General, serving as the Head of Government of their respective parts of the League (essentially, the evolution of the position of Viceroys, or Viceroys in all but name).

The King is the Head of State, symbol of its unity and permanence, arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions, assumes the highest representation of the State in international relations, and exercises the functions expressly attributed to it by the Constitution and the laws.

The King holds no vote in the Cortes Generales, but still has influence in certain subjects and general influence...

The king appoints ministers of the different ministries or agencies to do executive work.

The Governors General direct the action of the Governments of their respective States, and coordinate the functions of the other members of the same - including then certain institutions, whose role maybe vary.

Each Governor-General has one vote in the Senate.

Legislative power, named Cortes Generales, which come into session between the beginning of March and the end of November, was divided into two:

The upper chamber, made up of a Senado/Senate (comparable to the British House of Lords) - composed of the members of official functions of the League, some members of the nobility of the country, and some designated members of each member of the League and by the King.

And a lower chamber, or Cámara de Diputados/Chamber of Deputies, whose positions are elected - and is comparable to the British House of Commons.

As function, the legislative power exercise well...the legislative power of the State, approve its budgets, controls the action of the Government and have other powers according to the constitution or laws.

The Cortes are "semi-nomadic" in nature just like the King, they can sit in any state in the League - generally moving from state to state when not in session, avoiding making state capital cities the clear capital.

Establishment of the universal male vote (secret) - every male citizen of the League from the age of 21, can vote in local, provincial and national elections, regardless of their economic-social condition, ethnic-cultural origin, job, etc.

At least to elect the Chamber of Deputies and the Governors-General, a vote is taken every four years.

The first of such votes took place in early 1814.

Establishment of the States that make up the Federal League:

New Spain or simply Mexico - capital: Ciudad de México.

Gentile: Novohispanos or Mexicans.

Río de la Plata (which will evolve simply into La Plata) - capital: Buenos Aires.

Gentile: Rioplatenses.

New Granada or Gran Colombia (named after Columbus) - capital: Santa Fe de Bogota.

Gentile: Nuevo Granadino/Granadino, or Gran Colombiano/Colombiano.

Peru - capital: Lima.

Gentile: Peruano/Peruvian.

The league, as its name suggests, has a federal system - each state that makes up the League has a level of self-government in administrative matters (able to establish their own laws, some economic autonomy, elect at least some of their own officials, and other powers devolved/returned to said governments).

Through this equality or common powers, it was believed that the states of the League would not fight against each other for being equal - or that if one tried to become superior to the rest, it would be stopped by its peers. Which was translated or represented and evolved in various ways.

Each state is internally divided into provinces or departments, which in turn can be divided into municipalities, more or less autonomous cities, or districts/others.

The constitution also covers the possibility of changing territories (formation of new states within the League, or changes of territories within the members of the League), through referendums - for obvious reasons, it is not allowed to vote for the independence of a territory from the League.

Although theoretically a territory could vote to join in the League.

The central government, however, remains in control of foreign policy, of making war and peace, and of the Grand Army (or the military forces of all the states as a whole, except militias or police devolved to local forces), and of other retained powers - such as the creation and minting of the national currency (the Peso), and the establishment of federal policies (which for obvious reasons, have more priority than state ones if they disagree).

Establishment of the patriotic symbols, from the flags to the anthem and others.

Guarantee of various freedoms, such as freedom of the press, private property rights, freedom of worship, freedom of association, freedom of womb, etc.

The official language is Spanish, but many Native American languages depending on the region are recognized as co-official.

1024px-Flag_of_Artigas_1815.svg.png 1024px-Flag_of_Artigas.svg.png

Flag of the Liga Federal/Federal League (left) - the 'flag of the free people's (of America)', and the military flag of the Liga Federal (right).

1024px-Flag_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_%281815-1825%29.svg.png

Flag of the Río de la Plata/La Plata.

1024px-Bandera_del_Peru_%281822%29.svg.png

Flag of Peru.

1024px-Flag_of_Cartagena.svg.png

Flag of Nueva Granada/Gran Colombia.

1024px-Bandera_del_Primer_Imperio_Mexicano.svg.png

Flag of México/New Spain.

Other flags may include, among many others:

1024px-Bandera_de_Tupac_Amaru_II.svg.png 800px-Banner_of_the_Qulla_Suyu.svg.png images

The flag of the Inca nobility, taken from Tupac Amaru II - the Whipala, emblem commonly used as a flag to represent some native peoples of the Andes - and the flag of the Native Americans of the North, adopted later.

[Reaction]

The reaction abroad was mixed, not by what it might seem at first - there was no problem with recognizing the League, the problem was what it represented.

Essentially the King of Spain made the Viceroyalties independent, and left the peninsula behind - which had catastrophic effects on the peninsular war, since the legitimate Bourbon king simply left office.

Much to the annoyance of the UK and Portugal, as they now did not have a 'legitimist' force in the war against the Bonapartes.

Both countries recognize the League, but have problems about how to continue the Peninsular War.

The recognition of the United Kingdom will be followed by other countries that will form the Sixth Coalition, Napoleonic France and the United States...

Not really for anything in particular, but simply recognizing the status quo that had already existed since Fernando left the peninsula around 1808.

The biggest problem came from the Portuguese court in Brazil, Joao VI recognized the League, and was actually enthusiastic about his brother-in-law Fernando I's plan... but Queen Carlota wasn't so happy, towards her treacherous brother.

And the tensions between Ferdinand I and his sister (and therefore 'Brazil'), increased when King Joao VI went to accompany his brother-in-law at his court...

King Fernando I of the League for his part... moved from Buenos Aires to Concepción del Uruguay, in the Department of Entre Ríos (La Plata)...

This was a curious move, because it meant that the King moved away from the capital that he had been occupying for years, and theoretically the new capital of the state of La Plata.

But from a more pragmatic point of view, it makes sense - it meant that the King was moving away from the interests and influences of both Buenos Aires and Montevideo, or any other of the League states.

Giving him freedom to form the city of Concepción del Uruguay with more or less freedom.

Essentially the city became the residence of the monarch when he wasn't traveling the League, and was more or less custom designed.

[International]

January 24, Foundation of the Philharmonic Society (later the Royal Philharmonic Society) of London.

January 31, the Congress of the year XII begins, which ends the Spanish Empire with the secession of the Viceroyalties of New Spain, New Granada, Peru and Río de la Plata - in the formation of the so-called Federal League.

This supposes that Ferdinand VII completely abandons the Spanish throne, generally becoming stylized as Ferdinand I - which results in general chaos in Spain, and the breakdown of Spanish morale at the time.

In early February, the US government takes steps to try to stop the war against the British and their Native American allies - which turned out badly for the US side...

February 9, abolition of the canton system in Prussia.

February 11, the Americans lose the initiative and are taken by surprise at Fort Meigs, Ohio - by the Native Americans (in the context of the war of 1812).

In May the offensive of the British and their ally Chief Tecumseh continues.

March 3-4, the French evacuate Berlin - Russian troops will enter the city unopposed.

The beginnings of the War of the Sixth Coalition are given.

Prussia declared war on France a few days later, around March 17.

DeWitt Clinton is promoted as the new President of the United States of America.

March 28, the last major outbreak of plague on the islands of Malta and Gozo begins (will last until 1814, probably originated in Egypt).

In late April, Russian General Mikhail Kutuzov survives a recent illness, and is soon appointed Generalissimo of the Russo-Prussian troops.

Kutuzov will be characterized by his usual cautious and even lack of initiative, currently opposing the idea of 'liberating' Europe - which some argue would have favored the British more than anyone else.

Perspective, Concepción del Uruguay, La Plata.

-Sir... have you read the constitution?- Alfonso asks his king.

-Alfonso, believe me, no one is going to read the entire constitution in a few months- Fernando mentions indifferently (when he was alive he had never read the constitution of his country, he knows that the rest of his current citizens will do the same and just dont read it).

-I mean, you still have responsibilities sir- Alfonso insists, suddenly moving to Concepción del Uruguay was a somewhat complicated idea.

It meant that afterwards they would have to move to whatever city the Cortes Generales met after the elections, and knowing the king, when the Cortes were not in session, they would have to return to Concepción del Uruguay and then again and again...

-The elections are for next year, dont worry- Fernando exclaims, procrastinating as always...in short, it is the problem of the Fernando of the future.

Alfonso sighs.

-Let's see who can do more tricks with the ball- Fernando challenges Joao VI, holding a ball of football.

-Let's see- Joao insists enthusiastic, there is still a bit left for the roast to be ready.

Sancho and Alfonso watch as the two kings then start trying to do tricks with a ball...

Fernando and Joao meet in Concepción del Uruguay shortly after the Federal League was founded. In the city both kings are known for being lazy, and celebrating parties.

Both became, in turn, patrons of the sport - Fernando founded the Boca and Peñarol football clubs, while Joao founded River Plate and Nacional.

Which leads to the organization of sports tournaments - the preambles of the Copa del Rey.

The Portuguese king in Brazil spends more time with his brother-in-law, much to the dismay of the Portuguese Court, especially his wife—furious at his younger brother.

Last edited: Mar 15, 2023

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I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#179

Threadmarks Take that Carlota! (May-December, 1813).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Brazil]

1813 marks the outbreak of tensions between the Portuguese court in Brazil, and the recently created Federal League in Spanish America.

This because King Joao VI had basically been 'kidnapped' by the League, or rather he had gone with his brother-in-law, de facto abandoning the court.

And because Queen Carlota of Portugal was opposed to the actions of her brother, Fernando I-more than anything, to break with Spain and make the colonies independent.

This was Carlota's excuse to lead generals, more or less convinced, into conflict with the Federal League of Fernando I.

Carlota's objective was, in addition to 'recovering' Joao VI, possibly taking control of the territories of the Viceroyalties.

The governments of La Plata, Peru and Nueva Granada were in charge of mounting the first combats and defenses of the war, since they had a direct border with Brazil.

The forces from La Plata were commanded by José de San Martín, in charge of the Charcas and Paraguay front, while Colonel Jose Artigas and others were in charge of the Banda Oriental.

The war really lasted only 5 months or so, and it was over around September-October.

Any conflict in the more tropical territory was really impossible for both forces, so it was really decided on the flatter terrain of the south and some conflicts by sea.

In which the Grand Army and the Navy of the Federal League were victorious, mainly because they were a more modernized army, and the Luso-Brazilians were not really convinced of the conflict either.

Before the conflict deepened, Joao VI and Fernando I reached a peace treaty.

Treaty that better delimited the territory of the Banda Oriental, and ceded the region of Mato Grosso do Sul to the state of La Plata in the Federal League - the territory of Mato Grosso do Sul had been occupied by the League with relatively little resistance, and Fernando I in particular wanted it

Although this time, Joao VI had to return to the Portuguese court - at least for a while...

Screenshot_2023-03-16-10-52-58-472_com.android.chrome~2.jpg

Blue, La Plata - Blue/White, other League territories.

Why did Fernando I want Mato Grosso do Sul?

...For the mate crops, of course.

The conquest of the territory meant the return of the industrial production of mate to the territories of Hispanic America, and granted a virtual monopoly in the production of mate within the League (or at least an absolute majority in regards to production). matte).

A grateful decision within the League, whose citizens consume approximately 10 kilos of mate annually per person (highest per capita consumption of mate in the world) - present in 90% of the homes of the Federal League.

This decision for the industrial production of mate was also accompanied by Fernando I allowing the Jesuits to re-enter and have some influence in the country.

The Jesuits were some of the first large-scale mate producers in the territories, before Carlos II and Carlos IV.

Leaving talk of mate, the new Luso-Brazilian citizens of the League - usually called Portugas around this time (for Portugal) - were allowed to stay, as long as they were loyal to the League's central government.

The Portuguese ranchers in Rio Grande do Sul now saw their estancias united into a single country (it was not uncommon for them to have land on both sides of the border with the Banda Oriental), and rural workers did not see their jobs greatly affected.

It is more theoretically they saw their work increase with the beginnings of the mass production of mate, and industrial innovations in these areas.

Most didn't have much trouble with this, outside of those who kept slaves (because any child born to a slave was free, and no more could be bought).

This was also one of the origins of Portuñol, the integration of Portuguese-speaking citizens.

[Political divisions]

After the formation of the Federal League, a semi-constitutional regime of a liberal nature (for the 19th centuries) was established - this led to the formation of the first political groups, as can be understood in a more contemporary way.

In any case, these parties still have their particular characteristics, we are not talking so much about an organization, but a flag/division/faction on which personalities will take part, and the population will swirl around them.

Therefore, although we can talk about certain ideological differences, we must also take into account that "liberal" or "conservative", or "unitarian" and "federalist", rather than exact adjectives, are fuzzy terms, words - the flag is really going to represent (at least during the early years of the League, all changes with time) a rather complicated and changing system of alliances and interests, and lists (which we will explain later).

Two historical factions are going to be formed: the Colorados (Reds) and the Blancos (Whites - that originally used blue color, but by this time this clothes used to fade in white; now they use white and blue to represent themselves, but the name is still simply "Whites").

The Reds are going to represent the interests of the urban popular groups of the League (call it Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Lima, Bogota, Montevideo, etc.), and Unitarianism.

They also represent the 'Europeanization' (high culture and industry, at the time) trend, and the openness to immigration. They will represent (at least according to their historical rivals) statism and intervention in the market.

The Whites in contrast are going to have their base of support in the rural environment, between the common people and the landowners, and they are going to be of more Federalist tendencies.

They will at least historically identify themselves as simply 'liberals', and advocate 'decentralisation' and rural development - according to their historical opponents, they will be a reactionary force against major reforms.

As we said before, these parties are really going to be a collection of personalities and interests - that is, factions (sometimes even fighting among themselves).

And this makes up an important element of the democracy of the League, all the "Reds" and "Whites" do not have a single electoral list for voting, but they also have parallel lists (either for political offices, or for general elections).

A person can then vote for a particular Red or White faction - and this leads to curious electoral situations.

Party 1 has two electoral lists, list A and list C - Party 2 has only list B.

A and C respectively get 151 and 150 votes - B gets 300 votes.

Technically more people vote for B than either A or C, but since A and C are under the same party, they get more votes in total (301 to B's 300), "winning" in general - although this may be more complicated than it seems (we are dealing in the 'ideal scenario' were 2 just has a list, which really in a country of the size and population of the League is not an option really).

Although it is true that they are going to compete in the elections, and have all kinds of problems between them, it does not change that the Reds and Whites have also historically been willing to cooperate politically (sharing leadership or political positions).

1024px-Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 1024px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29_%281897-1904%29.svg.png

Flag of the Colorados (left), and original flag of the Blancos (right).

[Industrialization]

The founding of the Federal League marks the end of the militaristic period of the first modernization in Hispano-America, from here it passes to a more 'civilian' period.

Period that is marked more by the bureaucracy and 'mature' politics than the army, and instead of being focused on the primary sectors (agriculture, livestock and mining), more will be spent into infrastructure and development of other sectors.

There will be a substitution of imports, with the money obtained from selling agricultural and mineral resources, capital will be obtained to finance the industries that Hispano-America previously had to import from abroad (mainly UK) - developing the national industry.

This means trade and industrial manufacturing, the steam engine arrives on a larger scale and a lot of innovations of the incipient industrial revolution are going to be introduced (the most famous example being the railway, and years later the telegraph) - that are going to revolutionize sectors such as the textile industry, metallurgy, etc.

[International]

May, the Sixth Coalition war remains fairly quiet for the time being, with the Russo-Prussian forces being fairly quiet - Napoleon doesn't seem to be able to get a decisive battle either, for the time being.

Early June, the War of 1812 continues to lean in favor of the British and their native allies, rather than the United States.

June 21, some Bourbon loyalists try to declare Carlos Maria Isidro Benito de Borbón, older brother of the abdicator Ferdinand VII, as king.

However, it is not very popular due to the immense loss of morale of the Spanish, and the fact that Carlos is a prisoner of the Bonapartes (in the palace of Valençay, France).

July 5, the British take Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh (New York).

July 13, Victor Emmanuel I (Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia) founds the Carabineri, Sardinia's police force.

July 23 Malta becomes a de facto colony from a British protectorate, under the appointment of Sir Thomas Maitland as Governor of Malta.

August 12, Austria declares war on the France of Napoleon I Bonaparte - the Austrians are going to have their particular disagreements with the Russo-Prussian strategy of the day, which is going to lead to disastrous results...

August 23-26, Napoleon is defeated in battle around Prussian Silesia.

August 26-27, the Austrians launch an offensive...which the Russians and Prussians do not attend, resulting in the disaster of the Battle of Dresden (Saxony).

Here Napoleon is going to have some more successes in the Sixth Coalition, especially against Austria and some other German states.

Which materializes days later in a French victory in Bohemia, which makes him advance on Teplitz in September.

October 16-19, Napoleon advances to defeat the Austrian army in Bohemia, before Russian or Prussian forces can come close to help them - actually resulting in the capture of the Austrian emperor.

Saxony and Württemberg have internal rebellions, but the balance seems to tip slightly in favor of Napoleon.

October 24–November 5, Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813), under which Qajar Persia cedes a lot of Caucasian territories to Russia.

Perspective.

-What a victory, and what a defeat- Fernando mentions, while drinking a mate with mixed feelings.

He defeated Carlota (at the moment, that woman is always conspiring), but now Joao is gone (at least for a while)... and on the other hand he has a new source of mate (what a victory that was!).

The king leaves his mate for a moment to caress Sancho...

-More asado sir?- Alfonso proposes with his usual neutral tone.

-How well you know me, Alfonso- Fernando exclaims, hedonism is truly the solution to all (Fernando's) problems.

-Speaking of victories and defeats, do you want to read the news from Europe?- Alfonso insists...

-Maybe later...- Fernando responds, with the clear intention of procrastinating.

-Very good sir, but you cannot prevent the elections for the first government from getting closer, and we have to- Alfonso continues...

Fernando is sweating cold, the problems that Fernando had left for other day in the past were now his problems- Damn you, Fernando from the past.

Last edited: Mar 16, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#213

Threadmarks First trip to Europe (January-April, 1814).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Elections of 1814]

At the beginning of 1814, the government of 1814-1818 was formed in the Federal League, through the celebration of the first democratic elections in the country.

We do not know precisely how many people actually participated in these elections due to the limitations of the time, but it is estimated that it was actually rather a small portion of the citizens qualified to vote.

The results went mostly to the early faction of the Reds - surely due to the high density of the populations of the cities, the main center of power of this party-faction.

Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu became the first Governor-General of Mexico/New Spain, as an independent candidate.

Antonio Amador José Nariño y Álvarez del Casal became the first Governor-General of New Granada, as a candidate for the Whites.

José Domingo de La Mar y Cortázar became the first Governor-General of Peru, as an independent candidate.

Gervasio Antonio de Posadas y Dávila became the first Governor-General of the Río de la Plata, as a candidate for the Reds.

(Although in the latter case, one of the biggest influences is actually Bernardino de la Trinidad González de Rivadavia and Rodríguez de Rivadavia - another Red).

This gave rise to a curious balance, Nariño and Dávila were at odds most of the time, Iturbide was an opportunist... and Cortázar has to put up with his colleagues in office...

During the year of 1814, the Cortes Generales would meet in Lima, in the state of Peru.

Perspective, Peru - Liga Federal/Federal League.

-Alfonso...how much longer am I going to have to be like this?- Fernando asks, maybe this was a bad idea...

-A few more hours, sir.- Alfonso mentions indifferently while he drinks some mate, next to the painter who is doing the new portrait of Fernando I - next to the "re-discovered" ruins of Machu Pichu.

-Shit- Fernando mutters between his teeth-impossible, one of his decisions has come to bite him in the ass, that has never happened...

Shortly after arriving in Peru, before the Cortes Generales came into session, Fernando I embarked on a journey through Upper Peru, which led him to the ruins of Machu Pichu.

A lot of authors from the time or later make this sound like some kind of discovery, but it really isn't...

After the fall of the kingdom of Vilcabamba in 1572 and the consolidation of Spanish power in the Central Andes, Machu Picchu had become a remote place, but not abandoned.

We have evidence that from at least 1657 to 1782, there was still an agricultural sector in the area (although the urban area appears not to have been occupied).

What Fernando I did, therefore, was to "rediscover" the ruins for the attention of the people, and especially the administration of the Federal League.

At least on its discovery, King Ferdinand I seems to have been as excited about the site as he was about the ruins of Tiahuanaco and Wari.

This made Machu Pichu an early tourist destination, and revitalized the infrastructure of nearby areas - churches, roads and more were built.

-We do not really know for sure the purpose of Tiahuanaco: Some authors propose that it could have been a religious center, others that it was a prison, and others that it could have been the capital of a state or empire, whose relationship with other Andean towns is also somewhat uncertain. Although architectural similarities with other Andean remains indicate that- Fernando I explains to Alfonso and Sancho, since he really has no one else to talk to about Tiahuanaco...

Alfonso is legitimately surprised…it seems that the fact that the king spends so much time reading isn't really a bad thing or something.

[Filipinas/Philippines - Mexico]

February 1st sees the explosion of the Mayon volcano in the Philippines, New Spain - resulting in the deaths of at least 1000 people.

The news took some time to reach the rest of the Federal League, but it meant the breaking of 'isolationism' in the Philippines, which had existed since Ferdinand VII/I arrived in the American Viceroyalties.

Similar to the earthquake in Caracas (Nueva Granada/Gran Colombia), the states of the League sent resources to the Philippines to help with the damage caused.

Now with the navy progressing, contacts between the Philippines and the rest of the Federal League territories will increase.

Especially when the Philippines begins to receive more soldier-settlers, with the aim of establishing more positions and ports - and integrating the Natives of the archipelago into the League.

This also meant increased trade between the Americas and these portions of Asia or the East Indies.

Which would evolve in various ways over time - including not only commercial and geo-political aspects, but also gastronomic ones (ube jelly, a Filipino dessert, would become quite popular in the American territories of the League and other Asian territories thanks to the golden age of Hispanic-American gastronomy).

[Peru]

March 1814, the first Cortes Generales of the Federal League meet in the city of Lima, Peru - and they will be here until November, when the session of the year closes...

At least the first month of the Cortes Generales are not very productive, the first national acts are made and budgets are discussed - before carrying out any type of particularly deep reform.

The semi-nomadic government is received by the new governor-general and military José Domingo de La Mar y Cortázar, in addition to the inhabitants of Lima.

Although the Cortes meet in a legislative palace, they also 'camp' in other parts of the city, in the performance of festive events for the population of Lima.

Pardons are made for minor crimes, and food and charity are distributed to the population - in the name of King Ferdinand I.

Some call this simple ceremonies, and others Bread and Circuses.

These events lasted a few days, and soon Fernando I was summoned to other matters.

It turns out that the Sixth Coalition war was winding down in Europe - and the League had some business to discuss.

Not in Spain, but the King and the League government were going to pay to resolve the dispute over the Essequibo territories (and they would ignore any mention of Spain or the peninsula...).

[International diplomacy]

The war of the Sixth Coalition was drawing to a close, with Napoleon having to give up his arm - he seems to have won in Spain (although losing Portugal), but lost in Russia.

Fortunately for the French Empire, the lack of Russo-Prussian initiative finally allowed France to win over the Austrian Empire, leading to the Bohemian campaign that resulted in the capture of the Austrian emperor (Napoleon I's political family worth the redundancy...).

The Rhine Confederation had narrowly escaped the Prussian-Russian advance, and Napoleon depended on defeating Austria, and offering Russia a juicy deal to put an end to the Sixth Coalition.

Meanwhile, the Kingdom of Holland was reestablished under one of Napoleon's brothers (Louis)... and the Federal League attends the negotiations, reaffirming the European recognition of the country, and also asking for the Essequibo territories.

They will pay for them of course...

Ferdinand I will make clear on this trip to Europe, his resignation from the Spanish throne - and a complete disregard for the rest of the Bourbon dynasty.

[International]

January 1, Napoleon enters into negotiations with representatives of Russia and Austria (and Prussia), which will mean the beginning of the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition - in a peace that is still quite complicated for Europe...

Napoleon decided in these talks to try to salvage what he could of his Rhine Confederation from the Russo-Prussian advance, and to punish Austria after the Austrian defeat in Bohemia - attempting to sweeten the deal for Russia to back away from the Sixth Coalition.

(and therefore, that this coalition lost one of its largest members of the moment after the Russian campaign of 1812).

January 22-24, American General Andrew Jackson defeats some Native American 'Red Sticks' (of the Creeks), in the context of the War of 1812.

February 1, eruption of Mount Mayon in the Philippines (New Spain/Mexico).

February 21, exposure of the Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814 on the London stock exchange, where the market was manipulated based on false information from the Napoleonic wars in continental Europe.

April 11 to Mid-Late April, end of the War of the Sixth Coalition with the signing of the Treaty of Frankfurt between plenipotentiaries of France, Austria, Russia, Prussia and other European nations.

Screenshot_2023-03-16-20-33-10-555_com.android.chrome~2.jpg

Blue: French Empire, under Napoleon I Bonaparte.

Red: Kingdom of Spain, under José Bonaparte/Joseph Bonaparte - neighbour of the British-aligned Portugal.

Blue : The rests of the Confederation of the Rhine.

Pink: Hungary, made to replace the lost Poland to Russia.

Orange: Holland, under Louis Bonaparte.

Strong pink: Napoleonic "Ally", Austria.

Green: Russian Empire, under Alexander I.

Lime: Prussia Green : Other German states east of the Rhine.

(OOC: The Italian states are Sardinia, Naples and Italy).

The treaty essentially leaves the Bonapartes still as overlords of Western Europe, although it is still a rather shaky position.

The Kingdom of Holland under Louis Bonaparte is reestablished, and the Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte endures, at least for the time being.

The Austrian Empire for its part loses its de-facto great power status, with Hungary becoming another client state of the French, before a Congress Poland completely annexed by the Russian Empire.

From an Alexander I still upset, but with a changing foreign policy, typical of absolutist monarchs to a certain extent...

The Rhine Confederation also remains, but it is still a 'state' with its feet in the mud - Prussia for its part does not come out 'winning', but it does not end as badly as Austria.

And with her position, he has a chance to bring the German states east of the Rhine into his sphere of influence.

Perspective, Europe - peace in our times.

-Que elegancia la de Francia- Fernando exclaims, laughing a little.

-We are not in France sir- Alfonso mentions discreetly, without wanting to cause a scandal.

Fernando sighs, his joke didn't make sense...

The Spanish-American king took some food to his mouth before the negotiations, the truth is that the food served - was not so much to his taste.

Fernando, unlike other times, has a knot in his stomach, this meeting is different from his meetings with Joao or his sister-he is in the "Major Leagues"...

-I still don't know what to think of Napoleon- Fernando sighs, spreading his legs a little on his seat.

To Alfonso's surprise-he knows that his king is... strange, but really: Fernando doesn't feel anything, about Napoleon?

-The most powerful man in the whole world, maybe?- Fernando mentions, leaning back a bit in the garden chair where the event is taking place...

The rest of the Federal League delegates were meanwhile, making an asado, for curiosity of the majority of Europeans.

In the end, Fernando concluded that he wouldn't really know Napoleon...until they both ate something.

-Some authors consider it a variant of the Viennese steak, introduced in Lombardy during Austrian rule. Others maintain that it is the opposite, that already in the 18th century, Pietro Verri indicated that the Milanese appeared with the name of lombolos cum panitio, as a typical Milanese dish of the 12th century- Fernando explains the history of the Milanese to the very surprised Napoleon, the history of the dish that they are both eating right now...

Arguably, the most powerful man in the world is more confused right now than on the battlefield.

What is Fernando thinking? What strategy does he have? Why does he do this? What does he want to achieve with this?

Napoleon, like so many others, thought that perhaps Ferdinand would have been interested in recovering Spain (or even talking to his family), but no...

Really Fernando only came to buy the Essequibo, eat and sleep...

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#230

Threadmarks Fernando I will marry? (mini post)

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

-Some in the Cortes Generales and the court continue to insist that you should get married sir, at least to give a respectable appearance to the outside...- Alfonso mentions rereading some documents, during their stay in Europe for the treaty of Frankfurt and other business.

-Pero la...- Fernando insults... -You know what? We will decide, as all important things must be decided, bring a coin-The King of the Americas insists...

Alfonso rolls his eyes as he goes through his pockets, until he takes out a coin (with the face of Fernando in it).

- Heads (cara), I'm getting married. Tails (cruz), I'm not getting married- Fernando concludes, before tossing the coin... and it comes up heads.

-...The best of three- Fernando tosses the coin two more times...it came up heads, three times in a row.

Fernando remains silent, while Afonso takes the coin -I'm going to make the preparations.- The butler says.

-Of course you will- Fernando mentions, while he crosses his arms.

He hopes at least his married life is like a family sitcom or something, he kinda likes Casados con hijos and The Simpsons.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#239

Threadmarks All settles in place (May-December, 1814).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Marriage]

The king was trapped in Europe for a few months as a result of the sixth coalition post-war diplomatic meetings, where a lot of Europe's borders were redrawed...

At these meetings, Ferdinand I met Princess Maria Augusta of Saxony, the daughter of Frederick Augustus I, of the House of Wettin - King of Saxony, and briefly Duke of Poland (mostly annexed by Russia).

The Saxons had remained allies of Napoleonic France during the Bohemian campaign, which saw the capture and partition of Austria - although there were decisions to the coalition side, especially with Prussia and Russia occupying much of the territory...

And despite everything, Saxony had lost territories in favor of Prussia, and its position was obviously in danger - a consequence of its being left outside the Confederation of the Rhine or the sphere of Napoleonic France...

In short, that no one really liked Saxony very much, whether on the French side or the anti-French side.

A neutral limbo...

What could have been what led Fernando I to marry Maria Augusta, a woman more or less her age (actually 2 years older), and a Catholic Christian.

In Saxony the news was not received with particular discouragement or enthusiasm, sincerely because no one knew what to expect from such a marriage.

In the Federal League - well, the king was finally married, that was good. It remained to be seen what he was going to do with Maria Augusta, and if she was going to get them involved in "German affairs" or not...

They would prefer if not...

When the couple arrived they spent a few months in Lima (Peru), before the Cortes Generales closed - after this they had to move to Santa Fe de Bogota (New Granada/Gran Colombia), the next seat of the semi-nomadic government.

[Irish]

1280px-Erin_Go_Bragh_Banner.svg.png

Upon his return to the Americas, King Ferdinand I created by decree some battalions for Catholic immigrants, including Germans (like his recent wife).

Although the most notorious of these Catholic battalions created by Fernando I, is the Battalion of San Patricio, also called the San Patricios - formed as its name suggests, mostly by Irish (although they had people of other origins).

These would become some of the most notorious regiments in the Federal League forces - whose army from its inception contains Irish descendants, in fact.

This was possibly a consequence, or response, also to the increased military needs of the League and the increased immigration of European Catholics into the country.

Who have proven to be some of the most important assets and loyalists to the Federal League in ensuing decades.

[Jesuits]

As a consequence of their decisions, the Jesuits had returned to the Americas...

With which the Pope, a prisoner in his own Rome, seemed to agree.

This meant that Ferdinand I became an 'ally' of the Jesuits and the Pope, or at least the majority of Catholics present in the Western Hemisphere and part of Europe saw it that way...

To make things even better, the government of Ferdinand I and the establishment of the Federal League had seen the end of the Spanish inquisition, so technically there weren't many legal obstacles to Jesuit activity.

In return the Jesuits helped foster the creation of towns in South America and population expansion in some regions of the Federal League (such as the Philippines), helped the expansion of the production of mate, and would favor the development of literacy through the Jesuit mega-classrooms(a relatively early example of mass literacy) - although it is true that sooner or later the government would carry out an educational reform to deal with the problem of illiteracy rather on their own.

[Displaced Indians]

In December 1814, the Anglo-American War that had started in the year 1812 (called simply the War of 1812 for some reason) ended.

The peace treaty doesn't change much for the British or the Americans, but many Native Americans find themselves displaced from their lands by the war and the Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-American settler states.

In this context, the government of Fernando I of the Federal League offers some of these natives to settle on land in the state of New Spain, as the Cortes Generales would later confirm.

Eventually several of these displaced tribes that accepted would settle in northern Florida, and part of 'continental' Mexico.

Places where the Native American population remained more or less free, and growing according to the policies of the League.

While these displaced natives themselves would not be very important in the first instance, take the Seminole, Yuchi, and Choctaw - who would be influential in Florida not long after the end of the War of 1812.

[International]

June 6, meeting of the rulers of the Napoleonic sphere, celebrating the 'Pax Napoleonica' - that is, the apparent state of the French Empire after the Treaty of Frankfurt.

Post-revolutionary France has essentially endured Six Coalitions, and now dominates much of Western and Central Europe...by force.

Napoleon tries as he can to create propaganda to show himself victorious, although he "won" by rather a slim margin.

Statues and structures reminiscent of the old Roman Empire will be erected throughout the territory...

But Napoleon must remember that to the north he still has the United Kingdom, and to the east he has the Russian Empire.

Russia would not seem a threat, but in a short time Mikhail Kutuzov dies - and energetic and capable officers Yakov Petrovich Kulnev, will push Alexander I to important changes to survive the possible future "Patriotic War".

June 12, the poem "She Walks in Beauty" is written by Lord Byron.

July 19 to July 20, British troops and Native Americans besiege and capture the frontier settlement of Prairie du Chien.

Around these dates, also in the war of 1812, the battle of Rock Island Rapids takes place - resulting in British-allied tribes ambush and defeat an American expedition in Illinois.

The great fire of Tirschenreuth (Bavaria, Confederation of the Rhine) destroys the town and 907 buildings, around July 30.

August 1, the United Kingdom celebrates the Grand Jubilee of 1814 - the hundredth anniversary of the Hanoverian Succession.

August 7, a Jesuit order is founded in Russia.

August 13, treaties between the Bonaparte Netherlands and the United Kingdom end with the Dutch losing old colonies to the British (mainly Cape of Good Hope, Banca Island, etc).

August 14, the Diet of Sweden finally chooses a crown prince for King Charles XIII/Carl XIII of Sweden, an old and childless man...

Sweden wanted to strengthen its relationship with Napoleon for militaristic reasons so sought to select a king who would be able to attract Napoleon's support.

The result was the choice of Eugène de Beauharnais, a man who would attract Napoleon's support, but was also not combative enough to fight too much with the Swedish state and get them into trouble...

This takes another country deeper into the Napoleonic sphere.

August 24, the British enter Washington, D.C. and burn the capitol and the presidential mansion.

November 1, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, the Governor-General of India declares war on Kingdom of Nepal (starting the Anglo-Nepalese War).

December 24, The War of 1812 finally ends with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent between the United Kingdom and the United States, in what was clearly a mostly British victory.

However, there are no particularly harsh terms imposed on the US or many territorial changes, as a result of the UK thinking that the US could be a strategic ally in the future, especially against the newly created Federal League to the south...

Perspective, New Granada.

-My mother used to cook these when it rained- Fernando mentions calmly, before Maria's look.

Alfonso and Sancho watch as the king try to cook torta frita to impress his wife...

Fernando is trying to get his wife to like him, for obvious reasons - and what better way to connect with a person than with food (in Fernando's opinion).

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#266

Threadmarks Conquest by food and things like that(January-June, 1815).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Perspective.

Maria Augusta is taking care of the garden of the property in Santa Fe de Bogota, talking to some of the maids while she takes care of the flowers and so on...

Meanwhile, Fernando...is giving catnip to Sancho, laughing when he sees the cat zoning out.

Sancho continues in his own world, while Fernando and Afonso stick their heads out of some bush-wall, watching the queen.

-When my mother began to become obsessed with her garden, I called it a crisis of the third age- Fernando mentions...

-Don't say that to your wife's face sir- Alfonso must insist...

- Do you think me an idiot Alfonso? I would never say that!- Fernando insists offended, besides, that Maria takes care of the garden seems rather charming...

-Do I have to be honest, sir?- Alfonso explains with his poker face, for Fernando's frustration.

He is the only one, apart from Maria Augusta, with the 'right' to insult the king.

Fernando puts on a beekeeper suit -I don't see anything- The King of the Americas insists...

-You're going to be fine, sir- Alfonso mentions... a few meters away.

Fernando then goes to deal with the honey bees...

-What happened to him?- Maria Augusta, finally finishing a day of work in the garden, asks when she sees her husband insistently cleaning his swollen and reddish hands with soap and water.

-Nothing really important ma'am- Alfonso insists...

[China]

After the greatest efforts for reconstruction and colonization in the Philippines (at that time part of the state of Mexico/New Spain), a considerable opening of the territory with its Asian neighbors was carried out by the Liga Federal - with the objective that said commercial flow reached the western hemisphere (the Federal League), and in the process enriching the Philippines of course.

The jackpot of having control over the territory was clearly the China of the Qing Dynasty.

China was the source and destination of a lot of valuable products, such as porcelain, silk and tea - and a lot of spices could also arrive from other Asian markets, some of which were increasingly popular in the expansive Ibero-American gastronomy.

Out of these relationships with China also came a flow of human capital - not just from the Americas to the Philippines, but from China to the Americas.

A lot of Chinese, mainly Han, slowly began to be admitted into the League's territories - mainly in the states of Peru and Mexico.

Most of these Chinese served as laborers for the agricultural sector, and the increasing construction of infrastructure (railroads), but they would also become merchants and manufacturing workers later on.

And they did not have too many problems integrating into the society that received them, if they did not have problems staying.

Which was the norm in the League of Fernando I.

These Chinese workers brought with them certain agricultural innovations from home, and of course certain aspects of their local culture (and we're not just talking about cooking).

Despite the fact that these relationships between the Spanish-Americans and the Qing seem quite equal and beneficial to both, we cannot ignore certain negative aspects...

Smugglers and colluding officials in China sought profit, and as a consequence there were also Federal League merchants who were involved in more illegal activities, such as the opium trade...

[Cheese]

In the first half of 1815, German immigrants from Saxony founded the first commercial cheese factory in the Federal League.

As a result of the increase in agricultural and livestock productivity, the production of dairy products and derivatives also increased - which led to the flourishing of these types of factories, and the success of their industries.

And this is more important than it seems, at least according to current analysis.

This coincided with the dawn of the industrial revolution in the Federal League, and it turns out that as an individual's income increases, their consumption of dairy products also increases (generally by a ratio of 1% in income to 0.8% in dairy products).

Unlike the United Kingdom, where there was an increase in meat consumption with the industrial revolution, but generally limited to bourgeois tables - the consumption of meat, dairy and others in the Federal League was more widespread.

Which was perhaps related to the fact that there was almost a state-led gastronomic innovation...

[Railroad and more]

Around February 6, the Cortes Generales under Fernando I adopt the first railroad chart of the Federal League - which represents a general effort for the construction of railways in various parts of the country.

These efforts, although costly and slow in the first years due to the realities of the time, lead to unity between parts of the territory - and we are not referring to it in a symbolic sense, but rather that during winter or for other seasonal reasons there were very geographically divided regions of the country.

So a railway and the associated infrastructure solved these problems...

And we must not forget that the railway responds to the realities of an industrial economy (incipiently industrial, in these contexts) - which also involves factories, to which a new social class (later called proletarians) will be destined.

This supposes other new realities, new neighborhoods begin to be created, with new materials (prone to certain wear, but that fulfilled their purpose) and architectural styles (more functional than aesthetic).

The old parts of the cities, with colonial styles, remained (the typical "ciudad vieja" or old city) - but conglomerates of new buildings begin to emerge on their outskirts, which will support an increasing number of inhabitants* - both citizens moving from the countryside to the city, as well as simply people from the city having a large number of children, or the increase of immigrants to the land of opportunity and good food,

In the context of urbanity.

[International]

In early February, the US Federalist Party (mainly present in New England) holds an apparently "successful" convention - after the end of the War of 1812, under Federalist President DeWitt Clinton.

March 15, Joachim Murat consolidates his reign around the Italian state of Naples without the Austrian threat (Austria has practically lost the status of great power, for now) - relatively easy with Napoleon I (also King of the Kingdom of Italy) and Bernadotte ( Governor of Rome) nearby.

Although this situation makes it difficult to say how Italian nationalism will evolve, and the prospect of a unified Italian peninsula...

March 2-18, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy, king in Ceylon, is deposed under the terms of the Kandyan Convention - the island of Ceylon is made a British colony as a result.

Between April 5 and 12, an eruption of Mount Tambora occurs in the East Indies.

Killing possibly upwards to 92,000 people, and propelling thousands of tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas compounds) into the upper atmosphere.

The high level gases reflect sunlight, and cause the widespread cooling (volcanic winter) and heavy rains of 1816 (the Year without a Summer): snows in June and July in the northern hemisphere; wide spread crop failures; and subsequently famine.

April 24, Second Serbian Uprising begins (the first one took place around 1804-1813) - as a result of the uprising, Ottoman Serbia is to become a recognized semi-independent state (the Principality of Serbia), result of the Ottoman decline around this times.

Flashback, Fernando in Europe...

Fernando ignores the apparent attempts of his relatives or other peninsular Spaniards to speak with him, the legitimate king...

-So, as I was telling you. Spain should become a Republic, and so they stop bothering me or something- Fernando insists to Joseph Bonaparte, who almost spits out his tea.

Joseph I Bonapate, or José I Bonaparte in Spanish, continued to be King of Spain after the Treaty of Frankfurt... although, like other possessions of the Napoleonic Empire, his position was rather tenuous...

The Spanish had lost much of their morale, but some still held to a claim to the idea of 'Reconquista' - be it with the Bourbons, or with any other local system.

The truth is that the romantic nationalisms of Europe were at a crossroads, either they were in favor of the 'liberal monarchy' represented by the Bonapartes, or they rejected the Bonapartes.

That it didn't always mean abandoning liberal ideas, but it forced certain people to rethink whether the monarchy was a good idea for their nation-states...

Speaking of Napoleon, finally his reign had some peace...although it's hard to say how good this peace was for Napoleon, and the evolutions of his government - no one knows what would happen in the future.

Among the losses that occurred in this period, for example, was that many cooks from the Latino-Romance world began to move to the Americas - a fault that the gastronomic vanguard at that time seemed to be in the Western Hemisphere.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Mar 19, 2023

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Threadmarks Heir apparent (July-December 1815, to January-June 1816).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Perspective, Santa Fé de Bogota - Gran Colombia/New Granada (Liga Federal).

-We are going to make another type of fries- Fernando insists to Alfonso...

One of the first documented mentions of fries or fried potatoes (as it is usually understood), is that of Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán in his work Cautiverio feliz (1673).

Where in the meal that he offers to two Mapuche caciques, he says that the women "sent fried potatoes and stews."

This event apparently occurred on November 29 of 1629 inside the Fuerte de Nacimiento, in the Biobío Region (Chile), during the Arauco War in an official meal after an exchange of prisoners between the Spanish and indigenous people.

-I see...- The butler mentions.

-You have to cut them thin, very thin. And they have to have a round-like shape- Fernando specifies to Afonso, who already knows that the king can be picky...

The end result is 'chips' type of potato (whose origin of the name is still kinda unknown).

This type of fried potato seems to have arisen by particular design of King Ferdinand I.

William Kitchiner's book The Cook's Oracle, originally published in 1817 (and which became a bestseller in the United Kingdom and the United States), would describe something similar - citing the 1822 edition, "Potatoes fried in Slices or Shavings": "peel large potatoes... cut them in shavings round and round, as you would peel a lemon; dry them well in a clean cloth, and fry them in lard or dripping".

At first these chips were popular simply as a snack among urban restaurants and parties, but after a few decades of their invention in the 19th century they became very popular among the post-war populations of the Federal League.

Where they began to eat chips with wine and beer, or in general with any type of drink and other accompaniments.

In Chile, Japan, the Río de la Plata and New Zealand there is a variety made with camote and boniato (Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato).

In Chile they also make them Betarraga.

In the Gran Colombia area there are chips made from cassava.

There are also chips made with green banana in Venezuela.

[Agriculture of the Liga and its effects]

The first modernization of agriculture in the Federal League affected not only the country's economy, but arguably had various effects at the regional level.

The socio-economic changes brought about by the modernization of the agricultural sector, and policies that relegated an endangered species to slavery, had their effects in the nearby United States and Brazil.

Productive changes in Mexico/New Spain and the Caribbean would have detrimental effects on agriculture in the South of the United States, where large parts of the markets were occupied by the Federal League (we are talking of course of tobacco, cotton and sugar cane mostly - and also cattle ranching and foodstuff production).

And what about the effects of the social laws of the League, which meant greater freedom for Afro-descendants, or at least greater relative social mobility (since it was impossible for the children of slaves to be slaves themselves, due to the freedom of wombs - And some years later the emancipation of slaves in general would also be facilitated with new laws).

[International]

September 23, New England (USA) is strike by a hurricane for the first time in 180 years in the Great September Gale (of 1815).

September 26, Prussia and Russia sign an alliance - with the idea of fending off the nearby Napoleonic sphere of influence (which includes diminished Austria, Hungary, the Rhine Confederation, Scandinavia, etc).

At the beginning of October, the American sailor Robert Adams, the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu (West Africa), is found wandering, hungry and half-naked in the streets of London.

He is invited to tell the story of himself as a captive in the Barbary slave trade, which later results in the publication of "The Narrative of Robert Adams".

October 3, Martian meteorite crash in Chassigny, Haute-Marne - France (which is why said meteorite is known as the Chassigny Martian meteorite - people don't really mess with names).

October 23, an earthquake occurs in northern Qing China, resulting in at least 13,000 deaths.

November 3, invention of the Davy lamp (a coal mining safety lamp).

November 5, most of the Ionian Islands become the British protectorate of the United States of the Ionian Islands.

With the exception of Corfu or Kerkyra, which remains French territory, at least for now.

Perspective, Ciudad de México - Mexico (Liga Federal).

Fernando holds his daughter to the sun for a moment...Alfonso and Maria Augusta have no idea what the king is doing...

-Fine I already did what I wanted- Fernando mentions, after having made his impression of that scene from the Lion King...

While Maria Augusta and her entourage leave to continue with their day (taking the young Maria Alejandra with them), Fernando looks both ways...and goes to his hammock with Sancho to take a siesta.

The king seems...restless for a moment, in Afonso's opinion - and then Fernando has a revelation, and he can't help but laugh.

-Oh my god, how good it is to be king- Fernando mentions, it's not the first time he's said it but now it's more true than ever...

-What happens now, sir?- Afonso asks, while Sancho looks curiously at his owner.

-I have servants, I have all the benefits of being a father, without having to fulfill any responsibility. I'm not going to have to clean shit in my life- Fernando mentions, very happy.

The king puts his hands behind his head, "victorious."

Alfonso sighs, it means... things didn't really change, Fernando doesn't usually clean things himself to begin with.

Fernando is not necessarily a bad father... but come on, he is not going to receive the father of the year award either.

[Arts]

Ferdinand I is usually recognized as a patron of sport and gastronomy, which may be relatively recognized as an art form by some.

He can also be recognized as a patron of national symbols, or at least some of them, which led to the development of music such as hymns, and the like.

But he is not usually recognized as a patron of the formal arts, meaning painting, sculpture or decorative arts, etc.-or as a patron of the sciences.

That reputation belongs rather to Ferdinand I's wife, Maria Augusta of Saxony - whose results of such patronage during this time actually came to be called the "Fernandino style" (because women are usually relegated to their relationship with the man around this time - Ferdinand was the king).

At the request of Maria Augusta, Fernando created the Royal Museum of Paintings and recreated the Bourbon patronage of artists (which existed in Spain), in the Americas.

Which would give results for the recognition not only of peninsular artistic legacies, but also local ones (and the development of careers of American artists), and dissemination of knowledge in the early Federal League.

(OOC: Will write more in depth of some of these later).

[Education]

We are not very clear about the authorship of the reform, but finally after 2 years of the first democratic government of the Federal League - an educational reform is accepted.

It is believed that this could have been the responsibility of Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga Pires (1771-1848), religious (as in, member of a religious order), architect, rancher, naturalist and botanist from the Río de la Plata. Who was responsible for the establishment of several national libraries and universities.

Although of course at the regional level at this time there were also many reformers who might have similar ideas.

Free and compulsory school education is introduced (of a semi-secular nature* for the time, although it did not mean the end of religious education, still very important and popular - let's remember the influence of the Jesuit mega-classrooms).

Also organizing their regulatory institutes and the subjects to be taught at the national level (although at the regional level depending on the state there could be some differences).

Families of non-Catholic faith (other Christian denominations or non-Christians) could avoid Catholic instruction.

With this comes to the Federal League one of the consequences of the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution and the establishment of nation-states (which, to be honest, the League did not fully fit).

The intellectual formation of the people passes to the control of the state, to act as a homogenizing element of the social and ethnic cultural diversity of the country, and as a justifier of its historical viability.

This reform only affected primary education, secondary education remained rather primitive until decades later, and university or tertiary education remained a privilege only available to the upper classes.

But the reform proved relatively effective as a method of education and formation, and of control.

Things as simple as the position of the benches, oriented in rows and facing forward, which are concepts universally embedded in people's minds, are formally implemented with this reform.

51190.jpg

Although it is true that education serves to homogenize and control, it can also be an element of cultural and social reproduction (of maintaining differences and not just undoing them), where there will also be a struggle for social demands and progress ( against the status quo).

But of course, this depends on many factors and socio-historical changes.

[Dynasty]

On March 6 (1816), the first daughter of Fernando I of the Americas and Maria Augusta of Saxony was born - a girl baptized in the Tabernacle of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City (where the General Courts met that year), under the name of María Alejandra Luisa de Borbón, Imperial Princess (of Mexico)*.

The question of succession was not very clear however during these years - it was still not very clear if the monarchy of the League followed Salic law (which would exclude women from inheriting the throne), or women would be allowed to inherit.

Fernando I was not very interested in answering these questions either, refusing to issue decrees or ratify anything conclusive regarding his daughter.

So it was really just a question of patience...

A few years later the next children of the couple were born - Maria Alejandra was heir apparent of her father until 1825.

[International]

Around the end of December 1815, and the beginning of January 1816, Tsar Alexander I of Russia motivated by energetic officers (and maybe the little-reformist sympathy he still has after Napoleon's campaign) made reforms that freed some of the Russian peasants from serfdom (mainly in regions of European Russia).

This results in certain problems due to the lack of other reforms, the former serfs do not have an easy life despite this type of decrees - but it is one of the reasons later, for a certain industrialization in Russia.

March 1, the end of the war between the United Kingdom and Nepal - after which Nepal is forced to cede a third of its territory, to British India.

March 16, the caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress elects James Monroe as the next presidential candidate.

March 21, Napoleon I Bonaparte reorganizes the Institut de France with the formation of four new academies, the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres; the Royal Academy of Sciences; and the Royal Academy of Beaux Arts.

March 22, the United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in 1814 by the Creek Nation.

General Andrew Jackson, who participated in the humiliating war of 1812, refuses to honor the treaty, and uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the southeastern United States.

March 30–April 11, the African Methodist Episcopal Church is established in Philadelphia by Richard Allen and other African-American Methodists (this is the first of such denomination in the US, completely independent of white churches).

April 28, creation of public investment bodies in the French Empire of Napoleon I Bonaparte - which function essentially as the economic arms of the state.

May 2, marriage between Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (b. 1790 - d. 1865) and Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales (b. 1796 - d. 1877), the only child of George, Prince of Wales ( future George IV).

June 16, the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace is founded in London.

Last edited: Mar 19, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#316

Threadmarks Science son (July-December, 1816).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Plants]

The golden age of Spanish-American gastronomy brought with it a lot of experimentation in the culinary area: people of all kinds sought to innovate with all kinds of resources (red and white meat, seafood, fruits and vegetables, drinks, dressings, etc.) ...

Of course, not all experimentation comes out with the expected results - some get sick and in the worst case poisoned, others die and you don't always get what you expect.

One of the results of this experimentation was the development of "Quinine", a medicine developed to treat malaria and babesiosis.

Although quinine was already known before (for example, the Quechua people of the Andes used it to treat shivering), it is in this context that Hispanic-Americans manage to isolate quinine from the bark of a tree in the genus Cinchona, It grows in Andean tropical forests.

Prior to 1816, the bark was dried, ground to a fine powder, and mixed into a liquid (commonly wine) in order to be drunk - but after this year, many possibilities opened up...

Malaria medicine meant the ability to delve further into tropical environments for spices and all kinds of food...and create colonies, of course - but keep thinking about food.

The isolation of quinine is also indirectly responsible for the creation of coke - since it allowed the expansion of the kola nut supply in the market.

[Gold rush]

Around the late 1810s (especially after 1817-1818, but already starting in 1816), in northern Mexico/New Spain (Federal League) - one of the greatest gold rushes ever seen begins, with the discovery of deposits of this mineral, especially on the west coast of these territories.

This further pushes the Federal League's conquest of the desert (in the North), immigration, and the development of the local economy and infrastructure.

Roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout Alta California and its now even more vibrant economy.

Not only mining expanded, but also other economic sectors such as agriculture and ranching - to sustain the needs of the growing population.

This led to the development of better techniques for gold recovery, and several effects including in international trade - cause of the creation of new demographic and commercial centers, which in turn had a bilateral cause and effect relationship with technological innovations, and infrastructure.

Of course this could not only have positive effects, but we can talk about the problems of this gold rush a bit later...

Interestingly, this may also have been the cause of certain capital inflows with Spain's trading partner, the Russian Empire - leading to more successful Russian expansion into Alyaska and Hawai'i (whose farmers wanted some of the money that could be obtained from selling to the northern territories - although most of this market was occupied by national producers, such as the farmers of La Plata)...

[International]

Early January, meeting of the English poets-novelists Lord Byron, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Polidori at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva (Switzerland), and tell each other tales.

This will curiously result in two classic Gothic stories: Frankenstein (by Mary Shelley), and The Vampyre (by John Polidori).

July 2, French passenger ship Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal - 140 lives end up lost in a botched rescue attempt that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government of the time.

August 14, the United Kingdom annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, which is ruled from Cape Colony.

August 12-14, signing of the Treaty of St. Louis* between the United States and the Council of Three Fires (Anishinaabe alliance of the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi North American Native tribes).

By signing the treaty, the tribes, their chiefs, and their warriors relinquished all right, claim, and title to land previously ceded to the United States by the Sac and Fox tribes on November 3, 1804...

Actually the treaty was signed at Portage des Sioux (Missouri), north of St. Louis - actually "Treaty of St. Louis" applies to a series of treaties between the United States and various Native American tribes.

September 3, Pope Pius VII sends a directive to Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz (Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mohilev), advising Siestrzeńcewicz not to continue the Russian Bible Society's plans to circulate the Scriptures written in the Russian language.

"If the Sacred Scriptures were allowed in the vulgar language, more detriment than benefit would arise." - according to Pope Pius VII.

Ideas that have a certain precedent, and controlling the language of the scriptures gives power over the people.

October 25-November 6, presidential elections in the United States of America.

While the Federalist Party remains a political force for now, they won the previous election, by a narrow margin - and they lose this election to the Democratic-Republican candidate, James Monroe.

November 19, establishment of the University of Warsaw.

November 30-December 11, Indiana is admitted as the 19th state of the U.S.

December 9-21, foundation of the American Colonization Society - with the objective to support the emigration of free African Americans to Africa.

Perspective.

Fernando reads some of the current news...

-Ah mira, Monroe, como la doctrina- (Ah look, Monroe, like the doctrine) Fernando exclaims reading the elections in the United States...

The three neurons of the king fight for a moment among themselves -Oh wait...- Fernando realizes the stupidity that he has just said.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Threadmarks Fernandino Style in detail (1817)

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Montevideo (La Plata), first Copa América - late 1817-early 1818.

Fernando, instead of being in the VIP box with a lot of the Platense nobility or government officials, is with a relatively small escort in the stands with the rest of the populace...

Watching one of the matches of the first Copa América, which he has inaugurated. Fortunately there is free food, confetti and fireworks for everyone during the event - which unites fútbol teams from all over the Federal League.

Speaking of the VIP box, It's not that Fernando doesn't like nobles or government officials (he really dislikes work tho), but he feels more at home in the common stadium stands...

-Look at that...- Fernando complains to Afonso, who then sees how a lot of people, excited about the game, cause a small stampede or avalanche. Almost knocked over one of the fences...

...And one of the bathrooms is already destroyed - probably there is also some fight outside the event even before we know the full result of the game.

-Yes, that's the good fútbol...- Fernando sighs happy with it, its just like home.

Alfonso sighs, disappointed ...Hispanic-Americans truly are ungovernable, they live fútbol as if their lives depended on it.

The entire government session this year was slightly delayed by the first major fútbol event it seems - or so some say.

Since 1817-1818, the Copa América is held every four years (coinciding then with the beginning or end of a democratic government, at least according to the designs of Fernando I).

When the Copa América is not celebrated, annually the Federal League celebrates the "Copa del Rey", which is the second most important national tournament since then - in short, that the Federal League more or less always has a futból-soccer tournament.

Ferdinand I seems to have correctly predicted that fútbol would become the king of sports - and he envisioned that teams from all over the world would play a world tournament, "el Mundial" (World Cup, in English).

This was curiously one of the only universalist projects in which Ferdinand I seems to have been legitimately interested, rather than colonization or conquest...

In any case, Fernando I never saw a Mundial/World Cup himself.

But as a result of his project, the first World Cup was eventually held in the city of Montevideo - precisely where the first major fútbol tournament in modern history was held.

Since then the Federal League has won 10 World Cups (technically 12!)...and they will never let the rest of the world forget it.

Which is arguably fault of Fernando I.

"¿Cuantas copas tenes?"

(How many [ie. futbol/tournament/world] cups do you have? - a common say and meme from the Federal League).

[Native american governors]

The government of Fernando I supposed the recovery of some pre-Hispanic traditions, that is not usually debated - what is usually debated is really how much the condition of the Native Americans really improved (at that time still generally called "Indios/Indians" and "Indígenas").

And this is more difficult to say, since we have cases to say that their condition, and of the mixed population, improved (at least compared to the previous government), and arguments to say the opposite (in the sense that they continued to be subject to domination by Euro-descendants).

The condition of the Native Americans could still improve even in modern times, but that is a discussion for later.

For example, in the government of Fernando I, after the creation of the Federal League - almost immediately we have the first Native American governors of some provinces of the country.

Native Americans began to be admitted as officers in the army or the bureaucracy, and were allowed to rise in rank - though still generally as "godsons," adopted sons, or students of some white officer of the Gran Ejército de las Américas. An almost "Roman" characteristic of this time in the League actually...

In La Plata is Andrés Guacurarí y Artigas, who became the first post-reform governor of Misiones - he was also a godson and adoptive son of the governor of the Banda Oriental/Uruguay, Jose Gervasio Artigas.

Andrés Guacurarí has indisputable indigenous lineages, whether they are Guarani or some other culturally "Guaranized" ethnic group - it is also likely that he had some European lineage.

Guacurarí was a loyal officer to the cause of the Federal League who fought in the war against Carlota of Brazil, he supported Jesuit work and the industrial production of mate in the country (something Fernando I did thank him actually), did work for the emancipation of other Native Americans and Afro-descendants, and participated in the founding of some cities like Nuestra Señora de la Asunción del Cambay.

A less specific case is that from 1814 to 1862 (that is, 48 years or around 12 terms of government), practically uninterruptedly - Florida (New Spain/Mexico) was ruled by Native American men.

This was Florida's Great Seminole Period - although to use exclusively "Seminole" may be to reduce the importance of other Native American peoples, and Afro-descendants of the time.

The Seminole were a result of the colonial and post-colonial realities of the Americas:

Native American refugees from the north ended up in Spanish Florida since the early 18th century (Yuchi, Yamasee, the Lower Creeks, part of the Muscogee, Choctaw, some Chickasaw, etc) - including some escaped slaves.

These refugees moved to territories uninhabited or in decline since the 1500s (a result of the introduction of European diseases, which decimated the Native American population, and colonization).

And they eventually mixed with each other, and with the remaining Florida Indian populations - the result was the Seminole. "Simano-li", possibly an adaptation of the Spanish cimarrón which means "wild" (in their case, "wild men"), or "runaway" - tho they call themselves Ikaniuksalgi.

This particular group ended up being key in the early Florida Federal League, during the establishment of new communities and settlements.

The leaders of the Seminole ended up being recognized as the small caciques/chieftains of part of the territory, especially the north and the some parts rural environment, and eventually one of their own would end up as governor.

Although the Seminole did not have a single leader, until around 1822-1826.

It is a relatively similar case to the Inca nobility in the Andean zone or some mestizos (such as the descendants of Moctezuma) in Mexico, which continued to be recognized as a form of local leadership and/or nobility in the Federal League.

800px-Cmte_Andresito_Guacurari-2.JPG

[Art and comic]

In 1815-1816, the so-called "Fernandino style" begins - with which we refer to the period of the arts of the reign of Fernando I, which included the patronage of the arts and artists of the Federal League (although this was mainly thanks to the wife of the king/emperor, Maria Augusta of Saxony).

The Fernandino style succeeded the (French) "Empire style" that had been popular in Spain, and obviously preceded its successors (of which we can discuss later).

The Fernandino style has the honor of being the first "American style" - or first "Hispanic-American style", although certain European legacies will be recovered, new Hispanic-American aesthetics and artists will also flourish, who will be recognized more in this way than for some affiliation with European tendencies.

Attending then to more regionalist tendencies (that is, to the Federal League as a whole).

This style will appear in the traditional arts (painting, sculpture, architecture), furniture art, and new methods or products that will appear during the period.

It must be understood that the Fernandino style appears in a period of transformation, and at least in its early years it does not have so many defined characteristics - the first sports centers were being built, cities and roads were being expanded, the League seek to detach some parts of itself from the Spanish empire and Europe, etc.

We can say, however, that the typical colonial style was being abandoned, to take some pre-Hispanic and neo-classical inspirations.

Some of the artists of this period were characterized more by being mostly practical, their work was "heavy" and "lack of grace" according to some critics, with the predominance of rather basic geometric forms - these attend to certain realities of the modernization of the Federal League, and the rather crude beginnings of the style (mostly this trend is present in furniture - tho it has its members in sculpture and architecture).

Then we have some much more ostentatious and ornate artists (who participated in "high" painting, sculpture and architecture), trying to achieve "elegance" and solemnity - which caters to the imperial conceits of the Federal League.

In the field of architecture we have some interesting developments, which have their differences in the Mexican and Andean zone or the Rio de la Plata and Greater Colombian zone.

While La Plata and Gran Colombia will follow the more 'neo-classical' designs, popular in Napoleonic Europe - in Mexico and the Andean zone will develop monumental architectural styles that will drink from pre-Hispanic inspirations.

Emperor Ferdinand I was apparently knowledgeable about Andean monumental architecture, and was relatively responsible for the discovery of Machu Pichu, which may have been vital for this.

Neomaya.jpg greslebin.jpg

MC0025552_-_Pabell%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_1889_%28editada%29.jpg

Some examples of Neo-Pre Hispanic architecture in Mexico from the times of Fernando I.

ESX1utwWoAEhwnw.jpg ML.png

Neo-Andine architecture of contemporary times, which is successor of Fernandino style Neo-Andine architecture.

Codices-prehispanicos.jpg

The Fernandino style has the curious honor of being the father of "comics", as it is understood in a modern way.

According to many of the experts of the Federal League, the Fernandino style will recover the pre-Hispanic tradition of the codices, which will initially become a tool for artistic expression, literacy and propaganda - the comic.

Some experts outside the Federal League have greater doubts or criticisms of this particular position, arguing that the pre-Hispanic codices should not be considered comics.

But the Federal League continues to insist that they have this "tradition" or "culture" from before European colonization - be it for prestige, pride or simple academic-popular opinion.

These Fernandino-style comics have not fully survived to our times sadly, but they were responsible for many achievements, such as the development of Hispanic-American art, literacy, and the development of the collective imagination.

Many popular stories (generally originating from an oral tradition) and new stories/images (generally commissioned by some patron) will appear represented in these neo-codices or early comics.

And they will become the focus of some public exhibitions, parties, or appear as decorations in artistic designs.

These neo-codices or early comics will have two types, the longest ones that serve "epic" (or educational) narratives and the shortest ones, which usually represent "gags" or simpler images.

EMMANUEL-VALTIERRA.jpg

(OOC: Illustration by Emmanuel Valtierra, I think - may or may not be consequence of Fernando, I leave you that to decide :p )

The Fernandino style is responsible not only for a new Hispanic-American cultural flourishing, but it is also going to influence Anglo-Americans to the north.

Many of the Anglo-American large landowners and later industrialists will be inspired by the imperial nobility/imagery to their South - and as a consequence will replicate or imitate some of the aspects of the Fernandino style.

Some more successful than others.

Mainly this came from the Río de la Plata and to a lesser extent from Gran Colombia and Mexico.

Anglo-Americans viewed the neo-classical styles of La Plata as more "white" than those prevalent in New Spain/Mexico, where there was much more visible miscegenation (from the Anglo-American perspective).

Buenos Aires was a very popular city for a part of this upper class Anglo-American population - although white workers and Afro-descendant slaves from the United States, due to their conditions, generally preferred New Spain. Maybe is better to talk about them later.

Some Portugas (Portuguese-speaking citizens of the Federal League), are also going to bring a certain part of the Fernandino style to the Portuguese-speaking world.

Although this last process is going to become more usual during the successors of Fernando, more than during the period of Fernando I himself.

[International]

January 20, Raja Ram Mohan Roy and David Hare found the Hindu College (in Calcutta), offering instructions in Western languages and subjects.

March 3, creation of the territory of Alabama (US).

March 4, James Monroe is sworn in as president of the USA.

March 21, the flag of the Pernambucan Revolt is publicly blessed by the dean of Recife Cathedral (Brazil).

This revolt in the mentioned territory of Pernambuco, also supported by some in Paraíba and Ceará.

This revolt was one of the first attempts to establish an independent government in Brazil - a result of the spread of liberal ideas, the decline of the economic activity that was sugar, independence from the USA and the Federal League, etc.*

The Consulate General of the United States in Recife, America's oldest diplomatic post in the Southern Hemisphere, publicly supported the Pernambucan revolutionaries - but according to some, it was actually an act of the Freemasons, a British or Napoleonic plan...

Speaking of Freemasonry, some say that the Federal League was founded as a Freemason project to finally put an end to the Spanish Empire, and therefore that Ferdinand VII was a puppet king of the Freemasons or something like that...

April 29, the UK and the US sign the Rush–Bagot Treaty or Rush–Bagot Disarmament, limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain following the war of 1812.

June 12, inventor Karl Drais drives his dandy horse ("Draisine" or Laufmaschine) in the Confederation of the Rhine - this is one, if not the earliest form of bicycle.

July 4, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake hits Santiago del Estero, La Plata (Liga Federal).

September 11, start of the third Kandyan War in Uva-Wellassa (British Ceylon).

The rebellion was initiated by disgruntled Kandyan chiefs who were disillusioned by British colonial administration, and gained some initial success with Kandyan chiefs sent to suppress the rebellion joining the rebel forces.

November 5, start of the third Anglo-Maratha war in the Indian subcontinent.

November 22, French naturalist Frédéric Cailliaud discovers an old Roman emerald mines at Sikait (Egypt).

December 10, Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state.

Last edited: Apr 6, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Apr 7, 2023

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Threadmarks Maria la del barrio...yeah thats it the chapter (January-June, 1818).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Perspective.

-What are you doing kissing the crippled girl?!- Soraya Montenegro screams, extremely offended to see the scene of Luis Fernando de la Vega Montenegro and María Hernández Rojas together.

The woman continues to rant against the two young teens.

-I warned you not to think of putting your eyes on him. And you did it! You escuincla* babosa! You dared! But it will weigh you down, it will weigh you down!-Soraya continues.

"Slimy kid"

Soraya pushes and slaps 'Nandito and the maid, moving on to shake and grab the girl in the wheelchair.

The general chaos continues, until Don Fernando de la Vega appears to help deal with the hysterical woman...

In the struggle, however, Soraya seizes some sharp scissors, which she raises against the young teen...

-Ahhi! ¡Me dueleee!- 'Nandito exclaims on the ground, "stabbed".

He sounds like a rooster...and there are other 5 persons in the "room", and nobody helps him!

-Nobody can say anything! Don't listen to him! Whoever denounces me... prepare yourselves! Nothing has happened here! Nothing has happened here! I'll kill anyone who denounces me!- Soraya rants in the final moments of the scene.

...

Fernando I covers his face with one hand, trying to hold back the laughter and certain tears that invade his face.

Being forced to watch television at his grandmother's house had its benefits, apparently.

Maria Augusta is next to him, slightly surprised. She understands that Fernando is laughing at the unintentional comedy, but perhaps he should have cared more that the actors correctly portrayed the emotions that they are supposed to cause in the audience...

...

-...By the way, 'Nandito/'Nando and Maria...what a coincidence- Maria Augusta mentions...

-What do you mean?- Fernando responds, almost offended.

-Nothing- Maria Augusta insists, laughing slightly.

-My dear, if I had inserted myself in a play... Would you really think that I would have my character stabbed by a pair of scissors?- Fernando exclaims, he may be stupid, but no dumb...

-Ohh, I have to admit that this argument is an unexpected moment of brilliance Fernando.- Maria Augusta exclaims in surprise.

-Thank you!...Wait!-Fernando insists, after his three neurons realized the "unexpected" part in the "momemnt of brilliance".

The performing arts (and to an extent literary) of the Federal League, before the renewing influence of the Generación del 900 ("the 900s Generation" or "Generation of the 900s" - born between the 1860s-1880s), had a series of particular characteristics.

The theater of the Federal League will be characterized, during the reign of Fernando I and his more serious successors (until the aforementioned 20th century), by the undisputed reign of melodrama - that is, a dramatic work whose sentimental, pathetic or tear-jerking aspects are exaggerated with the intention of provoking emotions in the public, using various additional resources.

The play in the early Federal League, later transformed into the "Hispanic-American Melodrama", was then characterized by:

Stories that may or may not be realistic, usually around a central love story - more genres have been integrated into this Spanish-American melodrama over time, but that's another topic.

Of a markedly sentimental character, full of intrigues, deceits and confusions - some twists or confusions more stupid than others really...

Because of this, all kinds of incidents occur during the development of the plot, which concludes with a happy ending - although before, the protagonists should have had to deal with one or several antagonist-villains.

Whether it seems or not, even from its beginnings this Hispanic-American melodrama will represent various social problems, mostly the differences between social classes - over time the range or repertoire of these themes has expanded...

During about 1 century of development, stereotypical plots of Spanish-American melodrama ended up forming, generally centered around a girl of humble origins, easily relatable to the audience -who works in the fields or earns a living in the city with one or more low-paying jobs-. and the son of a wealthy family who end up falling in love -with his family opposing the relationship due to social-economic differences of the two (hatching all kinds of plans to separate them, usually with the help of relatives and servants).

A plot that has now been romanticized and reproduced ad nauseam due to various cultural factors, but which curiously coincided with the changes brought about by the modernization of the countryside and the city - youth who, due to the conditions of their family, ended up in labor relations with the owners of the rural environment, or moving to the city to find work.

And women in their condition could also expect their jobs to be low-paying and rather unsatisfactory, with very questionable relations with the upper class man in some cases... a situation that only began to change with the coming of various labor reforms, but that's getting ahead of ourselves really.

Who was the public of the melodrama? Really all types of public, although the stereotype of fans of this type of work are usually women of various ages - and it makes sense, already by the end of the 19th century they were a considerable audience/market* for the romance genre.

Extra data: These forms of expression in the Anglo-Saxon world tended to seek more exotic and historical settings, while in the Hispanic-American world they tended to the social reality of the moment.

[Elections of 1818]

The first democratic government of the Federal League was a "success" in the sense that it didn't explode, and it led to a civil war or something like that, that's pretty good.

The people of the Federal League then gave democracy another chance, leading to the elections of 1818.

There really isn't much to say about these elections yet, which is slightly worrisome.

At the time of the election itself, there was no call to address important issues and politics was not yet mature enough for the development of large campaigns or opinions on political issues.

The ship seemed to simply run its course, while the national economy developed and people enjoyed the arts, gastronomy, etc.

On the horizon, though, things could become a bit more worrisome - some Anglo-Saxons and/or Anglo-Americans feared the growing demographic of the Federal League during its desert conquests (both North American continent, that would serve as points of international trade and mineral extraction, and the South American continent, that would serve as points of agro-export), and its growing cultural influence in sections of the US population.

Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu as Governor-General of Mexico/New Spain, as an independent candidate.

Antonio Amador José Nariño y Álvarez del Casal as Governor-General of New Granada, as a candidate for the Whites.

José Domingo de La Mar y Cortázar as Governor-General of Peru, as an independent candidate.

Bernardino de la Trinidad González de Rivadavia y Rodríguez de Rivadavia as Governor-General of the Río de la Plata, as a candidate for the Reds.

Round of capitals: Buenos Aires (La Plata); Mexico City (New Spain/Mexico); Lima (Peru); Santa Fe de Bogota (New Granada/Gran Colombia).

[Dynasty]

May 2 (1818), the second daughter of Ferdinand I of the Americas and Maria Augusta of Saxony is born - Isabel Natalia María de Borbón, Imperial Princess (of Gran Colombia).

By 1822 there were 4 imperial princesses, each with a title (the eldest the Imperial Princess of Mexico, and the youngest the Imperial Princess of La Plata).

"At least one of them will like to play fútbol."

-As Ferdinand I used to said.

[International]

January 1, the British have a decisive victory at the Battle of Koregaon over the Marathas.

5 days later, on January 6, the Mandeswar Treaty is signed - ending the third Anglo-Maratha war, which ends Maratha domination and begins English domination over a territory inhabited by 180 million Indians.

January 3, Venus occults Jupiter in the last occultation of one planet by another, until November 22 of 2065.

February 5, death of the last Swedish king of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, Charles XIII of Sweden, who is succeeded by Eugène Rose de Beauharnais (of the House of Beauharnais), stepson of Napoleon I Bonaparte.

With this the Bonapartes (or well, at least related to them) are on the following thrones: France (Napoleon I), Holland (Louis I), Spain (Joseph) and Westphalia (Jerome) - and Sweden, due to Eugene.

March 22, Easter Sunday in Western Christianity falls on its earliest possible date.

In Western Christianity, such event will not occur on this date again until the year 2285.

April 4, the United States Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having thirteen red and white stripes, and one star for each state (twenty).

April 18, Scottish Royal Navy officer and explorer John Ross sets sail on his ship, the Isabella, in search of the Northwest Passage (the supposed and/or proposed sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic).

June 18, at least 34 people are killed in Switzerland, when the melting of a glacier releases the natural dam of Lac de Mauvoisin.

[Non-Canon omake - you can consider it canon if you want tho]

-I still don't fully understand the relationship between you two...- Maria Augusta mentions Fernando and Alfonso...

Before the butler opens his mouth, Fernando does.

-The Alfred of my Bruce Wayne/Bruno Díaz! The Watson of my Sherlock Holmes!- Fernando insists...

That doesn't really explain anything.

-Sir, if you keep inventing characters to explain our relationship, people are going to invent rumors.- Alfonso mentions, his face and tone rather inexpressive, as always.

-Well...He's Rocinante and I'm Don Quixote!- Fernando finally arrives at a reference that Maria more or less understands...wait.

-Why am I the horse?- Afonso asks...

-Because I already have a Sancho Panza.- Fernando exclaims, raising his black cat Sancho, which meows towards Alfonso and Maria - he [Sancho] came first, he is just letting them [Alfonso and Maria] know...

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Threadmarks Side update - historic character: Tomás Alva.

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

11edison.1.600.jpg

Tomás Alva Edison is perhaps one of the most recognized scientists and businessmen of the modern age, particularly for the large number of patents under his name (more than 1000 according to some).

Tomás's grandfather was Don Jose de la Luz Alva, born in San Martín de las Pirámides - administrator of diligencias. And his father was Samuel Alva Ixtlixóchitl (born in Chihuahua), an engineer dedicated to mining (or simply a miner, according to some).

Neither of the two men was foreign to Zacatecas, where they lived intermittently for work reasons.

Some claims that Tomás Alva could trace his genealogy back to pre-Columbian America, to one of the daughters of the chief of the Acolhua chiefdom of Texcoco, Ixtlixóchitl - who married the Spanish conquistador Don Fernando de Alva.

This couple would have been where the last name Alva Ixtlilxóchit comes from, apparently (at least a son from them was a historian, Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl/Fernando de Alva Cortés).

The main branch of the descendants of Don Fernando de Alva and Ixtlixóchitl settled in the Teotihuacan valley, which was granted to them after the conquest.

The lineage of Ixtlixóchitl for its part would be traced back to the Alcolhua monarch (Tlatoani) Nezahualcóyotl of Tetzcoco.

Tomás Alva's mother was Nancy Edison, who came from gringo lands. And that as is tradition, her own last name become the second last name of her son.

His story begins in 1847, in the small town of San Martín de las Piramides (State of Mexico, New Spain/Mexico), with a Samuel Alva Ixtlixóchitl, who for work reasons moved to Sombrerete, Zacatecas, where Tomás Alva Edison was born (others claim he was born in San Mateo de Valparaíso, Zacatecas or Santa Maria Palapa, in San Martín de las Piramides).

Church clergy record his birth on February 18, 1848—the family lived at N19 Calle Iturbide, and young Tomás attended a local school.

He studied in what is now the 3210 teachers' center, behind the Valencia restaurant.

Some teacher suspected that Tomás Alva suffered from attention problems, or even "mental retardation" (as some problems were called during that time). What is certain is that Tomás Alva was partially deaf, although we don't know why (it could have been due to a childhood illness or something else).

Nancy Edison was in charge of his education from then on, and provided him with all kinds of support for his intellectual development.

At the age of 19, Tomás Alva emigrated from Sombrerete.

His parents send him to Mexico City, the capital of New Spain/Mexico, at the end of 1867.

Tomás Alva entered full of illusions and hopes, finally a great city where he could exploit all his potential. He originally stayed in the Portales of Santo Domingo, then in front of the New Spain/Mexico Secretary of Public Education.

He visited libraries, interacted with people of different academic levels, and developed some of his ideas—developing already around this time according to some, some of his first patents.

However, he did not have all the resources for these enterprises and did not receive all the support he expected it from others in the Mexican capital, which disappointed Tomas Alva.

This motivated him to emigrate to El Norte - the lands of Alta California to Tejas/Texas.

His first job was actually selling newspapers and candy to train passengers.

Currently from these experiences, Tomas Alva eventually learned to use the telegraph, a skill that served him well in its historical context.

By the end of 1874, Tomas Alva invested much of his saved money in the development of his laboratory, which would lead him to fame and success.

Quickly time passed and Tomás Alva achieved notable achievements in the scientific and business area, he was already commemorated at this time in his native Sombrerete.

English-speaking industrialists were quite interested in him, perhaps because of his great commercial-entrepreneurial inclinations, but Tomás Alva, it seems, spoke English rather clumsily (and apart from Spanish, at most, he spoke some Portuguese).

Edison's talent laid in part in knowing how to use the means of mass production and intellectual property rights of the time, which benefited him to make a profit (the right person at the right time).

A very "Protestant" character in reality.

In the business and political arena, Tomas Alva was a friend of Don José Evaristo Madero Elizondo (military and businessman, later provincial governor), who gave him sponsorship and resources from Parras, Chihuahua.

Tomas Alva also rubbed shoulders with some of the highest authorities and industrialists in New Spain/Mexico, and the Federal League through these connections.

He gave some of the first phonographs to the Governor of New Spain and to the Emperor.

Between 1892 and 1926-1927, he attempted to communicate with and reconnect with his remote relatives to the South, with rather mixed results.

After 1935, years after the death of Tomas Alva, we find many letters sent from the North to his native Sombrerete, San Martín de las Pirámides and Santa María Palapa...

Letters that never reached their recipients, because the postman did not deliver them. Things that happen.

In the letters he attached some of his patents and some other material, now kept in the General Archive of the Nation.

Some Alva from the Zacatecas area seem to claim that Tomás Alva was their ancestor (although this is contradicted by official records), it is an unverifiable claim at the moment.

f768x1-638736_638863_24.png

Plaque of the house in Zacatecas: "In this house Tomas Alva Edison was born in February 18 of 1848".

Last edited: Apr 13, 2023

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I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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[Bank]

The late year of 1818 sees in the Federal League, whose northern neighbor was going through the preliminaries of a financial panic, some transformation in its banking system - with the creation of a Central Bank.

The high trade of certain ports of the country was the main driver of the first national banks, lenders and financial activity that, in general, speculated with the public debt of the State and the like...

Therefore this primitive banking system, formed by "societies/companies of credit and exchange", was confined especially to the urban centers, and was associated with commercial activity and speculation. Neither the national scale, nor the linkage with production, are recognized as characteristics of the banking sector born during this early period in the history of the Federal League.

We must say that, most likely, the majority of the political elite of the Federal League in the absolute majority of the 19th century were "classical liberals" or pure liberals, who adhered to the theories of economic liberalism... except when it did not suit them.

The ruling governments of the time show that they are more than capable of breaking pragmatically with their principles. In this case, in the formation of a state that is economically active.

Result of the importance of limiting the fluctuations of international trade in the export of raw materials and agricultural-livestock products, which were an important part of the economy of the Federal League (and still are).

Some authors therefore maintain that the creation of a central bank in the Federal League was not so much an economic maneuver (if economic and social realities were expected to be radically reformed), but rather a political one.

Although the Federal League, with its moderately meritocratic ideas and the protection of the economically and socially disadvantaged sectors (popularly called at the time, "the (most) unfortunate" - widows, orphans, freemen and descendants of slaves, etc.), may seem radical, some of their intentions were, at least underlyingly, "conservative."

It was about extending the functions of the State in order to ensure the balance of forces between the different social classes and enhance the role of the political system - the State in turn, arguably, could be becoming more oligarchic-entrepreneurial.

Model criticized from the "Left" and the "Right", intellectual and political, with regard to the issues of economy.

In a similar range of ideas, then, some argue that the Federal League was already making important economic strides, without the urgent need for a central bank to boost agriculture, industry or strengthen the "middle-class" social sectors (which some argue, dont exist in first place).

Soon there was a large branch of the Central Bank in Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Santa Fe de Bogota, Manila and Lima - with other smaller branches expanding to other Federal League cities in the coming years.

Paper money would be issued and backed in gold and silver, first in the so-called "silver peso" and the "gold doubloon" (eventually simply transformed into "the peso" backed by gold - currency of the Federal League). Fractions smaller than these were copper.

Paper notes were convertible into precious metal, a guarantee against excessive issuance and debasement of the currency - although such a measure also has problems, like for example, should the value of the metal become greater than that of the currency.

However, without this guarantee of "convertibility", hardly anyone would have been persuaded to accept paper money.

Gold backing would eventually become synonymous with "reliable" over the next few decades, almost a whole century.

This was the "full" introduction of industrial capitalism into the Federal League, "modernity" - at least according to some.

This later attracted some Brazilians from royal-imperial Brazil, such as Irineu Evangelista de Sousa, Viscount of Mauá.

[New state: Philippines and East Indies]

Around the same time, the Spanish East Indies became a Federal League state of its own, having been separated from New Spain/Mexico - this state was "Philippines and the East Indies", with capital in the city of Manila.

This under a decision of the Senate and a referendum in the islands (or well, the cities of the islands for the most part - it is difficult to collect votes from the most remote regions).

A more or less pragmatic decision to also facilitate the management of the old Spanish East Indies.

This brought about a series of transformations in the Philippines - banking, industry and education flourished like never before in the previous two centuries.

And with it also increased colonization efforts in the Philippines, the gate of trade to Asia for the Federal League.

Religious orders continued to play a major role in the Philippines at the time (such as the Jesuits), but we also have the resulting considerable increase in Asian Latin Americans - mostly Catholic Christians, though some eventually appear to have adopted Buddhism and/or Islam. .

Latin Americans/Hispanic Americans began to settle in Asia as early as the 16th century, when the Spanish began bringing them to serve as mercenaries and traders.

Mainly in the context of wars against neighboring peoples, and coordinating trade from the Pacific to the Americas (gems from South Asia, spices from the Southeast, silk and porcelain from the East - pineapples, chocolate and silver from America).

On a small scale, some Latin Americans also began to settle in the ports of Macao/Macau in China and Ternate as a result of the new wave of Latin American migration to the Islands.

The main routes between the Philippines and the East Indies with the other states were Manila-Acapulco (in Mexico), and from Manila to the coast of Peru and Chile.

The conversion of the Philippines into a new state was relatively well received by the region, and meant more representation of the region in the government (now they were no longer integrated within the Mexicans).

But it raised some doubts about whether governments could visit Manila (because come on, visiting 5 capitals in 4 years is more complicated than it seems, one would always be left out - and besides, traveling through the South Pacific is not that easy).

[Of Honor]

We already talked about how in the Federal League a culture of rural life and colonizing expansion developed, which resulted in the rise of "vaqueros/cowboys" (receivers of many names depending on where you ask).

A custom among all of these is that honor was the object of cult and worship, along with its tools (edged weapons, pistols), the horse and the shedding of blood.

British naturalist Charles Darwin, who toured the country in the 1830s, described some of these men: "Their appearance is striking. They are generally handsome, but have in their faces the signs of haughtiness and wantonness; often they have very long hair and moustache. They use brightly colored costumes, their formidable spurs clanging on their heels, their knifes, of which they make frequent use, tucked into their sash. They are extremely courteous; they never drink a drink without inviting company: but they are ready to stab you if the opportunity arises."

And it is that the duel was very important in these stages of the Federal League - it was linked to honor, manliness and "good looks".

The confrontation between two people, more or less formal, for reasons of "honor" is called "duel" - honor is a difficult concept to define, since it varies depending on time and culture, but it is enormously powerful in many civilizations.

Hispanic Americans inherited this in particular from the Latin Mediterranean culture.

Formal duels were a reality in the Federal League until well into the 20th century, and they became much more widespread in rural areas and on the outskirts of towns.

In this Christian society, the duel was often based on God guiding the hand of whoever was right or honorable, a "judgment of God" - so to speak.

The duel could also reinforce or confirm the leadership of a political and military leader - personal courage was closely linked to the leadership of these men of the time. In other words, it had social, personal and political implications.

Until at least the 1860s, it was still common to see dueling on horseback (like jousting) and spear (and pistol...).

Famous Spanish-American romances, contemporary and later, portrayed the cowboy duel that took place in the Federal League as a result of the expansion through the desert (to the North and South), and the construction of settlements of all kinds (there were "suburban" duels and duels between civilians, politicians and others - social class or work did not really stop anyone).

These were literary epics, generally fought with a knife ("that viper, the knife" as many of these works recount), with a manly contempt for one's life, which was valued less than the custody of one's own honor ("died/ as if he did not care" - says the epic).

For some authors, these epics are the chanson de geste/song of heroic deeds of the Americas and its incipient nations separated from the Peninsula - with the introduction of cinema, the duel began to be represented generally with the use of the guns and other new narrative elements, characteristics and resources (OOC: the Western, although the name of the gender would probably be different).

As expected, their more or less mythological characters or adalides also appear. This is the case for example, of Muraña and Iberra, the last, embarrassed or jealous because his brother had more deaths in duel than him, killed him "and thus igualo los tantos (equalized the points)" as the story says...

Many of these duelists among the country men were called compadritos (literally, "little comrades") or malevos (quarrelsome, provocative, and 'bad-living' man, skilled in handling a knife), among other names.

GauchosvonALE.jpg

Dramatization, of a Creole duel in the Federal League.

[International]

July 11, the Bank of the United States reverses its policy of expanding credit, soon they demand immediate repayment of balances due from its borrowers nationwide, with defaults during the next six months, that will trigger the Panic of 1819.

This will result in a long lasting financial crisis, which slows down American expansion to the west and aggravates some of the country's economic problems.

August 4, the United Kingdom general election of 1818 (for the House of Commons) takes place - the Tory Party, then led by Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, retains its control of the government but loses some seats.

In early September, British colonial official Sir Stamford Raffles sets out to visit Governor-General of India, Francis Edward Rawdon-Hastings (Lord Hastings), to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula.

October 20, a treaty between the USA and the United Kingdom (representing British North America in this case) establishes the boundary between them as the 49th parallel.

November 11, Robert Morrison founds the Anglo-Chinese College in Malacca.

December 3, Illinois is admitted as the 21st US state.

[Conspiracy theories]

Francisco_de_Goya_-_Retrato_de_Fernando_VII.jpg

Many have written about the life and times of Ferdinand VII of Spain/I of the Americas, and honestly contemporary and current authors still do not seem to be completely sure what was going through his head, what motivated him, etc.

Conspiracy theories say that Ferdinand I was manipulated by Freemasons or was a Freemason himself - this group in theory wanted to destroy the Spanish Empire, as result of the anti-Freemason policies of the previous Spanish monarchs...

Being then all a conspiracy of several individuals of the same 'order' to definitively end the Spanish Empire and create a new state and a New World Order or something like that... of course these beliefs conflict with other conspiracy theories, such as that the neighboring United States - supposedly they were also founded by Freemasons (which has its share of truth, although it is not as deep or serious...), with the same purposes.

Then there's also the theory that monarchs are reptilians, something from the Vatican, Ancient Aliens and more - all very funny.

(OOC: I like the Ancient Aliens History series...but because is funny as fuck - I also like Assassin's Creed for similar reasons, sometimes).

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Apr 28, 2023

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#448

Threadmarks We will build a canal and make Anglos and French pay for it - Fernando, possibly (1819 to January-June, 1820).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

(1819).

[Mining and engineering]

In the year 1820, certain important events occurred in the development of the Federal League - after passing through Cerro de Pasco (in one of the mining regions of the state of Peru), the British mining engineer Richard Trevithick moved to Gran Colombia.

After passing through Ecuador, Trevitchick settled in the city of Bogotá, capital of the State (a member of the Federal League), where he brought his family from Cornwall.

Some say that because of the problems of radicalism in the country (which was true, there were calls for reforms in parliamentary representation and there seemed to be some riots in England), accusations of negligence, etc.

Trevithick would remain in the country until his death in 1833, so let's focus on what he did before.

Already before 1822, when he moved from Gran Colombia to Costa Rica (New Spain/Mexico), Trevithick began to inquire into his areas of interest-the development of mining machinery, including the means to transport ore and equipment.

If we talk about geography the Gran Colombia (which is an important part of its economic situation and future) the western half of the country was occupied by the Andes mountain range, a central third of the country corresponded to the Orinoco plains (characterized by its extensive savannah covered with grasslands), and the rest corresponded to the wide plain of the Amazon, full of mighty rivers.

Speaking of rivers, in particular the Orinoco and the Magdalena served as waterways for the products that passed through the country - and in addition the state had innumerable bays, gulfs and estuaries suitable as natural ports.

And speaking of mining, since colonial times gold exploitation was relevant in the country's mining sector (and before that gold and copper mining had also been important for some pre-Columbian peoples) - and there were obviously more resources to be exploited ...

Trevithick was drawn to some of these still untapped resources, including coal, which was increasingly in demand.

Incremental demand, accompanied by the beginning of a golden age of infrastructure projects in the country.

[Museums]

For much of their early history, rather than public institutions for preserving or transmitting knowledge, museums were actually halls of curiosities and more for rich people...

Well, maybe that's oversimplifying it - actually these private collections that a few individuals put together, weren't just made for pleasure or scientific curiosity.

They showed how educated one was, how much of the world was known (personally or perhaps by someone else), and the wealth or glory of their estate, the State or more.

And more importantly, they were the prelude to the modern museum, which evolved into these public facilities-services that we know today.

In November 1819 in Mexico City, Emperor Ferdinand I founded, under the influence of his wife, the Museo del Prado, one of the most famous medium-sized museums in New Spain / Mexico.

The museum includes a collection of about 300 works, which is expanding rapidly - and similar museums will soon expand too, which have a more public and scientific character, like modern museums.

The Prado Museum included Hispanic-American artists and peninsular artists who ended up in the Federal League, like the famous Goya.

Of course, while museums are a good thing, they also raise some ethical debates, such as the fact that surely artifacts were taken from their native populations to be brought on display to one of the great cities of a country...

[New State: Cuba and the Caribbean]

Not long after the Philippines and the East Indies became their own states within the Federal League, the proposal for a state in the Caribbean (the former "West Indies") also arose.

This proposal had much more debate about its borders in comparison, especially with regard to the Florida peninsula (located in continental America) and the island of Cuba (the crown jewel of the Spanish-American Caribbean).

The island of Cuba had a great strategic value in the region, both economic and geopolitical and military. It was a key to control of the Gulf of Mexico.

For these reasons, some of the politicians of New Spain/Mexico insisted that it should remain integrated into the state. The problem with this proposal is that precisely without Cuba, a Caribbean state in the League, it would not make much sense...

The Florida peninsula was seen as less important by the Novohispanics/Mexicans, but they still debated a bit between keeping it or 'letting it go'.

Historically there were some Cubans interested in the maintenance of the Antilles in the Novo-Hispanic/Mexican sphere, however they do not seem to have been the majority at any particular time.

In the end, the proposal for a State was formed that included the Florida peninsula, the island of Cuba, the Hispaniola and Puerto Rico (without mentioning the smaller islands or islets) - governed from Havana.

And soon the state of Cuba and the Antilles was formed - or also Cuba and the Caribbean, sometimes.

Name that left the Florida peninsula outside its own state, but in any case marked the orientation of the city of San Agustín more towards Havana and the Caribbean, than towards Mexico City.

The Mexicans would continue trying to promote referendums for the re-integration of Cuba into their state throughout the 19th century (1824-1895), without much success - surely due to the cultural differences and interests between both members.

Screenshot_2023-04-28-17-50-00-595_com.android.chrome~2.jpg

Cuba's ascension to the position of State of the Federal League coincides with the economic preeminence of its economic activities, and the charter of new settlements (such as the city of Cienfuegos, originally called Fernandina de Jagua).

Although other regions of the Spanish-American Caribbean were also beginning to flourish, such as some coastal towns and settlements in Florida.

The new state in part also responds to a trade and its needs through the Caribbean on the part of New Granada/Gran Colombia, Mexico and Central America.

However, something was still missing to further maximize the profits of said Caribbean member of the Federal League...a canal.

Following the line of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain, the Federal League government began to carry out surveys throughout its territory with the intention of creating an inter-oceanic canal linking the Pacific and the Atlantic...

And obviously they would be the beneficiaries of such a canal, not only because of their own trade but also because of the possible taxes and tariffs that they could impose.

Thus, some proposals were soon outlined: the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Mexico), Nicaragua (Mexico) and the Isthmus of Panama (Gran Colombia).

Ultimately Tehuantepec remained an acceptable land route, to which a railway would later be added - and the Isthmus of Panama was accepted as the site for the construction of the inter-oceanic canal, projected to be built in 5 years or more.

The Panama Canal is one of the most important mega-projects of the 19th century, and perhaps it was one of the causes of excitement or fever for similar canal projects to facilitate transportation and increase the economy (although obviously on a smaller scale) - which would pump the number of ships and boats in the Federal League, including the steam-powered vessels becoming more popular with time.

[International]

Ed of the Pueblos Libres said:

July 11, the Bank of the United States reverses its policy of expanding credit, soon they demand immediate repayment of balances due from its borrowers nationwide, with defaults during the next six months, that will trigger the Panic of 1819.

January 2, the first major financial crisis in peacetime in the United States of America begins with the start of the panic of 1819 (which has its origins in 1818).

This panic sees a general collapse in parts of the American economy, a hard economic blow for the Cotton Belt in the South (whose economic growth has slowed down for some years with the economic growth of its competitors),and popular resentment against banking and business enterprise.

As a consequence, more Americans will become politically aware and active in defending their economic interests - which will lead to some protective tariffs in later years.

Others are just going to pack up and move to the nearby Federal League.

The crisis is partly the result of the fact that the American economies (not only the USA we must insist) are passing from colonial economies to more independent economies.

February 6, Treaty of Singapore between Hussein Shah of Johor and Sir Stamford Raffles, leads to the founding of a trading settlement in Singapore.

February 15, as Missouri is about to be admitted to the Union (United States), there forms a debate about slavery in the country that will go to 1820 - the issue is whether slavery should be allowed be expanded into the Louisiana Purchase territories or not (with the free states in the north opposing it, and the southern states somewhat more supportive of the idea).

President Monroe is a bit reluctant to deal with these issues, because he could line up his new friends in the Northern States and line up Virginia and the South.

More important perhaps is that now the issue of slavery is beginning to be even more debated in the House of Representatives and Congress - making the regional political elites perhaps more nervous over time...

March 6, in the case McCulloch v. Maryland, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Bank of the United States is constitutional.

March 23, in the Rhine Confederation, the liberal student Karl Ludwig Sand assassinates the conservative dramatist August von Kotzebue.

April 7, Eugene I of Sweden begins to get closer to the Russian Empire of Alexander I, seeking better relations and perhaps trying to repair the rupture between the Bonapartes and Romanovs (for geo-political purposes of course).

May 22, in Georgia (US) the SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean - ...although only a fraction of the trip will be made under steam.

The American ship will arrive at Liverpool (England) nearly a month later on June 20.

June 16 the Rann of Kutch earthquake takes place in the Arabian Sea coast of the Indian subcontinent (mostly on the Kathiawar peninsula), killing at least 1,543 people and causing an 80–150 km (50–93 mi) stretch of land to be raised as much as 6 m (20 ft) - creating a natural dam, the Allah Bund or Dam of God.

July 1, German astronomer Johann Georg Tralles discovers what will be called the Great Comet of 1819 or Tralles Comet (for obvious reasons).

August 2, as the emancipation of the Jews occurs in Bavaria from the Rhine Confederation, some riots begin by the German population against the Ashkenazi Jewish population - this will last until September-October, leaving several Jews dead .

August 16, English-British cavalry charges into a crowd of radical protesters in Manchester - who were asking for reform on parliamentary representation, resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injured.

At the beginning of October, Russian Orthodoxy begins to become a little more popular among the Hawaiian populations under Russian influence.

October 13, Cutch State enters in rule of East India Company.

November 25, creation of the Trucial States of the Persian Gulf under British influence - after a British expeditionary force has approached Ras Al Khaimah.

December 14, Alabama is accepted into the Union (United States).

Sometime this year Heinrich Marx (1777–1838) and Henriette Pressburg (1788–1863) together with their children move into a ten-room property near the Porta Nigra, Trier (Lower Rhine, Rhine Confederation).

(January-June, 1820).

Perspective.

Fernando is coincidentally attending to one of the lessons of his daughter Maria Alejandra - with Maria Augusta not far away, although more busy with other matters.

Fernando likes to teach his daughter about dinosaurs, but that is not the subject of this lesson...

-...Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus...- The tutor reviews the planets, with a model of the solar system.

-...One is missing.- Fernando mentions, counting with his fingers for a moment - he remembers 8.

Maria Alejandra raised her head a little towards her father.

-Ah, I see that hiks majesty is informed. For some time there was talk of a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, Piazzi named it Ceres, although in the Rhine they seem to call it Hera or Juno...- The tutor mentions, placing one more planet between Mars and Jupiter; Ceres (1801).

Fernando is slightly confused.

-No, I think there's another one around here...- Fernando insists, pointing to the right of Urano/Uranus...

-Excuse your highness, but there is nothing like a planet beyond Uranus...-

-I'll tell you that yes, there is one...- Fernando insists...

-And then you also have something that is not a planet, but a dwarf planet.- Fernando insists to Alfonso while they are walking to find someone to help them contact an astronomer.

Alfonso only listens as always to the chatter of his king.

-And why is a dwarf planet?- Alfonso asks.

-Because it doesn't meet the criteria of a planet. Hence dwarf.- Fernando adds, tho not being that specific yet...

Ferdinand I is a petty petty man, with enough resources to prove others wrong if he can...

After the acceptance of Heliocentrism, until the 19th century there was talk of other missing planets - between the orbits of Venus and Mercury (the so-called Vulcanus), and of Mars and Jupiter (Ceres, later reclassified as a dwarf planet).

However, in the late 1810s and early 1820s, the Federal League made a certain break with these theories - investigating the orbit of Uranus, one would notice deviations caused by an unknown body...

[OOC: OTL this was noticed around 1821 so it would not be weird]

Hypothesizing then a new planet - the astronomers of the Federal League proposed their own names for this hypothetical celestial body, including Ferdinandea (since their patron was Ferdinand I).

A name too political for many others...

A few years later, with refracting telescopes, the existence of said planet would finally be verified, which would be the most distant known planet in the solar system (which was debated for a few decades).

A couple of centuries later, between the 20th and 21st centuries, Federal League astronomers would finally make the category of "dwarf planet(s)" accepted in the field to talk about certain celestial bodies - pushing certain celestial bodies out of planet status, as was done with Ceres (considered an asteroid in the middle of the 19th century, although it later became a Dwarf Planet).

Fernando will be petty enough to sponsor astronomers, solely to prove the astronomical community of his time (specifically the Italians and their 'Ceres') wrong...and he can be incredibly childish in other things as well.

-What is a dinosaur?-Maria Alejandra asks to her father.

-Giant lizards, very amazing things.- Fernando assures to his daughter with absolute confidence...

[Colonialism]

The conquest of the desert by the Spanish-Americans had been a considerable success, and those regions attracted immigrants of all kinds (Catholics from all parts of Europe and more over time).

Regions that had not been exploited before were also being populated and exploited, such as the Malvinas Islands (which recorded their first permanent Spanish-American settlements around this date of 1820).

Perhaps this, and some contemporary ideas, motivated some members of the Federal League, especially from La Plata, to make more efforts to populate Equatorial Guinea - which was governed from Buenos Aires in fact.

And the idea of exploring or colonizing the African continent a little further was also within reach.

In fact, the Spanish-Americans had opened the doors for the conquest of some hitherto inaccessible regions, with the development of Quinine - medicine against malaria.

Some Hispanic-Americans began to populate Guinea a little more, and explore the coasts of West-Central Africa (where there were already some nearby colonies, such as the Portuguese in Angola).

Tho, not materializing in much, yet.

[Dynasty]

April 1, 1820, the third daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I and Maria Augusta of Saxony is born.

Fernando I of the Liga Federal Maria Augusta of Saxony

Maria Alejandra Luisa de Borbón (b. 1816), Imperial Princess of Mexico.

Isabel Natalia María de Borbón (b. 1818), Imperial Princess of Gran Colombia.

Maria Julia Alicia de Borbón (b. 1820), Imperial Princess of Peru.

[International]

January 1, start of a rebellion in Cadiz against the government of Jose/Joseph I Bonaparte - which will be crushed around March 7 in the attempt of the establishment of an independent Spain...

January 27, an expedition of the Imperial Russian Navy led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in the Vostok, with Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, sights the Antarctic ice sheet (one of the two polar ice caps of Earth).

January 29, death of George III of Great Britain, who is succeeded by his son, now George IV (r. 1820-1830) - who in turn will later be succeeded by his daughter Charlotte.

February 6, 86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown.

March 3-6, US President Monroe vetoes the Missouri Compromise for fear of aligning Northerners-Yankees and Southerners.

Soon Missouri enters the Union as a slave state, and Maine as a free state - however the seeds of discord are being sown, as there is no clear limitation on the expansion of slavery in other states possibly admitted later.

A division between opinions and interests within several of the states of the union - that will end with several candidates in the 1820 elections: Monroe (Democratic-Republican, incumbent), John Quincy Adams ("People's Party", a split of the Democratic-Republicans with some of the former Federalists of the North, from Massachusetts), Henry Clay (Democratic-Republican of Kentucky) and John Calhoun (Democratic-Republican of South Carolina).

Planting the bases of the future parties of the USA.

March 3, a fire in Guangzhou (Qing Dynasty) results in more than 15,000 houses burned and an unknown number of deaths.

March 10, foundation of the Astronomical Society of London.

At the beginning of April the Dane Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

May 11, the HMS Beagle is launched at Woolwich Dockyard.

June 5 Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of King George IV of the United Kingdom, returns to England after six years abroad in Italy-the king since his coronation, is seeking approval of a divorce.

Last edited: Apr 28, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Apr 29, 2023

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#462

Threadmarks Immigration and colonialism (July-December, 1820 - January-June, 1821).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

(1820)

[Italy]

The Italian peninsula is divided into more or less four states: the French Empire and the Kingdom of Italy (in 1820 led by Napoleon I), Naples (by Joachim Murat), and the Kingdom of Sicily (by Ferdinand III) - that is to say , the absolute majority in the Napoleonic sphere.

Although at least on paper, this meant the application of certain ideas of a Liberal nature, there were still certain dislikes of the population towards the Bonapartist Empire.

Result of ideological, cultural or pragmatic differences (interests, in short).

Some Italian Nationalists were republican in character, but would also prefer a completely unified Italy - which Napoleon I Bonaparte and associates were somewhat opposed to (unless they could completely run said Italy).

While Italian unification is often said to have been a popular idea, which is true to some extent, it is also true that among segments of the population, there was not even a well-defined concept of "Italia/Italy" (or it could have even been unknown for them).

This led to the outbreak of some rebellions in and around Naples, led by some military officers and 'Carbonari' societies.

Of course the established order responded by crushing these rebellions to maintain the status quo.

This meant that some Italians were exiled from the country and migrated abroad: the Federal League began its "Italian century", which meant a huge flow of Italian immigrants from 1820 to 1920 (with its ups and downs, but constant nonetheless).

This migration included Italians from all over the peninsula, from the North to the South - and members of all kinds of professions, and socio-economic classes.

Similar to the Catholic Germans and Irish, Ferdinand I allowed the creation of some battalions or corps by the Italians.

[Trivia: It is said that among the innumerable list of Hispanic-Americans with Italian roots, there is a bastard son (with his descendants too) of a cardinal or of Giovanni Maria Mastai himself, that is, Pope Pius IX.

But this is also getting into the history of supposed love affairs, some of the Italian regiments of the Federal League, lost treasures (collected more or less illegally), etc.

[African colonies]

Following the expansive trends of the previous period, and following the more or less successful Portuguese model - colonists from La Plata, after arriving in Equatorial Guinea, sought to expand part of their colonial possessions along the coast in Africa.

A route to the north sought to expand through the Gulf of Guinea, reaching some of the areas of the Rio dos Camarões or simply Camarões - a name that the Portuguese named for the abundance of shrimp in the rivers.

The area where the settlers arrived had a humid climate - it was between the short dry season, the strong wet season (between October and November) and the beginning of the long dry season (from December to May).

And as if that were not enough, the region was red earth, full of faults and rather marginally productive - although cocoa and rubber could be grown, it was also possible to fish and raise cattle, and to develop activities such as mining and lumber.

It should also be said that the northern route was not devoid of natives, especially Beti-speaking Bantu tribesmen.

The other route went further south, following the estuary that collects water from the Komo River (which also empties into the Gulf of Guinea, and rises from the Woleu-Ntem plateau, not far away).

This region had an equatorial climate, riddled with tropical rainforests - although there were more habitable coastal plains for first contact.

The region was not uninhabited either, in the estuary they found the Mpongwe...with whom at least one clan (of which they seem to have been in more or less usual conflict) accepted a treaty with the Rio de la Plata, allowing them to make a fort -settlement

Screenshot_2023-04-29-18-32-01-989_com.android.chrome~2.jpg

Red: Equatorial Guinea, under La Plata.

Orange: Zone of expansion, Northern route and Southern route.

Pink: Portuguese Angola.

[International]

July 13, in the kingdom of Naples (directed then by Joachim Murat; r. 1808-1825) certain altercations between the government and some military personnel, such as the brothers Guglielmo and Florestino Pepe (or their republican cousin Gabriele Pepe) take place. .

Which ends in a certain purge and reorganization of the army in Naples, which also seeks to eliminate the influence of companies not very loyal to the government of Murat (and Napoleon, to a lesser extent).

Although Guglielmo Pepe had served the Bonapartes, Murats and Napoles well - discontent had grown between both parties. Partly because of the general's willingness to use the "Carbonari" revolutionary societies as militias for political purposes, and the like...

While it is true that Murat could establish certain liberal measures, not all 'Italian' patriots were happy, and obviously having these conflicts of interest posed problems.

July 31, a fire breaks out in the wine depot at the Bercy section of Paris.

Supposedly in the absence of water to supply the engines, an attempt was made to extinguish the flames with wine, eventually forming a "lake" of 50 ft. square and more than a foot deep.

The fire continued to rage, and resulted in great destruction of property.

August 1, completion and opening of the Regent's Canal through to the London Docks.

August 24, a military insurrection begins in the city of Porto, northern Portugal - starting the Revolução Liberal, which calls for the return of the court to Portugal and the formation of a constitutional monarchy.

September 2, the accession of the Daoguang Emperor to the throne of the Qing dynasty.

October 25-November 20, Eugene I of Sweden concludes an alliance with Alexander I's Russian Empire, which soon includes Prussia (under Frederick William III) and Hungary.

This brings considerable peace or at least a sense of peace to Eastern Europe, and causes quite a bit of panic among the British - in what some Londoners say was an attempted restoration of the continental system of Eugene I's stepfather (Napoleon I).

The truth is that surely the Swedish monarch was not ambitious enough to try that-but he was interested in the alliance, and perhaps he was already setting his sights on some territories.

December 3, United States Presidential Election - as mentioned above, in the end there were 4 candidates (3 of them from the same party actually).

James Monroe wins re-election, but by a slim margin - second comes John Quincy Adams, with his "People's Party" (a fraction of the Democrat-Republicans, and what's left of the Federalist Party). The candidate some of the Northern sates, in opposition to Monroe after the veto of the Missouri compromises and amendments.

Adams is going to have a significant role in the administration anyway...

But perhaps more important is how this election is the seed of important regionalisms between some of the States of the American Union, and future political parties.

The differences between Yankeedom and Dixieland, between free and slaver states, are increasing.

Perspective.

Fernando is reunited with his brother-in-law Joao VI and his nephew Pedro - the group of three lazy men is having an asado (barbecue), not long after learning about the affairs of Porto and Lisbon...

There are also of course Sancho and Alfonso (Fernando's pet and servant)...and the other Alfonso (Joao's servant) and Joao's pug.

Not far behind are Maria Augusta and Fernando's daughters, and some of Joao's other children - although not as close to Fernando as Joao and Pedro (arguably, Fernando's favorite nephew - tho not always heir apparent as some authors would claim).

Carlota is, as Fernando designates, prohibited from the barbecue - in its place she is in another of the places of the palace in Lima. Where she can spit all the poison she wants, which won't hurt anyone either...

-What to do...- Joao meditates again, worried, until his Alfonso gives him the choripan of course.

-If you ask me, you already know that I would not touch the Iberian peninsula even with a stick.- Fernando mentions emphatically, although he thinks about it a bit...

-Maybe just to get Iberic ham, and that would be taking a risk for my part to be honest.- Fernando mentions, trembling slightly while his Alfonso prepared the salad.

Fernando does not know exactly what the common people of the Peninsula will think of him, but he imagines that nothing too positive.

The Peninsulares who move to the League praise him, even in person, although Fernando couldn't tell if they are sincere either...

-You are as wise as always sir...- Alfonso mentions with indifference.

For a second Fernando would almost believe it, if he didn't know his servant well.

-If I'm honest, I would propose that you make Brazil independent from Portugal, and let them decide what to do next.- Fernando mentions while taking a bite of the meat between his hands.

-Your old reliable trick without a doubt.- Joao VI mentions laughing, taking the words of his brother-in-law lightly, at least initially...

-Take the old Court there and leave Miguel as king for them then, abdicate and you could came back here with an independent Brazil. And Pedro too, as heir.- Fernando mentions relaxed, perhaps he himself is not taking his idea completely seriously.

But he does think that Brazil would have to become independent from Portugal sooner or later...

Pedro is taken by surprise, he has known for a long time the inclinations of his uncle-who always seems to have hated Iberia.

But such a proposal would never have been expected...

-... Fernando, you are a genius!- Joao VI insists, while Fernando and his Alfonso (and Sancho) almost choked - they does not usually hear Fernando's name associated with 'genius'.

Carlota hates Fernando for several reasons, one indeed, he can't be silent for his own good sometimes...

The division of Portugal from the Braganzas was planned at a barbecue in Lima, held by Fernando I - very suspicious according to many...

Although it is true, it may be that Joao VI had already had the idea since the Peninsular War and the founding of the Federal League by his brother-in-law Fernando I.

We are not entirely clear about the intentions of Fernando VII/I, who seems to have expressed certain sentiments in favor of the self-determination of Hispano-America from the European colonial powers (expressed obviously by his positions in favor of separating the colonies of Spain and Brazil from Portugal), and even Republicanism, in some occasions...

But we have more clear the consequences of such projects.

On July 3 of 1821, Joao VI of Portugal would return to his country - leading to the division of the Portuguese empire in two the following day July 4: Brazil, a few years later under Pedro I, and Portugal under Miguel I (who took the rest of the territories).

(1821)

[Ripe Fruit Doctrine/Monroe-Adams Doctrine]

Since its emancipation from English rule, the United States had expansionist plans, which sought to dominate other territories in the Western Hemisphere.

See the expansion into lands of the Native Americans, or their desire to annex part of the Antilles.

James Madison, American Founding Father and President, proclaimed in 1810: "(…) the position of Cuba gives the United States a deep interest in the fate… of that Island that… could not be satisfied with its fall under any European government, which could make that possession an asset against the commerce and security of the United States."

After just over a decade of similar words, John Quincy Adams - shortly after the 1820 presidential election - expressed the "ripe fruit/low-hanging fruit" doctrine on April 23 of 1821, also known as the Monroe-Adams Doctrine.

Named after President Monroe, and Adams (Secretary of State, and later President himself).

According to his words: "(...) there are laws of political gravitation as there are of physical gravitation, and just as a fruit separated from its tree by the force of the wind cannot, even if it wants to, stop falling to the ground... once separated from Spain and broken the artificial connection that links it with it, Hispanic America is unable to sustain itself, it must necessarily gravitate towards the North American Union, and towards it exclusively, while to the Union herself, by virtue of the law itself, will be impossible for her to not admit it into her bosom.".

A manifest desire for expansionist-imperialist ambitions, corresponding to the 19th century - In Adams's opinion, Hispanic America (mainly the Federal League, although it could also extend to the entire continent in general) was an 'appendage' of the American Union, with their political and commercial interests.

The American Union wanted its living space, a backyard and domain area, under the corollary of "America for the Americans" (America for the US-Americans rather).

This meant imagining that there were still ties that united Hispanic America and others with colonial Europe - such as the monarchy, the presence of Peninsulares, etc.

This would result in a theoretical and practical trial phase of the United States, with the intention of tearing the Federal League to pieces in its backyard - mainly northern New Spain/Mexico, and the Spanish-American Caribbean.

This was one of the causes of the filibustering attempts, for example. Although of course said doctrine took more than one form.

Hispanic-Americans of course would eventually respond, with their own historical goals and ideological-political proposals.

[International]

From January 21 to 28, the officer of the Russian Empire Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen discovers the Peter I and Alexander Islands in Antarctica (As a curiosity, Alexander Island is the largest island in Antarctica).

March 4, James Monroe begins his second presidential term.

Not long after John Quincy Adams, his Secretary of State, would put the 'Ripe Fruit' doctrine (or Monroe-Adams Doctrine) into words.

March 25, start of the Greek War of Independence, carried out by Greek rebels against the Ottoman Empire.

May 5, death of Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte of France - according to most, from stomach cancer, although some suspect poisoning.

Napoleon I is succeeded by his son Napoleon II, Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte. Also known as L'Aiglon ("the Eaglet"), and Franz, at least to his Austrian family (now a minor power since the last coalition war).

Napoleon II rose when he was barely 10 years old, and obviously entered the regency because of his mother and other officials, including the Governor of Rome, Jean Bernadotte.

The Napoleonic Empire could be hanging by a thread...

June 14, King Badi VII of Sennar surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of the Funj Sultanate in Sudan - likewise Egyptian military activities in Sudan will continue until about 1824.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Apr 30, 2023

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#485

Threadmarks Side update - El Indio awards (1928/1929 - Present).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

The "El Indio" awards (officially, Premio al Mérito / Merit Awards), are the most prestigious awards of the Seventh Art (cinema) in the Federal League - which have been awarded annually since 1929, to the best professionals in various categories of the industry.

It is around 34 centimeters in height, and 3.85 kilograms in weight.

The original idea and design of the awards are attributed to the Irish-born Novo-Hispano/Mexican art director, Sergio Gibbons (b. name Cedric Gibbons) - in a relationship, and later married in 1930, with actress María de los Dolores Asúnsolo y López Negrete (better known as Dolores del Río).

Gibbons designed a statuette of a knight with a sword, running through a film reel, on a marble base. Modeled after his uncle, a Spanish knight-although this could be half true, and the statue could have been modeled after the Egyptian god Ptah.

This original design was made in a plaster-mold sketch, and cast in bronze - it was ultimately 34.29 centimeters (13.5 inches) tall, and weighed 3.85 kilograms (8.5 pounds).

Before it was first awarded, however, there were certain changes to the prizes. That would lead to their particular nickname of "El Indio".

The filmmaker and actor Emilio El Indio Fernandez, a friend of Sergio Gibbons and Dolores del Río - he suggested (after being asked for his honest opinion by Gibbons) that the statuette should have a more stylized design, because it had ended up being "panzón" (fat, in short).

So Dolores del Río, we don't know if seriously or jokingly, suggested to her partner that they use Emilio Fernandez as a model - at that time he was in good shape.

And Gibbons seems to have liked that idea.

Supposedly Emilio El Indio Fernandez, was originally not entirely convinced - however Dolores del Río's insistence and the promise of a few pesos convinced him.

... And more importantly, Emilio Fernandez accepted because of his ego and professional pride - the idea that his figure would be the most important film award of his time ended up convincing him completely.

This refined the original design of the statuette, now with a broad back, muscular figure, and a slim waist.

More important, the awards soon earned the nickname of one of his inspirational figures, El Indio (adopted officially in 1939, but already in use since the years of 1928-1929) — which well represents one of the multi-ethnic and cultural natures of the Federal League.

Since then, every director, screenwriter, actor/actress and more who have won an El Indio award have taken a piece of actor and director Emilio Fernandez with them - and of the cultural wealth of the country.

Curiously, although this would make the name of Emilio Fernandez quite famous, the peak of his career began after the first awards were given, in the decade of the 1930s.

indio-fernandez.png

Actor and director Emilio "El Indio" Fernandez, and the El Indio awards that have his nickname.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#491

Threadmarks Some perspectives mostly - July-September, 1821.

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Fernando, Maria Augusta, and their girls - and a whole delegation from the Federal League included - are on a tour of Europe.

Mainly accompanying the royal family and the Portuguese court on their way to Lisbon, and for the funeral of Napoleon I Bonaparte, the Ogre...

Oh well, most of the delegation is at the emperor's funeral...Fernando is running from his sister Carlota and his brother Carlos...

Fernando and Alfonso navigate as best they can among the myriad of guests, greeting some and faking smiles - Fernando grabs a drink or appetizer... before running on, which he's good at.

-Fernando!- Carlos calls his older brother, angry of course, he hasn't seen Fernando in years - Fernando for his part, would have preferred that trend to continue.

-Carlos, we are at a funeral. Do not take the attention away from the dead.- Fernando insists a few meters away, slightly cornered by his brother, who takes a few steps forward.

Carlos had never conspired against his father or brother, but Fernando always responded with silence or clear treason to the patria...

-Don't talk about the dead. You never went to your father's or mother's funeral, but you come to Napoleon's funeral...- Carlos claims, his face somewhat reddened.

-Maybe my invitation got lost in the mail...- Fernando insists hands up, watching Carlos clench his fists.

-Fernando... you've always thought yourself more intelligent and better than the others...- Carlos starts to speak, soon interrupted.

-I am.- Fernando mentions, he has the empire for a reason (and damn he can prove some people wrong), before receiving a well-deserved blow to the face.

A few drops of blood run down Fernando's nose, who tries to pretend -You have just screw yourself...- Fernando swears and swears, his brother and he breathing hard through their noses.

Later some other monarchs want to talk with Fernando, like Eugene of Sweden or Joseph Bonaparte, but then he was not that much in the mood.

-Honey, you can't avoid your family forever.- Maria Augusta mentioned to her husband reasonably.

-Of course I can darling. Keep driving Alfonso!-Fernando mentions proud as he is, while he holds his mate and a cookie.

The butler then keeps the carriage running throughout Paris, avoiding as much as possible getting close to where his siblings are.

Meanwhile the girls look at the town - in case the horses get tired, well, there's always another carriage.

The benefits of being a monarch.

-Run Alfonso, before they find out!- Fernando insists to his butler, after all they have a busy schedule, so they should go to their ship...

Despite having his hands full, Alfonso runs after his king-emperor.

-What did you do now, sir?- Afonso asks cold as always.

Apart from having made a practical joke in his brother Carlos's room - like all good older brothers bothering the younger one...

Ferdinand I sent the Iberians certain letters - subtle enough to show some support for Carlos as the future King of Spain in case Joseph I did not have a legitimate male heir...

It should be said that even the supposed support of Fernando I, or the possibility of support from Fernando I, was enough to lower the popularity of Carlos Maria Isidro and other Bourbon pretenders of Spain.

Or at least that's what some authors say, who argue that this single move by Ferdinand I to screw his relatives, could have extended the Napoleonic Empire and fermented the anti-Bourbon / republican cause in Spain.

Other said that by itself this wasn't much of a deal, but the Federal League then supporting the Republican causes in Spain did have some later impacts.

Of course the first proposal would be falling into the theory of the Great Man, but it is true that sometimes the subjectivity of some people can have its effects in history...

In this case, Fernando I and his bad relationship with his siblings.

-Do you know what is wonderful about this, Pedro?- Fernando mentions to his nephew, a few moments after Joao VI ratified the papers arising from the Liberal Revolution.

That is, the division of the Kingdom of Brazil and the Kingdom of Portugal (and other territories) - making Pedro the crown prince of independent Brazil, and Miguel the king of Portugal.

-Yes?- Pedro asks curiously...

Between the fanfare and celebrations...

-We took a party away from the Gringos.- Fernando celebrates, now Brazil and the USA share the 4th of July...

For now at least.

But it's excuse enough for Fernando to celebrate... before he didn't a man who takes every opportunity to be lazy and drink, eat or see fireworks... because come on, it's a gringo celebration...

Fernando's plans had gone off without a hitch in this, even with the opposition of Carlota's annoyance...

Brazil and Portugal parted ways peacefully, surely never to be one again.

"Separate the knot, without breaking it" - as some would say later.

Of course, certain cultural or historical ties remained, but now Brazil was beginning its independent life, as Fernando insisted.

This would of course have its consequences - as for example, Miguel I would later try to restore absolutism in opposition to the Liberals.

What to say about the consequences for the future of Brazil and several colonies as well.

Fernando makes a brief stop in the Italian peninsula, visits some members of the Church and Nobility - and most importantly, he visits the place where his parents died, Rome and the Barberini palace...

-Would you like a moment alone, sir? I can notify the ma'am and the children.- Alfonso offers, after the two of them had gone a little ahead of Maria Augusta and the girls.

-I would prefer that you stay...- Fernando mentions, hands behind his back...

True, Fernando always preferred the Americas over Iberia (and this also translated to some preferences over his royal Iberian family), but he had spent years with Carlos IV and Maria Luisa de Parma.

He had some affection for the old man and his mother (his step-father and step-mother technically?), although he was never very good at expressing it...

And now it was too late...

-Do you know that I love you a lot?- Fernando tells Maria Alejandra and Isabel Natalia.

-Aha!- The girls answer one after the other.

Maria a bit confused, while Isabel is unconcerned by the words of her father.

-Very well, let's eat something.- Fernando insists, and his daughters follow him like ducks.

They are in Italy, there is a lot of culinary opportunity and Fernando is not going to waste it.

-I don't know Alfonso, I feel that people expect a lot from me... And I already have everything I could want. No?- Fernando mentions, leaning back a bit in the chair.

-No one promised you that life would be simple, sir...- Alfonso mentions calmly.

Alfonso's words are strangely comforting, in his own way.

-You're right, but I'd prefer if it was simple.- Fernando insists, placing his hands behind his head for a moment while Afonso passes him a plate of food.

Meanwhile, Fernando's guest arrives, Juan José Rafael Teodomiro de O'Donojú y O'Ryan - or more simply, Juan O'Donojú.

A Catholic nobleman of Irish roots, peninsular, who had arrived in New Spain a few years before, after the defeat at the hands of the Bonapartists at Cadiz - a man in his 59 years of age, of liberal ideas, with a talent for reading people thanks to his experience in military intelligence, and knew secrets and how to keep them...

-Your Majesty.- Juan O'Donojú greets, receiving a reciprocal greeting from Fernando I and Alfonso the butler -I have recently spoken with don Iturbide, the governor of New Spain.-

-Any matter in particular?- Fernando asks...

-I suspect, knowing men within similar societies, that the same evils that existed in the Spain of his father and his ancestors are beginning to appear in the Federal League...- Don Juan O'Donojú warns, the same warning as he did to Iturbide.

Fernando is a little more attentive now.

Not long after in the 1822 elections, Juan O'Donojú himself became governor of New Spain/Mexico, but more important perhaps, he was the first head of the "Ministry of Police" - laying the groundwork for espionage/intelligence services in the Federal League, and the bases of the modern ministry of the interior.

On the basis that there were interest groups that wanted to divide up the country, repeating the corruption and problems that existed in the Peninsula in the new independent nation.

[International]

July 4, independence of Brazil from Portugal, leading to the founding of the Empire of Brazil.

July 19, coronation of George IV of the United Kingdom.

September 4/16, the Russian Empire proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, in what is the territory of Alyaska.

Last edited: Apr 30, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#521

Threadmarks French-speaking people are also received in the League... (October-December 1821; January-June 1822).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Flashback]

Fernando I is in the French Empire of the Bonapartes, for what is the funeral of Napoleon I - also attend the maternal family of the new monarch (Napoleon II), the Habsburgs.

Whose seat of power, Austria, has been reduced to a second-rate power (even the Polish-Ukrainian parts are now cut off from Austria proper) - with a new Hungary and a mighty Russia in the east.

But about all that politicking, Fernando doesn't care too much...

-Can you give me back the penacho (headdress) of Moctezuma II?-Fernando asks Francis I of Austria directly, who has no idea what the Spanish is speaking about.

1024px-Feather_headdress_Moctezuma_II.JPG R24SXSZGFZFFBA43P3UMJCIA4E.jpg

The so-called "Penacho of Moctezuma" vs the so-called Penacho of Cuauhtémoc.

Moctezuma II's famous headdress was probably never worn by the huey tlatoani of Mexico-Tenochtitlán, but simply had it made for Cortés as a gift - and Cortez sent it to his king Carlos I (V of the Holy Roman Empire).

Carlos I for his part kept it in Germany, where the headdress was collecting dust for centuries as part of an inventory - even some pieces were lost.

Little is said about the less famous headdress of Cuauhtémoc, which was used by the last tlatoani.

The Aztec Empire was governed by heavy superstitions, one of the reasons for its fall - which manifested itself with the arrival of the Spanish, led by Hernan Cortés and his many native American allies (fed up of the politics of the Aztec empire).

Before the fall, Cuauhtémoc put together one last defense of Tenochtitlán, and knowing what the Spanish were after, supposedly hid many of the treasures of his empire from them (and if they exist, many are still lost).

One of these treasures that Cuauhtémoc did not want to fall into Spanish hands, did not have great physical beauty but immense symbolism - Cuauhtémoc's feathered crown, or headdress.

So he handed it over to the Tlatocán, the supreme council of the tlatoani. Whose members were also captured with the fall of Cuauhtémoc and Tenochtitlán.

As a consequence, the headdress fell into the hands of the Iberians, who transported it to Spain, and ended up in Austria as well.

Extended, the headdress measures only about 28 centimeters - its central structure is a circle of 8 centimeters and little more, with a double wooden cross in the center (which helps to support the entire weight of the piece).

Almost the entire headdress is made of feathers from an unknown bird species, woven together to form highly detailed figures of flowers. Forming in total, what must have been almost or more than 200 "flowers".

Some speculate that if it did not belong to the tlatoani, it must have belonged to someone of high hierarchy - since not all people in pre-Hispanic Mexico could wear this type of headdress.

In any case, the feathered headdress would be one of the few pieces of pre-Hispanic feather art that has been preserved to our times.

It was in Mexica society, a symbol of religious and military power, and a symbol of nobility. Dedicated to representing the power possessed by the rulers of society.

The flowers made with feathers represented the 'shadow' of the gods and rulers, and people then believed that they possessed magical powers (suppress the fatigue caused by holding public office or governing) - the flowers were an intermediary between the human world and the sacred.

Therefore, having said headdress meant being in communication with the world of the gods, who should advise the tlatoani.

There are 8 other crafted items that are also of similar quality or importance, including shields, headdresses, and more.

Ferdinand I, a man who only knew how to take and take, or perhaps who only knew how to give back to the people he cared about, took these objects from the weakened Austria of Francis I and the Rhine Confederation (protected then simply by a council of regency who didn't care much, and a boy who had recently lost his father) back to the Americas for his own museums.

Based on insisting and claiming, and to a lesser extent, thanks to his wallet.

And also thanks to the help of Franz Karl of Austria (b. December of 1802), a man without ambition and far from politics, who luckily, was the son of Francis I.

In what he called, repatriating the objects that belonged to the Americas and that had ended up in Europe.

"All pre-contact (pre-Hispanic) objects belong to the Americas."

-Ferdinand I.

Chimalli_del_Museo_Nacional_de_Historia.jpg

Example of "Chimali" shield - Also recovered by the government of Fernando I.

-Look, he's our cousin Franz. His mother is part of a branch of our family.- Fernando mentions introducing Franz to his two eldest daughters (Maria Alejandra and Isabel Natalia) - after introducing the Austrian to his pet Sancho, practically his son...

-Hello- The girls and Franz greet each other, while the asado is being prepared by Joao and (Joao's) Alfonso.

The girls end up calling him uncle rather than cousin.

Maria Augusta and (Fernando's) Alfonso are happy that Fernando has more friends... but it's worrying that they're all noblemen similar to him, maybe things in Europe were actually more screwed up than they seemed...

-Can I call you Fritz?- Fernando asks directly.

-That's short for Friedrich- Franz answers calmly.

(1821)

[Infrastructure and mining]

In late 1821 and early 1822, Richard Trevithick took his family from Gran Colombia and moved south to New Spain/Mexico, more precisely to Costa Rica.

This for work reasons, since Trevithick was interested in the development of the infrastructure and mining industry in the area - Mexico in general was experiencing a time of infrastructure development, but above all in the north (where the old Camino Real was used as a base for the modernization of El Norte), with the leafier south being underdeveloped by comparison.

In Costa Rica, Trevithick would help with the steam-driven railway and canals, as well as new tools for mining and moving ore (also garnering interest in the grand canal in Panama, which was under construction at the time).

Trevithick would also found some boarding schools for children in the area, and other social projects while he was in the region of Costa Rica.

During this he came to the attention of the local government, which gave him certain grants for his work.

[International]

October 8/October 20, Alexander I of Russia issues an imperial ukase (something like an edict) guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from Qajar Persia.

December 6, discovering of the South Orkney Islands by seal hunters George Powell and Nathaniel Palmer.

December 15 , founding of the first geographical society of the world, the Société de géographie of Paris (French Empire).

December 19, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull begins to erupt.

(1822)

[Reforms]

In 1822 there were new elections in the Federal League - the elected governors are not really a very important piece of the equation...

For the most part - with the exception of the new governor of New Spain/Mexico, Juan O'Donojú, who succeeded Iturbide, quite possibly through internal intrigue (not a 'coup' exactly but political manouvers were surely involved...).

O'Donojú would only be governor for a brief period of 4 years (that is, a period of government), and would die shortly after this end (possibly poisoned, so some say).

But his election marked important changes in the Federal League, because he created a series of important institutions for the State, and carried out a significant modernization of it thanks to it.

O'Donojú founded the Ministry of Police, which was the basis for the Ministry of the Interior and the Intelligence Services of the Federal League.

Some say that the Liberal O'Donojú was then the gray eminence of this period ...possibly not (the most important governor in early League's history is maybe more correct tho).

Not only because O'Donojú governed little in comparison to others, but in general he seems to have done his actions with certain permissions or liberties coming from the vague authority of Fernando I, and the Congress of the Federal League.

It was certainly the confidence of the king-emperor, which helped O'Donojú, more than the other way around - because Juan O'Donojú also had his opponents in Congress...

Opponents who ended up being some of the first high-level suspects of seditious activities of the Federal League ("Traición a la patria", betray to the nation, some of the high-level crimes a politician or public servant can make and be judged).

Were O'Donojú's accusations correct?...Yes, at least partially, or so it seems (or maybe it is because history has been wrote in that way).

This led to the establishment of a somewhat more effective justice and administration, and prevented repeated abuses that would otherwise have weakened the Federal League.

It also led to the disintegration of numerous conspiratorial societies that had existed since the time.

Things that O'Donojú did not want, due to his experiences in Spain during his peninsular war and his own experience within many secret societies.

All very well from a patriotic point of view, although we would be ignoring other possible abuses committed by the new Ministry of Police and later intelligence services, and similar.

The Reds and Whites during this time were still rather heterogeneous and politically undefined groups, where some identified themselves to get political leadership.

Many of today's allies were tomorrow's enemies and today's enemies were tomorrow's allies, so the Ministry of Police was more of a welcome welcome as another institution of the ruling classes of the day - to carry on with these political games and moves.

Capitals from 1822-1826: Lima, Manila, Havana, Buenos Aires.

[Haiti "into" the League]

Following the Haitian revolution, one of the most significant yet forgotten revolutions in the Americas, Haiti was divided between the mulatto elite of the south (led by Alexandre Pétion), and the former slaves of the north (led by Henri Christophe).

This led to the brief establishment of a Haitian republic in the south, and a Haitian kingdom in the north.

By about 1820, Jean-Pierre Boyer had reunited these two portions of Haiti (Pétion died in 1818 and Boyer succeeded him), without any significant fighting (the northern kingdom of Haiti fell under its own weight).

This reunification, however, caused border problems with the Federal League, which dominated the eastern territory of Hispaniola, the Dominicana.

Mainly because Boyer wanted at all costs to maintain the independence of Haiti, and feared that the Federal League, still governed by an Iberico, would try to conquer Haiti.

Some former slaves on both sides of the island believed they had common interests...but the Dominican elite were very pro-League, and more importantly, the Haitian border governors were very loyal...to money!

Soon some Haitians were bought off, which caused problems for Boyer's army of around 50,000 men.

Finally, around February 9, a brief war began between Haiti and the Federal League, on the island of Hispaniola - the Federal League population on Hispaniola was small, but the forces of Cuba and the Antilles, and New Granada/ Gran Colombia could be mobilized towards Haiti.

And in a matter of numbers, the Federal League in its entirety (or just partially using some states, in this case) completely crushed Haiti.

In a relatively short time, Boyer lost the support of the local elite and the latter handed over the keys to Port-au-Prince to the Federal League forces, which occupied Haiti in just a couple of months.

It is true that Haiti was definitely a country of little weight in comparison, but not all the population gave up easily - such is the case of sectors of the rural poor population, which could represent a problem.

Fernando I -supposedly- was not very interested in annexing Haiti to the League (unlike others, within Haiti or the Federal League), but it is true that even this military occupation was already causing problems.

Mainly because France did not recognize the independence of Haiti by 1822, and this meant that the League was occupying French territory, more or less.

It also didn't help that on January 3, French botanical explorer Aimé Bonpland was taken prisoner by La Plata/Liga Federal on charges of espionage.

Well, though, that's another matter.

It seemed that the Federal League was looking for war with France, or so the most sensationalists could say...

But France soon had to divert its attention to other matters, for the very authority of Paris was not fully respected... not long before there had been the Italian revolt in the south, and now in 1822, Eugene I of Sweden seemed to persecute own interests...

In short, no one was not paying much respect to the France of the young Napoleon II - the France that a couple of years ago defeated several coalitions. Or at least that was the indirect message being sent by countries in the Western Hemisphere (the Federal League) and in Europe (Sweden and some allies).

What was France going to do? Or perhaps, what could she do...

Curiously, it was the opposition from France and the problems in Sweden that prolonged the occupation of Haiti by the Federal League.

[Dynasty]

Fernando I of the Liga Federal Maria Augusta of Saxony

Maria Alejandra Luisa de Borbón (b. March 6 of 1816), Imperial Princess of Mexico.

Isabel Natalia María de Borbón (b. May 2 of 1818), Imperial Princess of Gran Colombia.

Maria Julia Alicia de Borbón (b. April 1 of 1820), Imperial Princess of Peru.

Ana Augusta de Borbón (b. May 13 of 1822), Imperial Princess of La Plata.

[International]

January 3, the French explorer and naturalist Aimé Bonpland is arrested on espionage charges in Paraguay (La Plata, Federal League).

He would be imprisoned in Santa Maria until 1829-during which time he married and had several children, surviving as a doctor for the poor and the local military garrison, and as an orange planter. With restricted mobility within what were the local borders of La Plata.

After that he moved to San Borja, Argentina (La Plata) where he would survive growing and trading yerba mate (before receiving a 10,000-piastre estate from the Corrientes government). There are even a couple of towns named in his honor in La Plata.

January 7, the first group of freed slaves from the United States arrive on the west coast of the African continent.

Some months later the American Colonization Society, on April 25, founds the settlement known as Monrovia (after purchasing 60 miles/97 kms of coastline at Cape Mesurado) - capital of Liberia, state established to fill the Society's objective to free black American slaves and sending them back to the African continent.

March 19, Boston (Massachusetts) becomes a city.

April 30, George Canning, then the President of the Board of Control in the House of Commons, moves to repeal a law that prohibited Roman Catholic peers from sitting or voting in the House of Lords - the motion passes on a 235–223 votation on its second reading, but the House of Lords declines to pass it.

May 26, Sweden under Eugene I starts a war against Denmark for the conquest of Norway - with the neutrality or support of some countries like Russia, Prussia and Hungary, for obvious protest from the UK.

With this, a certain division is noted in what is the old sphere of Imperial France, because Eugene I does this without the permission or full approval of either Bernadotte or Napoleon II - some of Napoleon I's old elite still exist, but none command as much respect or control as the old emperor.

June 6, Canadian voyageur Alexis St. Martin is accidentally shot in the stomach, which leads the way to US-American surgeon William Beaumont's studies on human digestion.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#554

Threadmarks Justice, if it is not immediate - is not justice.

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Justice, if it is not immediate - is not justice.

-Popular say in the Federal League.

The French diplomat went back to discuss the issue of Haiti with the Federal League dignitary in Paris - after a considerable delay for various reasons in Europe, including the dignitary being in Champagne for celebrations...

-I'm sorry, I don't have the authority to resolve the matter. The administration of Haiti is in the hands of the vice-governor of Cuba and the Antilles.- Respond to the dignitary, while eating cheese.

Sending the French into more laps to try to communicate with the Federal League.

Weeks later, French diplomats manage to communicate with the vice-governor in Havana, quite drunk.

-Mmm...I'm sorry, but I don't have the authority to resolve the matter. I only rule in the name of the Governor General.- The man insists, without even being able to say the name of the governor.

-And where is the Governor?- The French insist.

-In Lima.- Responds the vice-governor, with a small hiccup.

-What is the governor of Cuba and the Antilles doing in Lima?- Ask the French.

The beautiful nature of the nomadic Congress...

Almost a month later, the French arrive in Lima, where they are received by the vice-governor of Peru...

-The Governors, Congress and the King left the city for the next capital, Manila.- The vice-governor mentions, while chewing coke.

The soul of the French diplomats almost came out of their bodies.

After the crash of their ship in the coast, and narrowly surviving some Philippine tribes, the French arrived in Manila to speak with the Governor of Cuba and Antilles...

-I'm sorry, I don't have the authority to negotiate with France. Ask the Congress.- The man in his hammock mentions...

The French take another few days to finally have a meeting with Congress, sitting in the Manila plaza having a barbecue.

After arguing among themselves for hours and hours, the Congressmen finally reach a conclusion -According to the Constitution, the King has to represent the League in international situations, ask him.-

Getting to the King is just as tricky, with his busy schedule of eating and sleeping...usually the King left them waiting with a cat.

When the dozens of French diplomats finally arrived with Ferdinand I, he told them...

-...The Constitution says nothing that I have to do the job of negotiating, I read it as just having to sign it. Go ask Congress.- Fernando I, lazy as only he can be, insists.

He did not create a constitution to have to work...

The King and the Congress tossed around dealing with the French for a while...When the French found out while being caught off guard, Ferdinand I and the Congress left them in Manila, to go to Havana (next capital)...

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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May 15, 2023

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#575

Threadmarks From disrespect to disrespect to the French (July-December, 1822).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Yerba Buena]

With the gold rush of the Californias in New Spain/Mexico, much of the colonial travel infrastructure (such as the caminos reales to Mexico City) began to expand, and obviously new things emerged - like new or larger settlements.

In some coastal towns of Alta California, trade in salmon, lumber and manufactures in general grew - with the development of own or foreign trades and manufactures.

This entailed an expansion of New Hispanic citizens ("White", Creole, Afro-descendant and others - native to the League or immigrant), to the Central Valley of California, and some trade with Anglo-Americans in the Oregon Country/Columbia District.

The growth of productive and habitation spaces in the Central Valley would later allow the cultivation of more than 230 crops (virtually all non-tropical crops can be grown in the area).

One settlement that would grow in importance, and has hardly stopped growing since then, was Yerba Buena (Good Herb, to not say Good Weed - which is another possible translation).

Converted into a city with the grant of its charter by the central government on August 22 of 1822, and today one of the most important commercial ports in the world.

Emperor Ferdinand I seems to have enjoyed the city's name - associating it with mate (yerba mate).

Which according to some, prompted more settlement in the are by Platenses, and successful enterprise, commerce and crops from North-South of the League, such as manufactures, oranges, etc.

1280px-San_Francisco_from_the_Marin_Headlands_in_August_2022_%28cropped2%29.jpg

Yerba Buena and the Norton Bridge, in contemporary times.

(OOC: Yerba Buena is San Francisco, it was a Spanish name for the settlement that later converted into it).

[Death in the family/Fernando ignores the murder mistery]

On September 7, the former King Joao VI of Portugal dies suddenly - not long after having abdicated the throne to his two sons, leading to the division of Brazil (under Pedro I) and Portugal (under Miguel I).

... Fernando I of the Federal League soon suspected the murder of his monarch friend ...

In particular from the hands of his sister Carlota (wife of the ex-king) or possibly one of his associates...

Being Fernando I, himself, he decided to speed up his journey to the next capital of the Federal League, Manila - in the Philippines and the Indies.

Basically leaving an ocean of distance between him and Carlota for a while-Fernando was adept at escaping troubles and annoying family members.

In any case, the Spanish-American monarch continued to denounce the possibility that Joao VI had been assassinated...

To which Pedro I of Brazil, also became a bit cautious.

But still no one could solve the mystery of Joao VI's death, or what they considered a mystery.

The early absence of Fernando I, who took with him to Congress, had its consequences.

Perspective.

-I'll let you manage the situation in Haiti with the French, I'm going to Manila.- Fernando tells the governors of Cuba and Antilles, and New Granada.

Before immediately running to his ship, as he always does.

At that time in the port of Lima...

-Deal with the French? What did he mean by that?- The governors mention at the same time.

The governors answer each other - I don't know...-

-...I guess it's carte blanche then.- Both governors conclude after a bit of talk, before also leaving for Manila.

They possibly understood it as diplomacy, with the French - but what was the goal? Keeping Haiti, giving it independence, returning Haiti to the French?.

Soon the General Governors decided to delegate the situation to their vice-governors...

- Deal with the French? - The vice-governor of Cuba and Antilles mentions surprised.

His Colombian counterpart was not much more aware of the situation.

-I understand that they mean that we delay the French.- The Great Colombian insists -I will prepare the fleet, and you prepare the defenses of the islands.-

-If you say so...- The Cuban vice-governor accepts.

[International situation: What are you going to do, France?]

The French Empire of Napoleon II (then only 12 years old), is going through a complicated and turvulent situation after the death of Napoleon I, and that is because with an empire in regency, problems begin.

The revolts in some parts of Italy were only the beginning, soon Eugene I of Sweden and the Hungarians began to show more independence or sovereignty - leading to a Swedish attack on Norway, and more terrifying, an alliance with Russia (and Prussia). Recognized after the Napoleonic invasion of Russia as one of the greatest military powers on the continent.

Demonstrating a legitimate continental threat to the French Empire and client states (and also to some extent the British, but they could deal with it, maybe...).

And in the Americas, the Federal League had begun to occupy Haiti, whose independence was not yet recognized by Paris (that is, they still thought of the territory as their possession).

It was clear that France was looking weak - or at least, that its contradictions were beginning to accumulate. Its foundations were weak and one domino was falling after another.

The UK for its part was also smelling blood in the water, and entertained the possibility of a new coalition against France - although members were still lacking for said idea...

The situation did not improve much, with a new Spanish revolt in the kingdom of Joseph I Bonapate.

The city of Paris was very busy, in short.

Maria Luisa of Austria, Jean Bernadotte, and other members of the French regency, managed that the highest priority was to resolve (militarily) the situation in Spain, before it spread like powder kegs throughout the rest of the Empire.

More diplomatic solutions were attempted with Eugene I in Sweden, but Napoleon I's stepson maintained his demands over Norway...

In the case of Haiti and the Federal League, certain French naval officers in the heat of the Parisian chaos of the moment, bravely and stupidly dispatched some ill-prepared naval forces to take care of the matter.

The French navy boasted of being the second best navy in the world, behind only the Royal Navy of the British. Honestly at the time, there wasn't a lot of serious competition.

But the French were not spared from having their own idiots, and their "broken phone" cases.

The Spanish-Americans for their part had their own fleet, commanded by the Gran Colombianos/Novo Granadines - and the island defenses at the hands of the Dominican-Cubans.

Around the 9th of May, the French scouts, supported by a little naval bombardment, tried to take some positions in the Hispaniola of the Federal League...

Only to be repelled by the defense of the Dominican-Cubans, who soon found the support of the local Haitians (fearing a possible re-capture by the French).

Also many of the French died from being poorly prepared against Caribbean diseases - something the Federal League was actually better prepared for.

Soon the dispatched forces fell in chaos, and ended up in the custody of the Federal League...

The French force was defeated.

The French called this "reconnaissance with force"...to save some face.

In Europe this was a bit humiliating, because there was no proof that the Federal League had military forces comparable to any European power - and the military they did have, they definitely didn't seem to have experience with similar forces (just numerically or technologically inferior forces).

At least it was a "peripheral" matter - but in London there was the possibility that perhaps the Federal League could be a member of their new coalition against the French, at least as cannon fodder...

In the Federal League this was received with mixed reactions, General San Martín de La Plata for example wanted to press the issue, and was ready to march with more men to the north (for him), to fight against the French.

Others were more willing to negotiate, either with the French or with the British (as a counterbalance to the French).

This was a mini-victory, celebrated more locally than nationally at the time, but later transformed in a foundational myth of sorts (for some) - by the end of the Haitian Affair, Haiti would become a special administration of the State of Cuba...

Perspective.

Fernando was eating some ube jelly with the locals from Manila, while the Capitoline asado/barbecue was being prepared.

Soon while the king-emperor was devouring, Juan O'Donojú, the General Governor of New Spain, approached accompanied by some members of the police ministry, and the governors of Cuba and New Granada/Gran Colombia...

-Your Majesty...- O'Donojú begins...

-Yes?-Fernando, with his mouth full, looks at his respected General Governor.

-I... am glad, to inform you, that we defeated the French in their attempted invasion of Hispaniola.- O'Donojú informed, sharing a look towards the slightly nervous governors.

-What did we do?! In the what?! How?!- Fernando exclaims almost choking right there.

-That's it, get rid of it now, we have to keep up appearances when the diplomats arrive.- O'Donojú promptly claims, patting his monarch on the shoulder.

Fortunately the ship carrying the diplomats sank, and afterwards the King and Congress were able to juggle the matter for a while...

While more 'under the table' the Spanish-American government, in turn, thought and planned the possibilities of diplomacy, either with France or the United Kingdom, or perhaps some other country.

[International]

July 3, British polymath Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a "difference engine", to calculate logarithms and trigonometric functions - the British government will support the construction of an operational version of Babbage's difference engine from 1823 to 1832, without results .

July 8, Native Americans Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa, or Saulteaux cede a large amount of land in Ontario to British-Canadians.

July 13, in the context of the Greek war of independence, Greeks defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.

July 31, the last public whipping is carried out in Edinburgh.

August 12, British Foreign Secretary Robert Stewart, Lord Castlereagh, commits suicide at his house in Kent—he is judged to have been insane, at the time.

September 7, death of the former-king Joao VI of Portugal - actually buried later in Brazil.

September 22, Portugal under Miguel I, approves its first Constitution.

September 27, Jean-François Champollion announces his success in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs, using the Rosetta Stone - discovered during the times of Napoleon I.

October 8, eruption of the Galunggung volcano on West Java - four days later there is a second, more violent outburst.

Resulting in the death of more than 4,000 people, and the destruction of 114 villages.

Late October/Early December, France is tied hand and foot in the international arena with the Swedish invasion of Norway, rebellion in Spain and defeat of its military expedition in Haiti at the hands of the Spanish-Americans.

November 19, earthquake near Valparaíso, La Plata ends up in the death of 200 people - it also causes a tsunami and raises the coastal area.

[Alfonso and Fernando talk about ancient history]

-I had a teacher who loved to talk about Ancient Egypt.- Fernando mentions, on the way...

-I see.- Alfonso recognizes 'Nando's conversation, with the same poker face as always.

-Do you know that the last Cleopatra would be closer to us than to the construction of the Pyramids?- Fernando emphasizes.

-No.- Alfonso answers sincere and direct, as Fernando likes him to be, to be honest.

-Yes, the famous pyramids were built in the first period of Egyptian splendor, the Old Kingdom or Old Empire. Cleopatra VII lived in the twilight of Ancient Egypt, where there were no longer 'autochthonous' governments but invaders like the Romans. The Ptolemaic dynasty itself was foreign, since it was of Greek origin.- Fernando mentions...

As a curious fact, the Hispanic-Americans (Platenses in particular) and the Spanish have among them some of the most recognized Egyptologists in the world.

-As you suppose Alfonso, all humans descend from Adam and Eve, who lived somewhere...- Fernando mentions, at least trying to make himself understood.

-As the Church says, at least.- Alfonso answers while he drinks his tea.

-How do you think the descendants of man arrived in the Americas?- Fernando mentions to his butler.

-Mmm...- Alfonso tries to remember some answer that he may have heard at some time...

-I'll show you some theories.- Fernando promptly insists, showing his personal map.

-Humans may have reached the Americas through what is now Russian "Alyaska", the northwest of our continent, connected at some point to Asia. It is also possible that at least some populations have reached from the Pacific to the coasts of South America. And I even once read the proposal that they could have come from West Africa to today Brazil.- Fernando tells his butler, without yet getting into issues of evolution or the periodization of the Americas...

Alfonso meanghile writes some things down.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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May 17, 2023

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#597

Threadmarks Football, and the Rugby school (1823 - Present).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Football, and the Rugby school (1823 - Present).

Without counting dozens of similar sports since antiquity, modern football (for the most part, as we know it) was formed in Spanish-America at the beginning of the 19th century, after the arrival of Iberian exiles from the Peninsular War and the Napoleonic Wars. .

In contrast to the Old World, more specifically the United Kingdom, the first sets of football rules, of which we are aware, were drawn up on their part in 1815-1825.

Some variations arose already relatively early.

In post-Spanish Empire America, the terms "arco", for the goal, and "arquero" for the goalkeeper, were coined - due to the use by students of the arches of buildings as goals for games.

And originally in New Spain/Mexico, it seems that football games were divided into two halves, each lasting 35 minutes - instead of the traditional 2 halves of 45 minutes.

This was the trend in Mexico City, where it was believed that due to the height of the city, players could not last much more than 70 minutes...

In 1823, according to popular tradition, a student with little regard for the rules of his time (rather poorly defined in reality), charged with the ball of football in his arms...

This was the beginning of the style and sport better known as Rugby (originally Rugby football).

"I will never forgive the English."

-Phrases that Fernando VII/I surely (never) said about Rugby football.

Both styles, the more traditional football (without the hands) and rugby football (with the hands), separated definitively a few decades later between the 1860s-1870s.

At the same time, a further division between the Old World and the New World arose, whereby Rugby splits between Anglo-French Rugby (European Rugby in short), and American Rugby (usually more celebrated in México, parts of La Plata and parts of Hispanic-American sphere).

The American style was developed between 1869-1892 by university students, such as Raul Dehesa, who descended from a wealthy family from Xalapa (on his mother's side, his paternal grandfather was an Aragonese pastry chef, which son somehow ended up in politics).

This style was later professionally introduced and popularized in some cities of the Federal League (such as Mexico City and Buenos Aires), and the cotton republics (were it is still a kinda popular sport).

Though generally behind other sports overall with the mainstream public in the American continent - mainly because the equipment is expensive, and it's hard to unseat such popular sports as traditional football, basketball, baseball, boxing, etc.

15179102_1173495446063575_2333563303455009753_n.jpg 220px-Walter_Camp_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18048.jpg

Raul Dehesa of Xalapa, Veracruz - and Walter Camp of Connecticut, both early players of American Rugby.

Last edited: May 17, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Jun 15, 2023

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Threadmarks The ingredients have to come from somewhere (January-June, 1823).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Negotiations with France]

Perspective.

Fernando I, his servant Alfonso, their cat Sancho, General Governors and other members of the equivalent of the "General Staff" are playing cards.

Under the table, Fernando and Alfonso are cheating - of course they are cheating...

While Fernando takes another card that Alfonso hands him, a spokesman arrives to announce that the French diplomats are approaching.

-Quick!- The Hispanic-Americans mention, all putting on medals and other decorations to look more important and great.

Fernando mentally repeats what they discussed earlier with the general staff, while O'Donojú and other governors take up position.

Alfonso keeps his same expression as always, now decked out like a war hero - and even Sancho has a medal.

-Your... Highness-ss.- The French dignitaries salute... breathlessly. Not only because of the weather in Manila, but also because of having to run around and manage affairs all over the place until finally getting a meeting with the monarch...once again.

After the protocol, the same thing as always is repeated, the French asking about the issue of Haiti and the Hispanic-Americans trying to move the issue...

-I guess...France is going to be busy moving troops in Iberia.- Fernando mentions with the recent news...French dignitaries get a little tense about it.

Yes, the situation in Europe is a bit difficult... the point is, maybe France didn't have many troops available maintaining the continental empire...

And there were also the negotiations with Eugene I of Sweden, or the possibility of a new coalition against the French state.

There was no choice but to reach an agreement with the Federal League - which threatened to side with the UK in future confrontations, or at least was a real possibility for the imaginary of French diplomacy and among some League's circles...

-Let's make a deal...Whoever gets the number closest to 21 wins.- Fernando finally mentions after a while, when each side has their offer.

Against all sane odds the French agreed to play blackjack.

The Frenchs cut the deck.

Ferdinand I, representing the entire of the Federal League, receives three cards, and the French draw other 3...

-Look, 21- Fernando raises his three cards, forming a perfect 21 (made by a 10, a 4 and a 7).

-Huh?- The French mention.

One collapses to the ground - the Hispanic-Americans can't believe they won the bet.

A game of blackjack decided the fate of Haiti...in Paris it's better that no one knows this.

The French Empire of Napoleon II decided to withdraw from Haiti due to various internal and external factors:

Internally, Haiti had lost some economic value since the loss of Louisiana (and had populations that were rebellious to French rule, which, while manageable, could be a problem for them in the long run), and the Empire was concentrating on other affairs during the regency period - keep Italy, Iberia and other allies in the French sphere.

From the external point of view, France was more concerned with threats from Eastern Europe and the United Kingdom than with retaking Haiti and antagonizing or fighting the Federal League.

In summary, perhaps it was better not to look for so many enemies and to continue buying meat from Hispanic-Americans for the army and the French bourgeoisie (whose consumption of meat, as well as that of the same kind in other developed European countries, was increasing). .

In exchange for ceding Haiti to the Federal League, the League promised to give some autonomy to Haiti (French-speaking), and pay a very small compensation to Paris...

The Hispanic-Americans did not even end up paying much of this compensation.

The Hispanic-Americans scammed them again, or so the French say.

[Cultural Exchange - Federal League and Philippines Asia]

The Philippines was an essential part of what some now call the 'first globalization', with the creation of the Manila Galleon and the trade route between Mexico and the Philippines (formerly under the administration of New Spain), which moved valuable goods from Asia to the Americas and from the Americas to the Spanish metropolises.

The Federal League, by removing some of the constraints of the previous Spanish trading system, and turning the Philippines and some other nearby island territories into its own state, meant that the scope of trade expanded - and sooner its volume as well.

What brought about renewed interests and exchanges between Asia, the Philippines and Spanish-America (both parts of the same now independent country).

Very well known is the case of porcelain, a symbol of economic and cultural status - China was the largest producer, but some Japanese artisans also managed to trade with the Spanish and Hispanic-Americans (using the Chinese as intermediaries, yes).

These ceramics completed a whole cultural cycle when they arrived from Asia to Mexico, where they were syncretized with the Talavera de Puebla style (typical of Tlaxcala and Puebla), white and blue in color, which adopted some of the configurations of seventeenth-century oriental porcelain. onwards.

And back from Mexico with the nomad congress, to the Philippines, where the Talavera de Puebla style became popular with Filipinos (again, as a sign of status).

But this does not end here.

It must be understood that when the court of the emperor of the Federal League and the Congress of the League move, it is not just the emperor and deputies that move - practically an entire small community-city moves.

In the time of Emperor Ferdinand I, this city was made up not only of his family, members of the court, servants and bureaucrats-deputies (not placed in any specific order...).

Cooks, artisans, weavers, stylists, engineers, builders, soldiers, animals, children, the elderly, fishermen and sailors, etc. were also mobilized.

It was a functional host in every sense - his successors had some other characteristics due to different approaches to the composition of said nomadic government host.

People of all stripes whose trades generally served the purposes of the nomad congress, and who came from all corners of the world - not just from the Federal League, but from other countries as well.

This gave rise to important cultural exchanges - some very notable, when the Liga government, then under Ferdinand I, had its first stay in the Philippines.

We already mentioned the fact of porcelain and potters, who completed a cultural cycle by bringing a Mexican style influenced by oriental styles to the Philippines.

In terms of fashion, a similar process occurs, where the barong tagalog, also called barong or baro, which itself combined elements of pre-colonial native culture and Spanish colonial styles in the Philippines, became popular among various sectors of the Federal League - particularly among common people and lazy nobles...like the emperor Fernando I, which made it popular with noble and rich people in general (theirs were more complex in design tho, a elite always has to.

Silk and Filipino fabrics were a precious commodity before, but now some stylistic decisions are also becoming more popular or usual among some 'traditional' clothing from Hispanic America.

339px-El_Mestiso_by_Justiniano_Asuncion.jpg

Barong mahaba with a ruff collar depicted in El Mestiso by painter Justiniano Asuncion (c.1841).

Man%27s_shirt_from_Luzon%2C_pineapple_fiber%2C_plain_weave%2C_embroidery%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG

Late 19th century barong tagalog made from piña with both pechera ("shirt front") and sabog ("scattered") embroidery.

In terms of food...

In some parts of Asia there are snacks made from peanuts, soybeans and rice flour - material that was mostly unknown to some of King Ferdinand's cooks.

These cooks, in Manila in 1823, replaced this ingredient with wheat flour - giving rise to the so-called Filipino peanut or Filipino-style peanut.

So called not only because it originated in Manila, but also because it became quite popular among the population after its creation, and many of the inhabitants of the Philippines gathered in the streets where the snacks were sold. By the time this food left the Philippines, most started giving it this name - although regionally there may be differences, the Japanese called it 'oranda', like the carps.

XAZY2RO6ONE2ZFVKNFE2MTA65M.jpg

In terms of ethnographic and ethnohistorical elements, which are also mixed with some commercial elements.

Already before the ascension of Fernando VII/I and the creation of the Federal League in the congress of the year XIII, the Spanish rule over the Philippines had already brought certain changes and transformations to the islands under its control.

Native nobles, Spanish administrators and Chinese businessmen had been importing...labor (not to call them slaves, which they were) from India for some time now - mostly Bengalis, and South Indian Tamils.

That they occupied more than anything jobs in the rural environment.

The creation of the Federal League and later the creation of the State of the Philippines and the East Indies, marked these slavery practices as an endangered species. More or less.

Mainly because it implied the importation of labor from the mainland/Latin America to the Philippines, and at least on paper, the freedom of wombs - although of course the latter did not solve every problem.

But we would be distracting ourselves from how these populations actually open contact, mostly through intermediaries, with India - with which some of the elites want more direct contact.

As a curious fact, there is also a minor Native American element that the Spanish brought with them to the Philippines, mainly warriors and settlers of the Tlaxcalans.

[Year XXIII]

The Federal League was formed in the so-called Congress of the Year XIII, obviously named after the year 1813 - 10 years after its founding, what had changed with the Federal League?

Well, after the militarist-authoritarian period of Fernando I (which saw the so-called first modernization), and the congress of the year XIII, there was a decade of democratic experimentation (with more or less success) and which saw the beginnings of the industrial revolution manifest in the country.

There was also a war with Brazil that ended in the League's victory, various artistic and cultural developments, international recognition of the Federal League, educational reforms, first attempts at colonial expansion, etc.

This included the development of an imperial ideology particular to the Federal League - whose society, at least from its perspective and internal logic, is based on ties of 'kinship' ('we who walk together'), and socio-historical membership (distinct but equal).

With their own expectations about good governance and so on, the most disadvantaged social groups obviously want some 'retribution' that alleviates their suffering. And sometimes the upper classes are willing to compromise.

This internal logic begins to change in 1823-1824 after the decade of democratic experimentation, as a result of the institutional changes that were taking place.

The already mentioned colonial expansion to parts of Africa, the golden age of gastronomy, trade, the prospect of a possible war with France, the development of the Ministry of Police, the political factions (Reds/Reds and Whites), the return of the Jesuits, the industrial exploitation of mate, etc.

They gave rise to a more tripartite and well-known conformation of the Federal League - the 'tripod' of pressure groups, which at this time were just gaining more power in the League: the Army, the National Bourgeoisie and the Church.

Let us understand by pressure groups, that these groups had agendas and interests, class consciousness and the possibility of intervening in the popular will and the government (either of the States or the League as a whole).

The National Bourgeoisie was constituted as a political group with the reforms in the commercial axis of the economy and the start of the finance sector, the O'Donojú reforms purging certain 'treacherous' elements, and the relations of the market and the state with certain industries - luxury goods, industrial production of products such as mate, gold rushes, the opening and monopoly of some trade routes, etc.

The Army has always been an influential group, even a little before the Federal League was officially born, when the government of Fernando I was just beginning and the king-emperor was 'absolute authority'. The State had full coercive powers, but it depended on the army for this.

Every army is political, and has its cliques, including the Federal League (where the army is also at the time a very 'Roman' institution, even the adoption of minor officers by superiors was not that rare).

Coming from the Catholic kingdom of Spain, it was not uncommon for the Church to have influence in the Federal League, but there are interesting developments with the presence of certain groups or branches of it such as the Jesuits.

The Church collided with increasingly secular institutions of power, but at the same time the Pope is 'prisoner' in Europe with the Napoleonic presence (which also blocked certain groups such as the well-known Jesuits) - giving an interesting dialectic in the aspects 'religious' of the moment...

It would not be too unusual to think of some new developments in response to the founding of the Federal League - which was also a majority Catholic country, and a project that at the time was almost unknown or had not been seen before.

All groups, which were also represented among the Reds and Whites, had both conservative and revolutionary elements with them.

The government of the Federal League, like that of many states, is going to be formed not so much following a logical plan, but between the struggle of interests of the political units of their society.

The popular classes technically do not form pressure groups as they can be understood modernly, they can make demands but these do not always manifest themselves in changes - especially in an early agricultural-capitalist society, where there are no unions as understood and so on.

Nobles do not count either because now the wealth and political, social and cultural capital is concentrated in other qualities (having productive properties or being in the financial sector, something that the national bourgeoisie fulfilled - who could or could not have noble titles, but that was not what made them a pressure group).

Perspective.

-Some of our fellow citizens want to 'match' the political and economic realities of our country.- O'Donojú mentions while he spends some time with the king.

O'Donojú is getting old, but he is still relatively wise and mentally capable.

-You'll have to...you know, change how you say it, if you want me to understand it.- Fernando mentions like nothing. He doesn't usually try to play smart.

-They want to expand, get rid of intermediaries, concentrate more wealth.- O'Donojú responds -They look for luxuries and wealth like you look for asado/barbecue and food.-

-Ahhh- Fernando now understands... he doesn't care too much about expanding sincerely...

But the ingredients have to come from somewhere.

But actually this is a bit of his fault - the golden era of gastronomy in the Federal League, the early industrial revolution and the industrial production of agricultural products (which supported financial reform), allowed the accumulation of capital (which now the National Bourgeoisie can spend) and encourages the search for more.

More wealth, more land, more raw materials and luxury goods - the African colonies, for example, represent the door to the wealth of the African continent, cocoa, ivory, etc.

(OOC: For now the colonies have not expanded, they are the ones we already saw, but this is a little more detail on worldbuilding, collective mentalities, etc).

[International]

Beginning of January to January 22, several treaties are established between (mostly) European countries - adding a non-European one.

The France of Napoleon II (then under regency) signs a treaty with the Federal League (bicontinental country -tricontinental if you separate North and South America-, of Hispanic-American and Hispanic-Asian culture), which recognizes the annexation of Haiti by the latter. Haiti becoming an autonomous zone within the State of Cuba and the Antilles/Caribbean.

In a similar period, Eugene I of Sweden (Eugène de Beauharnais) concludes a peace with Norway, a country that is annexed to Sweden.

This period is a bit disruptive for Europe in general.

Because France gives the impression of being slightly humiliated by the Federal League by agreeing to a treaty where they lose, or at least not gain anything (although in defense of the French, they were not prepared and Haiti was the periphery of their area of influence ).

And also France gives the image of not being respected by allies or members of the French Empire - such as Eugene I, stepson of Napoleon I, who acted independently and seemed more oriented towards other continental powers (or his own alliance of them).

UK and others could smell blood in the water, although the giant left behind by Napoleon I was still walking, due to inertia and/or other factors.

The French are going to focus on defeating the rebellions in the Iberian peninsula.

January 23, in Paviland Cave (Gower Peninsula, Wales), William Buckland inspects the so-called "Red Lady of Paviland" - the first identification of a prehistoric (male) human burial.

Although originally, these remains were believed to be a woman from Roman times or so...

February 10, the first worldwide carnival parade takes place in Cologne.

On approximately February 15, the first of Australia's officially recognized gold samples were found in the Fish River (near Bathurst, New South Wales).

This predates some gold rushes in what until then had been a rural and penal and/or unattractive colony.

February 20, British explorer James Weddell and his expedition to Antarctica reaches latitude 74 15 'S and longitude 34 16'45 "W-the southernmost position any ship has reached at this time.

April 7, forces of Napoleonic-Bonapartist France enter the Spain of José I with great force, which at that time was facing rebellions due to various factors (unpopularity of the Bonapartes in the country, foreign support for these rebellions, nationalism, etc.) .

This intervention sees the 're-establishment' of peace in the country at the end of the year.

May 5, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil inaugurates Brazil's first Assembleia Geral, then with 50 Senators and 102 Deputies.

May 9, the author Alexander Pushkin, perhaps the most important author in Russian literature, begins work on his verse novel Eugene Onegin.

May 25, a campaign for religious emancipation, called the Catholic Association, begins in Ireland at a meeting of 13 people at a bookseller's house on Capel Street in Dublin, then under English control.

June 5, the Raffles Institution is established (as the Singapore Institution) by the founder of Singapore, Sir Stamford Raffles.

Last edited: Jun 15, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Jun 18, 2023

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Threadmarks De Borbón (July-December, 1823).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Philippines]

"... we find a strange mixture of capacity and caprice, of far-sighted wisdom and reckless infatuation, strenuous endeavours after a high ideal and flagrant violations of the simplest principles."

-Description of the character of Fernando VII/I.

The Philippines was home to a collection of peoples from various cultural-language, geographic, and historical backgrounds - the creation of a Philippine-East Indies state, in addition to the other reforms of the Federal League, gave a central axis that diluted a little these divisions.

At least among the areas controlled by the Federal League, and especially among the more urban and cosmopolitan sectors - influenced by the Army and the Navy, the National Bourgeoisie and the Church or religious organizations; and with more history of being under Spanish-American control.

Of course, within these groups, divisions and culture were still preserved or maintained, but also the imperial ideology of the League (of unity), and of course interests that supported the conception of a united citizenship over 'minor' barriers, were upheld.

These internal factors, with the capital's move briefly to Manila, triggered a few more important events.

In the context of the Federal League, it was promoted in the second half of the 1820s, the construction of a considerable expansion of the merchant fleet and the armed navy of the Federal League, in national shipyards.

The Philippines being one of the States that obviously benefited from this decision, at least in the construction of ships for oceanic trade and navy - with Filipino sailors being quite a useful asset to the Federal League, at least in these parts of the Asia-Pacific.

There were also some parts of the naval-mercantile expansion destined for use by rivers and national waters, which benefited some other areas specially in the American continent.

And in the more exclusive context of the Philippines, the conquest and pacification of the more inland areas (areas that are a little more mountainous or difficult to access) - which historically had not fallen under Spanish control, de-facto - were promoted.

Regions such as the Maguindanao Sultanate, the Lanao area, and some lands controlled by the Sulu Sultanate.

What was the objective of these campaigns? Well, economically it meant expanding even more sectors like agriculture in the Philippines (getting more land, and possibly labor among those pacified inhabitants), and control even more portions of the local trade routes. Ideologically it would help to 'complete' the Philippines, and would also give purpose to Filipino citizenship, through a 'national project'.

How did the Federal League aim to complete this campaign?

Well, firstly by taking advantage of the fact that they had a relatively big and modern army in comparison (made not only of natives who knew the Philippines, but also from other parts of the Federal League), and also by taking advantage of the fact that most of their opponents were divided.

Allowing Manila to conquer these mountainous territories with relatively less opposition (or less concentrated opposition).

Did people suffer as a result of the beginnings of this campaign? Yes, why are we going to deny it?

The resulting order, although we could read it in an imperial or colonial way, was relatively positive for some (to the detriment of others of course).

In the style of the Fernandina Federal League, a "fairly equitable" distribution of lands conquered or seized was carried out, and allowed the distribution of wealth and the development of agriculture and industry in the Philippines (whether by small farmers or larger ranchers, and the local-national bourgeoisie).

Infrastructure was developed, both in the periphery to maintain the newly conquered areas or in the process of being conquered (to maintain control of strategic points and the loyalty of certain towns). And the cities of the Philippines, then mainly Manila, prospered - with the construction of infrastructure and brought with it certain innovations.

Accounts later in the 19th century (around the 1830s), mention that "begging, hunger or conflict is not known" among some of these lands. And the self-government of some zones or institutions was allowed, as long as the general power of the capital (Manila) was maintained.

The main clash was between Islam in the southern portions of the Philippines, and Christianity - but Ferdinand I was rather magnanimous towards Muslims, at least in comparison to many Christians at the time. Which could have helped a little with pacification and subsequent order.

Fernando I could have been satisfied with this pacification of the Philippines, but not so all - who saw the possibility of expanding to even more areas of the Asia-Pacific.

The Sulu Sultanate held territories on the island of Borneo, for example.

One group that stayed more or less the same, was the class of merchants and workers of Chinese origin that lived in these areas - who in fact shared a bit of the economic pie with the Filipinos/Hispanic-Americans.

The Chinese merchants in the area were active and businessmen smart enough not to be seen as trouble by Manila and associates.

Perspective.

-Chinese gongs, and idioms of Chinese origin entered Mindanao culture a long time ago...that's why the royalty of the Sultanate is identified with the color yellow- A Filipino 'helper' from Mindanao, tells Fernando I.

-...A few of my futból teams have yellow color in their heraldic and uniforms.- Fernando mentions, confusing the assistant.

-Do you like football? Do you know what football is? It's incredible.- Fernando assures the Filipino.

Fernando introduced soccer to Mindanao with a lot of the color yellow - weirdly, it worked - like a lot of the weird things Fernando I did.

[Tejas]

By 1823, a lot of settlements had been created in the province of Tejas (New Spain/Mexico), made up of hundreds of families of Hispanic-American origin, Native Americans, Afro-descendants and European immigrants (mainly Irish, German and some groups). further).

Asians for obvious reasons, would still be a very small minority.

These settlements were dedicated at the beginning of the 19th century above all to agricultural production, destined both for local consumption and use and for export through various ports in the Gulf of Mexico (a fairly famous one being Puerto Bagdad/Port Baghdad, at the mouth of the Rio Bravo, and Matamoros).

This agro-livestock production included cotton, cattle, cereals, grapes, and the like. The inhabitants also used to take advantage of the enormous wildlife to profit from hunting.

Industries or manufacturing were still somewhat less in the area, although they were increasing in the State in general. From nearby Coahuila also came wine, nuts, apples and more.

With this demographic and economic growth, there were also some border problems with the neighboring United States - some white Americans, wanting to replicate the agricultural successes of American territories like Missouri, were trying to penetrate into Federal League lands (where also some American slaves had escaped since 1813).

They spoke different languages, they had different ideas, and they had different perspectives of the future from the locals - especially with the development of the theory or doctrine of the Ripe Fruit or Monroe-Adams Doctrine in the United States, and the first decade of the Federal League...

Although at first there were some more conciliatory characters, such as American businessman Stephen F. Austin, who tried to negotiate with the Federal League government - the truth is that border relations continued to deteriorate at an increasingly accelerated pace by the end of 1823.

Whose local government was determined to prevent the Gringos from obtaining land in 'strategic territories', or trying to bring problematic ideas and institutions to the state ideology (separatism, slavery, etc).

[Simón Bolivar]

When Ferdinand VII arrived in the Americas, there was a compromising situation in the Spanish Viceroyalties/Colonies on the American continent - an environment of relative social and political turmoil.

The presence of the king-emperor meant a considerable change (now with the monarch present on the continent), and a break with the European peninsula (of which in itself, before, only inaccurate news arrived after a certain time).

This caused important changes in the national perspectives, and the collective mentalities of the time.

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Ponte y Palacios Blanco was around these years a colonel from the region of Venezuela (New Granada).

At first Bolivar was rather skeptical of the government of Fernando VII, and supported the independence of the colonies and the abolition of the monarchy.

Which earned him prison time...

With the passage of time, Bolívar's vision changed a bit - especially with the construction of the Federal League, in a (more or less) functional state.

Bolívar believed that a great and strong state, a single homeland for Spanish-Americans, could challenge the claims of any imperial power and guarantee its own independence.

Bolivar finally found himself more convinced as the League finally expelled France from Haiti - and made the country an autonomous zone within the League itself.

By then Bolivar had returned to the Great Army and was promoted from the rank of colonel... he was not completely convinced with the monarchy, but with the project of Fernando I...

He had not expected what the monarch was like when they finally met, in late 1823.

A convict, ex-convict or someone shortening their sentence in the Grand Army was not unheard of for the time - José Artigas, who rose to be provincial governor and general, was originally a smuggler.

[International]

In early July, British Conservative statesman Sir Robert Peel secures the passage of five of the Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom, which abolishes the death penalty for over a hundred offences.

Some other legal-criminal reforms will also be related to this, such as the Transportation Act of July 4, which allows convicts to be transported to the British colonies to carry out public works.

July 15, the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls is almost completely destroyed in a fire - a curious coincidence, or bad omen some would say, counting what happens during this period of the year.

August 5, foundation of the Royal Hibernian Academy in Dublin.

August 16, Tsar Alexander I draws up a document ('manifesto'), designating his brother Nikolai/Nicholas as heir, passing over Grand Duke Kostantin/Constantine (who is older than Nikolai) - Document kept in secret until the death of Alexander I.

August 20, death of Pope Pius VII, which preceded a 23-year reign - famous is for having crowned Napoleon I, and having been essentially a French prisoner since 1809.

With the French still de-facto dominating the entire peninsula, it doesn't look like the next pope has much room to change that (at the moment).

September 23, Burmese forces attack the British on Shapura, an island close to Chittagong - in an event that precedes the official start of the Anglo-Burmese War the following year.

September 28, election of Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiorre Girolamo Nicola della Genga as the new Pope, under the name of Leo XII.

A man already in poor health for this stage of his life, and he was to continue so until his death in 1829.

November 3, an explosion at the Rainton Colliery Company's Plain Pit mine at Chilton Moor, in the north-east of England, ends in the death of at least 57 coal miners.

Later in November, according to tradition, William Webb Ellis invents the sport of rugby football at the Rugby School (England).

Perspective.

-He who has said that there are problems that cannot be solved with money, has not had enough money.- Fernando concludes in one brief stop towards Cuba and the Antilles, where the fleet that takes the court and the nomadic congress has some particular inventions.

Arising from the inventions of Richard Trevithick, an inventor interested in New Granada and Costa Rica region mining and the Panama Canal mega-project...

But one of his engines is now being used as a cooler—making the ice on the lower deck not melt, through a—

- Do you know what that means, Alfonso?- Fernando asks Alfonso - interrupting the narrator.

-...Tell me, sir.- Alfonso mentions with the same poker face as always.

-The Romans had an internal heating system for the homes of their upper class. We now have an air cooler- Fernando points to his Alfonso -If I can have both things in the Concepción Palace, I will never have to leave it whether it is hot or cold.-

-...- Alfonso remains silent before Fernando's words, without even seeing Bolivar, the soldier behind them both - newly joined...

If Bolivar was not a Republican before, Fernando has turned him into a completely devout one.

Bolivar has never met or heard of a more lazy, petty, gluttonous or self-indulgent man...but he has heard of Fernando I, which is something.

Fernando continued rambling for a moment, taking a few steps, Alfonso follows him and they immediately see Bolivar.

-Ah, you're a new one.- Fernando mentions, not quite sure of the military man's name -Do you want to play cards?- The emperor offers immediately.

Alfonso is already cutting the cards, with surprising talent...

-...Alright.- Bolivar accepts, still a bit surprised by the Spanish-American monarch.

-What is your name?- Bolivar asked the servant, who placed some more little rocks on the table - the rocks symbolize or replace money in the 'bet'.

-Alfonso de Rosales.- The servant answers, Sancho the black cat's fur stands on end a bit, for him there is no "de Rosales", only "Alfonso".

-Alfonso...say my name.- Fernando mentions to Alfonso, laughing when Alfonso looks at him for just a moment, before starting to recite.

- His Catholic Majesty. Fernando María Francisco de Paula Domingo Vicente Ferrer Antonio José Joaquín Pascual Diego Juan Nepomuceno Genaro Francisco Javier Rafael Miguel Gabriel Calixto Cayetano Fausto Luis Ramón Gregorio Lorenzo Jerónimo. De Borbón.- Alfonso repeats from memory.

-Pffffff- Fernando can finally breathe when Afonso finishes.

-Fer-Nando.- Alfonso responds slowly, making Fernando look away and whistle, like a punished child.

Bolivar does not understand at all the dynamics of these two, the cat, and the queen.

-And what is your name?- Alfonso asks the soldier directly and sharply.

-It's good that you asked...- Fernando mentions in passing, he's embarrassed to do it himself. Fortunately Alfonso is direct as a bullet.

-Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Ponte y Palacios Blanco- Like all good Hispanic-American, Bolívar demonstrates his collection of names and surnames...

-Ah, Simón- Fernando exclaims, kinda happy to actually meet Bolivar.

What a weird man Fernando is...

Last edited: Jun 18, 2023

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Threadmarks The promised prince? (January - December, 1824).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Frontier battle]

February 10, the aide-de-camp of Emperor Fernando I, Simón Bolívar, is sent to the border between Texas (north of the State of Mexico) and the United States of America.

He is entrusted with the task of protecting the border, after the deterioration of border relations between the two countries.

Gringos of different classes had interests in the region, and the locals and their authorities wanted to prevent the Gringos from achieving those interests in their territories, seen as of the utmost importance.

The Gringos were made up of some settler-attempters and filibusters, supported by some interested slaveholders (and to a lesser extent some anti-Spanish).

Many US-Americans believed that Texas should belong to their national project.

The Tejanos, mostly Catholic and Hispanic-American (a heterogeneous group in itself), were highly distrustful of these groups, fearing the loss of their political autonomy, and finding problems in the cultural differences.

August 6, Bolivar confronts the American filibustering expedition, led by some soldiers such as Augustus William Magee/McGee and Samuel Kemper.

Bolívar defeats the expedition, resulting in what was one of the highest number of American deaths in combat, up to that time. According to some adding up to 1300.

Although it is true that these numbers (of the battle) may be a bit inflated because the prisoners were executed not long after. Some hold that the order was to take no prisoners in the first place.

How did this affect the United States?

It definitely had its effects, resonating with the American public once the news broke.

At least officially, Washington D.C. did not support this attempt at filibustering, and the losses (although considerable) were the result of improper actions by private citizens.

But it is true that some Americans were strongly in favor of the Monroe-Adams doctrine (which pointed against the Federal League, and supported the American expansion in the Hispanic-American space in the Caribbean and others), and/or were opposed to the idea of a possibly-powerful neighbor to the south.

However, the Spanish-American victory also discouraged any proposal to escalate the conflict, at least immediately.

Precisely or partially, because it was caused during an election year.

Monroe was against a rock and a hard place: he could start a war at the end of a term, which he did not know if it would continue.

And then there was the question of whether or not the United States was going to win said conflict, and how this would affect his career, his legacy, the country, etc.

And he could also not declare war, and precisely win or lose the elections because of it.

The Monroe administration decided not to declare war, at least officially recognizing Texas as Spanish-American territory.

In the elections in November, Monroe would lose, being replaced by Adams, who had had his high participation in the government until then, and the People's Party.

On October 4, Emperor Ferdinand I commemorated Bolivar by naming a Tejan town in his honor, in what was then a largely uninhabited area (natives were mostly killed by disease and/or settlers) of forested land, marshes, or swamps.

1024px-Buildings-city-houston-skyline-1870617.jpg The city of Bolivar, Tejas, in modern time.

(OOC: Is Houston).

How did the victory affect Hispanic-Americans?

Well, definitely for the Texans it was one of the beginnings of their identity as a local culture, slightly differentiated from other Hispanic-Americans in Mexico or the rest of the Federal League.

Another branch, more or less strange, of the great tree of Hispanidad.

The Spanish-American settlements of Tejanos were strengthened in all respects after the Battle of San Jacinto (named after the river not far from the combat zone).

Both in their defenses, as well as in the efforts to increase the demography in the area, its economy and its local culture.

For the Hispanic-Americans as a whole, it was another strange victory after the victory over France in Haiti.

Another victory over an unprepared and unimposing enemy compared to the total strength of their countries, but a victory nonetheless.

Morale was on the rise, failing upwards perhaps.

Perspective, end of the year-start of 1825.

-I insist, that perhaps it is an exaggeration to name a city in my honor- Bolivar mentions.

-Bolivar, Iturbide or Santa Anna, you choose- Fernando responds, taking something to eat in his mouth.

Iturbide was a relatively well-known governor of Mexico, Bolivar was the recent hero of the border confict, and Santa Anna...well, he was one of Bolivar's officers in the conflict.

But it is strange that Fernando mentioned him.

-Why not name it after Sancho?- Alfonso mentions with an indifferent tone.

Bolivar doesn't really know if the butler is joking or serious.

-Oh!- Fernando is delighted with the idea.

-I take the offer.- Bolivar exclaims quickly, trying to stop his stupid boss.

[Society]

Supposedly, the Europeans who toured the Federal League during the early first half of the 19th century carefully observed a peculiarity, the lack of attachment to work of some of its inhabitants.

And the opposite situation in another group...

The Federal League was the scene between a struggle of two world views: a vision of colonial and pre-capitalist heritage, and a vision of the emerging Euro-American capitalist-industrial world.

A declining vision, and an emerging one.

Supposedly the inhabitants not attached to work, had zero ambition to get rich, and they lacked the perspective of time.

Or perhaps better said, they had a different perspective on time and its use.

Which apparently made them undisciplined and indifferent to the 'serious business of life'. They lacked the habit of working, and did not need it. And we are talking about both the popular classes and the wealthiest.

"Few engage in agriculture and commerce, and only do so under the goad of urgent need. Most spend the income from numerous cattle and land in deep leisure."

We can say that they live purely and simply, earning what is necessary to continue living and cover their needs.

This differentiated them from their fellow workers of European descent, and the Hispanic-American bourgeoisie.

They are also located in all spectrums of life (ethnicity-culture, age and socio-economic position).

But defined by their 'fear of the future', which took them to work (with the intention of meeting their needs, eating every day, and more).

This is partially due to the economic conditions that subdue-o-drive individuals in capitalist societies, a little more similar to the current ones.

We are talking about the self-regulation of time, understood as a linear flow that has value, that is lost, wasted and used or invested. In addition to foresight, the self-control of emotions, and the abandonment of the enjoyment of the moment. And greed (from a certain point of view).

These announced a particular separation of leisure time, and work time.

People simply couldn't leave work or school because of all-out runs and the like - in the opinion of these groups.

There were days to work, and days where you did not work (mainly on Sundays and religious holidays). This had to be respected...

The French consul Raymonde Baradère stated that previously "every daily task is reduced to five or six hours, which vary according to the season. The rest of the day is consecrated to idleness and pleasures."

In other words, they worked more according to the season and other factors, instead of fixed hours or similar.

Bringing as a consequence according to Baradère, the passion for the game, women and demoralization among the people.

This partially changed with the agrarian reform of the Federal League, and subsequent reforms in the economic and social sphere.

The second group, inspired by French-American liberalism, and by the 'civilizing' progress of industrial society, increasingly began to appear and permeate the lives of Federal Leaguers.

According to historians, the more traditional groups began a more or less gradual disappearance - with the legacy of colonial models coming to an end.

The colonial Hispanic "character" and the vices suffered by the inhabitants, as some called it, began to be "corrected" through socio-political and state actors: Police, lawyers, economic and political boards, etc.

It was recognized that for the sake of the freedoms of Liberalism promulgated at that time, an intervening state was also needed in certain areas of life.

Consequently, the police would play a leading role in this area of social change, applying the policies that transformed the social frameworks of the time.

And the lawyers (in theory an enlightened sector of the population), who were the breeding ground for the reforms of the time, from theory to practice.

Before, the way of life was marked by the explicitly agricultural sector, children were introduced by adults to their specific roles and jobs.

The girls learn housework, and the boys learn to ride a horse, etc.

They are introduced to the adult world through accompanying their peers, and they reach adulthood relatively quickly (without a long period of adolescence).

Although the rural environment obviously does not disappear, and neither does the gaucho-criollo culture, by changing the modes of production and how citizens are inserted into them, life changes irreparably.

Especially with industrial development, and the slow rise of the Federal League.

The traditional vision and colonial heritage disappears in the mid-nineteenth century, between the 1840s and onwards.

[OOC: Section based on a book on the history of education in my country)

Perspective.

A vagabond (defined by the police in the time as one who does not have a job or trade, or does it inconsistently, lacking certain papers, without being an owner) who is begging, is intercepted by a policeman and associates.

-Do you have a license to beg?- The policeman mentions the homeless man.

-...How do I get a license to beg?- The homeless man asks.

-I don't need to hear any more, take him away boys.- the officer orders, and the bum is promptly taken to prison (not for long tho).

More or less based on true law. Tho it's true application could be more debatable.

-Young people found carrying out improper activities regarding the betting of money in games, will be retained for the first time for 24 hours. In their second detention, for 48 hours. Those caught for the third time committing an offense must have a fine paid by their parents or legal guardians, or spend 4 years in military service.- The officer reads to the emperor.

If the punishment is a fine or military service, clearly one social class ends up losing and one winning...

-That escalated quickly.- Fernando I mentions, before signing the first paper of the day -Let's take a break.- Fernando tells Afonso immediately.

[Dynasty-Family matters]

Manila, May 5 of 1824, the 'promised prince' or desired, by some, is born.

By this time Fernando I and Maria Augusta had had about 4 daughters (Maria Alejandra, Isabel, Maria Julia, and Ana Augusta).

And some within the Federal League were concerned about the succession issue.

By custom, a male child was to succeed to the throne.

Out of pragmatism, some feared the consequences of a woman on the throne, or what would happen to the girls and the League once they were married...

The law of the League was vague, perhaps on purpose, and the issue of succession was not entirely clear.

Some supported a reform of the succession law to allow the accession of women to the throne (although generally only in the case of the absence of a male heir, and wanting to bypass Ferdinand I's brothers), and others supported maintaining the succession traditions inherited from Spain. .

In theory the birth of the fifth child/first son, Alonso de Borbón, resolved this.

In practice it was a bit more difficult, because of course, there were still doubts as to whether the prince would reach adulthood and inherit the throne or something similar.

Fernando I of the Liga Federal Maria Augusta of Saxony

Maria Alejandra Luisa de Borbón (b. March 6 of 1816), Imperial Princess of Mexico.

Isabel Natalia María de Borbón (b. May 2 of 1818), Imperial Princess of Gran Colombia.

Maria Julia Alicia de Borbón (b. April 1 of 1820), Imperial Princess of Peru.

Ana Augusta de Borbón (b. May 13 of 1822), Imperial Princess of La Plata.

Alonso de Borbón (b. May 5 of 1824), Imperial Prince of La Habana y Manila.

Prince Alonso was named "Príncipe Imperial de La Habana y Manila" (Imperial Prince of Havana and Manila), a considerably different title from his sisters.

Maria Alejandra was the imperial princess of Mexico, Isabel Natalia was the imperial princess of Gran Colombia, Maria Julia was the imperial princess of Peru, and Ana Augusta the imperial princess of La Plata.

On the other hand, Alonso's title did not limit him to any State, he was prince of Havana and Manila, of the West and the East of the League.

Some suspect a universalist intention in this title, which would seek to legitimize the Bourbon descent and his position in the Americas, the Philippines and beyond.

Perspective, on the birth of the baby and his baptism.

-Ahhh!!!- Maria Julia exclaims surprised when holding her younger brother for the first time.

Fernando and Alfonso look over at the girl, while Maria Augusta rests in bed - next to the bed are the other sisters, Maria Alejandra, Isabel and Ana Augusta.

-Ok- Maria Julia goes from astonishment with the relative speed of a 4-year-old girl, and simply lets her brother go, he falls on the bed to some terror of the adults for the sudden action -Did I break him?!-

The priest in charge of the baptism reread the name and sighed, taking a breath while the baby, family, and the guests waited...

The full name of the imperial prince:

Alonso Alfonso María Isabel Francisco Eugenio Gabriel Pedro Sebastián Pelayo Fernando Francisco de Paula Pío Miguel Rafael Juan José Joaquín Ana Zacarias Elisabeth Simeón Tereso Pedro Pablo Tadeo Santiago Simón Lucas Juan Mateo Andrés Bartolomé Ambrosio Geronimo Agustín Bernardo Candido Gerardo Luis-Gonzaga Filomeno Camilo Cayetano Andrés-Avelino Bruno Joaquín-Picolimini Felipe Luis-Rey-de-Francia Ricardo Esteban-Protomártir Genaro Nicolás Estanislao-de-Koska Lorenzo Vicente Crisostomo Cristano Darío Ignacio Francisco-Javier Francisco-de-Borja Higona Clemente Esteban-de-Hungría Ladislado Enrique Ildefonso Hermenegildo Carlos-Borromeo Eduardo Francisco-Régis Vicente-Ferrer Pascual Miguel-de-los-Santos Adriano Venancio Valentín Benito José-Oriol Domingo Florencio Alfacio Benére Domingo-de-Silos Ramón Isidro Manuel Antonio Todos-los-Santos de Borbón.

Simply known as Alonso de Borbón (y Borbón), or Don Alonso de Borbón.

-I'm dying, I'm dying- Fernando claims, almost crying with laughter -...Alfonso, why did you allow me to name the child?- Fernando asks to Alfonso, now serious, the joke maybe got too far.

-...- The butler looks at Maria Augusta -Ma'am. why did you allow him to name the child?- Alfonso asks the queen-empress of all Spanish-America.

-Is a question I ask myself honestly- Maria Augusta says without problem.

Being the relatively laid-back figure that he is, Fernando hadn't had much of a problem letting Maria Augusta or Alfonso pick the girls' names before.

The emperor's only condition was that every good pair of names (because most Latin Americans have at least two), had to sound relatively good together - a Latin American tradition indeed.

Now the priest almost died waiting for the name to be finished.

-And what happened to the title? Why not from Cuba and the Antilles, or the Philippines and the East Indies?- Maria Augusta can't help but ask, considering the pomp of all the children's titles.

-Well, I don't plan to have 6 children. Havana y Manila are fine- Fernando answers simply.

[Brazil]

On July 2, while the recent military approaches of the Federal League went north or, failing that, to other plans (such as the navy), its Brazilian neighbors suffered unexpected events.

After the sudden death of King Joao, and the rise of Pedro I, in the northeastern regions (having

Pernambuco, Ceará and Paraíba as epicenters), a liberal rebellion was spreading, supported by local landowners and gentry.

The so-called Confederation of the Equator, which coveted the provinces of Grand Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Alagoas, Sergipe, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Bahia.

As we already mentioned, the epicenters were Pernambuco, Ceará and Paraíba, but they were soon joined by some more towns and territories in the Northeast, after the initial defeat of legalist-loyalist troops in provinces such as Ceará, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, Rio Grande do Norte and similar.

Where the militants of the Confederates increased.

The rebellion was led by Manuel de Carvalho Pais de Andrade, Joaquim do Amor Divino Rabelo e Caneca (also known as the Friar Caneca/'Frei Caneca') and João Soares Lisboa.

With slight Anglo support around this time...

Initial support for the revolt was unexpected.

Some authors suspect that this was partially due to the defeat of the old Queen Carlota against the Federal League, and later the death of King Joao, which led to certain changes in the local scene.

The royalist factions were more divided, viewed with suspicion and as weaker in comparison.

And some Liberals would be able to capitalize on this, with the support of the respective local bourgeoisies (with their interests against the more centralist policies of the empire).

1024px-Bandeira_da_Confedere%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Equador.svg.png

Flag of the Confederation of the Equator.

Screenshot_2023-08-18-19-37-21-024_com.android.chrome~2.jpg Screenshot_2023-08-18-19-47-51-691_com.android.chrome~2.jpg

The territory ambitioned by the Confederation (green-and-black) vs Territory controled (blue) and disputed (white-blue).

The nearby Federal League observed...

There were factions that saw a threat in an Ibero-American republic in South America, and promoted interference in the revolt in favor of the Brazilian monarchy or Spanish-American interests.

And there were factions that supported a more neutral stance in the conflict, more specifically not intervening.

And perhaps to a lesser extent some in favor of the Confederates of the revolt, but they would be a minority.

Perspective.

The emperor and his entourage, the council of ministers and other members of the general staff have been informed of the situation in Brazil...

-Ah my dear nephew Pedro, I miss him so much.- Fernando laments about the 'fate' of his nephew, while he drinks some mate.

- Sir, your nephew is not dead. Not yet at least.- Alfonso mentions with his usual poker face.

-Sometimes it's as if I could still hear his voice...- Fernando continues his lamentation -So sad. Alfonso, play Despacito.-

Alfonso sighs, and then along with Sancho begins to hum the lyrics that Fernando taught him/them, while the other members continue the discussion.

-There is still an opportunity to intervene in the Brazilian equator.-

-Oh god no. Imagine all the work.- Fernando insists, terrified at the idea of working in a intervention in the Brazilian empire.

-I thought Pedro was your favorite nephew.- Maria Augusta tells her husband, he already talks about Pedro as if he were dead.

-And he is, but unfortunately for Pedro I have the bad habit of throwing my family out of the window when we dont talk about you or the kids.- Fernando answers simply, taking a piece of cake to his mouth.

[International]

January 8, after some controversy, Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of the Royal Society.

January 22, in the context of the Anglo-Ashanti War, forces of the Ashanti Empire defeat the British forces on the battle of Nsamankow, which takes place in the Gold Coast, they end up killing the British governor Sir Charles MacCarthy.

February 21, death of Eugene I of Sweden (Eugene Rose de Beauharnais), stepson of Napoleon I and first king of the house of Beauharnais in Sweden.

He is succeeded by his son Auguste Charles Eugene Napoleon de Beauharnais (b. 1810-d.1835), beginning a brief period of regency.

Auguste will die childless, which is why the throne will end with his younger brother, Maximilian Joseph Eugene August Napoleon de Beauharnais, a decade later.

The regency marks a brief period of transition, where in Sweden internal factions debate whether to follow the course set by Eugene (orient themselves towards Eastern Europe, with relations with Russia, Prussia and Hungary) or re-orient themselves towards the West (toward Napoleonic France).

March 5, the Anglo-Burmese War begin between the British Empire and the Rattanakosin Kingdom, against the Third Burmese Empire (or Konbaung dynasty), with some Shan States helping the Burmese.

The conflict is going to take place, ignoring operations of a more amphibious or maritime nature, in the northeast of the Indian subcontinent, which is the area that the parties are fighting to control.

In what is going to be an incredibly costly war in material terms for the Burmese (with hard-to-calculate losses, both civilian and military) and British (both in soldiers and money).

The British will take the city of Rangoon, not long after on May 24.

March 11, the United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs (as the name says, responsible for implementing federal laws and policies of Washington, related to Native Americans).

March 19, American explorer Benjamin Morrell departs Antarctica after a voyage later plagued by claims of fraud.

March 29, 4,000 people are killed in a fire on the city of Cairo - not only due to the fire itself, but also people are killed by an explosion due to the gunpowder housed at the palace of Egypt's Ottoman Governor, Mehmet Ali.

April 7, foundation of the Mechanics' Institution in Manchester (England), as part of a national movement for the education of working men. The institute is the precursor to the future University of Manchester.

May 7, premier of the Symphony No. 9 (the "Choral") of composer Ludwig van Beethoven at the Theater am Kärntnertor, Vienna.

June 16, establishment of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Great Britain.

July 13, death of King Kamehameha II of Hawaii, who is succeeded by Kamehameha III (born Kauikeaouli).

While Kamehameha III will have some attachment to the old indigenous traditions of Hawai'i, he will also be influenced by the Orthodox Christianity popularized in Hawai'i.

At this time Russian Orthodoxy is relatively popular, not only among parts of the population, but also among the elite - including part of the state in the early regency of Kamehameha III's reign.

November 5, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the first technological university in the English-speaking world, is founded in Troy (New York).

November 19 (November 7 in Russia due to the Old Style), the worst flood in the history of Saint Petersburg takes place, as water rises 421 centimetres (166 in) above normal, and 200 people lose their lives.

December 3, the 1824 presidential election of the United States takes place - where John Quincy Adams (as a candidate of his 'People's Party', a split of the Democratic-Republicans with some of the former Federalists of the North, from Massachusetts), Henry Clay (Democratic-Republican, Kentucky), William H. Crawford (Democratic-Republican, Georgia), and John Calhoun (Democratic-Republican, South Carolina) compete for the job.

Adams narrowly takes the victory, after rather poor management by Monroe in his second term.

This seems, for the moment, to establish the People's Party as a viable political force of the moment, although by then its future was uncertain. A continuation of the Federalists was intended, with certain liberal tendencies and/or compromise.

However, the division between Slave and Free states, among others, already continued to sharpen in these periods.

December 23, Chief Pushmataha of the Choctaw Nation, the 'Indian General', dies in Washington (USA).

Random perspective.

-What do you think?- Fernando asks his butler, giving him what he wrote...

-It sucks.- Alfonso responds without any hesitation.

-Very constructive criticism Alfonso- Fernando insists before the response of his butler, taking the manuscript to start over again.

-I still don't fully understand what theater you are trying to do, sir.- Alfonso calmly mentions, serving the mate.

-You'll see Alfonso, I have ideas. And I hope that a century or two after I die, they appear in the cinema or something- Fernando insists again to his butler.

-What the hell is a cinema?-Alfonso mentions, his words are insults (quite common among all Hispanic-Americans), but his tone is the same as always.

-It's like the theater, but without live performances, we see the 'echo' of the actors. We are going to have the whole story projected through a device, like when shadows were projected in Plato's cave.- Fernando explains to his butler, that he once again writes down the strange ideas of his Mr., that keep talking without typing anything.

He [Fernando] already got bored of doing that.

"Cinema derives from Greek κίνημα/κινήματος (kinema, kinematos)—"movement, motion".

Fernando keeps rambling about things, who knows if these things will fully become something or not.

-And although I don't know all the details, I assure you that I can make more or less a trilogy of books based on the song of the Nibelungs.- Fernando insists to Alfonso.

Fernando only watched the Lord of the Rings movies, and only read the Hobbit book.

-'The miss would appreciate it. I suppose.- Alfonso mentions, counting that Fernando's wife is German.

-And also at least one about a dinosaur park.- Fernando claims again, but being a lazy bastard, that claim is...weak to say the least.

-The kids will like that.- Alfonso says, they love dinosaurs - for obvious reasons, Fernando does.

-Oh and you know, I can steal the method of the Grimm's and like, make a book of tales about a cowardly dog fighting monsters and weirdos to defend his old-woman of an owner and her grumpy husband.- Fernando repeats another idea, that he may or may not get the will to do.

-...I would kinda like that.- Alfonso affirms with his poker-face of always, surprisingly for Fernando tho (who kows, Alfonso is saying the truth, they know each other for years, is almost psychic communication by this time) - Alfonso is also supported by Sancho, the other part of the original trio.

Canonical trivia

Fernando named his son after Alonso Quijano, Don Quixote.

OOC: The rest of the names come from Alfonso de Borbón y Borbón, a real person.

Fernando's favorite chapter is chapter XI - But he also likes III, XI and IX because he likes number three and its multiples.

Non-canonical dialogue.

-And I hope to be played by...Ryan Gosling or something. Adam Sandler would be fun too. And I hope that my biographical films are directed by Cameron or Nolan.- Fernando declares to Alfonso, who just sips some mate.

-And you Alfonso should be played by, Nicolas Cage. Tho Leonardo DiCaprio and Jeniffer Lawrence are fine too- Fernando adds simply -We could maybe also be played by, like twins or something, or maybe a Sherlock Holmes and Watson actors, that would be fun-

-...- Alfonso remains unmoved by the comment.

-?- Sancho stops eating fish and everything.

Last edited: Aug 18, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Aug 19, 2023

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#721

Threadmarks Peek into the future - 18??

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Peek into the future - 18??

The imperial prince lightly strokes his black cat, sitting on his lap, while the prince himself sits on the crimson and gold seat in his room.

His desk is completely messy, with all kinds of junk thrown on top, and the books collecting dust.

Across the room is his father the emperor, a man tall as a bear, striding and grunting like one too, dressed in a general's uniform, and in full regalia of his position - but slim as a starving person or a skeleton, and pale as such.

As usual, if he is not coldly calculating, the emperor is angry, precisely because one of his son's slacking.

-It's outrageous, barbaric...- The Emperor mentions, giving another stroll across the room.

-Between working and dying, I'd rather die honestly.- The prince with long and slightly reddish hair declares, and almost immediately his father aims at him...

The head, bald as a billiard ball, of the emperor, turns red like a tomato or something, and his mustache moves like it has its own life because of the rage showed by his lip.

The prince sighs, lightly patting the bump on his head, before trying to read the documents his father left him...

They are documents about history and more, interspersed with the endless Byzantine chatter* from the time of his grandfather and father (where everyone begins to miss the vague previous emperor, Fernando I)...

Words and speeches of high intellectual appearance, but empty of content or real political action (praxis).

-... I got bored.- The prince insists, leaving the documents and getting up from his seat.

His boots, worn as they are, make him nearly slip as he makes his way to the bed to take a nap.

OOC: Next update is going to be the whole 1825.

I have the international events and the first draft of the back-bone of the update.

Succession law will probably appear. The Brazilian situation is a must. I am considering the League expanding into Vietnam?

We also may have sections of Bolivar, Bolivia, religion in the league, and slavery.

Edit: May also make another extra or side update before it.

Last edited: Aug 19, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Aug 26, 2023

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#734

Threadmarks Fernando's Park (January-December, 1825).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

You have not yet got rid of me readers lol

Fernando's Park (January-December, 1825).

[Bolivarianismo/Bolivarianism]

320px-%22La_apoteosis_del_Libertador%22.png

After Simón Bolívar's victory over filibustering forces in 1824, in the same way that the Texan cultural identity was formed, the formation of a new political current began...

Bolivarianism, which gets its name from Simón Bolívar, and is promoted by various Hispanic-American individuals and organizations from the early Federal League onwards.

What was the intention behind this?

Bolívar was not necessarily the complete architect of Bolivarianism, paradoxical as it may sound.

But various interests within the Federal League, who saw in the figure of Bolivar one of the necessary prosers for national identity.

Every country needs heroes, and every nation's hero has a 'cult' or movement around them. The Ancient Greeks had Homeric heroes, the French idolize the Gauls, etc.

Fernando I was the father of the country by virtue of being the first king-emperor, and 'architect' of the congress of the year XIII (therefore, of the formation of the League).

And perhaps for introducing things like dulce de leche.

O'Donojú formed part of the modern state through the police ministry, and was later the 'grey eminence' of his period.

Bolivar falls into the role of 'protector' of the homeland.

Several governors are local heroes or saints.

And the list goes on, each figure falls into its respective archetype.

Bolivarianism itself is less a body or system of thought formulated and proposed guided by clear universal principles, and more a construction or phenomenon of arbitrary bases (taken from the figure, life and work of Bolívar), of reactionary and revolutionary contrasts - which could and are used in different contexts.

The typical values or ideas appreciated by the state or certain movements: Patriotism, Pan-Hispanic Unity, Fraternity, Equality, etc.

With ideas to which Bolivar could have agreed more or less in reality.

By the 1840s, the cult of national heroes, including 'Bolivarianism', was well established.

Currently we have all kinds of Bolivarian groups or individuals, present both on the right (conservatives, reactionaries), center (liberals, social democrats) and left (socialists, communists) - obviously mainly within the Federal League.

800px-Vitrina_de_tienda_con_figuras_religiosas_y_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg

Perspective.

Fernando was the one who had convinced Bolivar to have a city named after him, and ironically it was he who insisted that los niños necesitan un héroe/children need a hero...

292b73ea5a9fb30941ad395e53c6e454.jpg nacho-libre-childrens-need-a-real-hero.gif

-Ironically, perhaps your position as a unifying monarch is better than letting the cliques of deputies and the military take command of the country...- Bolivar mentions, while watching Fernando morfar (eat) without manners.

-Are we that bad?- Fernando asks surprised, before going for his glass of water.

-Yes.- Bolivar sighed, simplifying his opinion to his monarch as much as possible.

Actually Fernando does not seem to be upset by the opinion of his aid-de-camp.

It is not that there are not capable people among the legislators and the military, certainly there are incapable and capable people in all cliques.

But such a large country, with so many regions, cultures and interests, needs an almost perfect bureaucracy - more importantly, that no one kills each other or rock the boat too much...

And Fernando's model seems to work, more or less.

-Ok, I guess- Fernando insists...

-Remember when I did not order anything and some guys defeated France in Haiti by themselves?- Fernando claims to his aid-de-camp.

-Don't remind me- Bolivar insists, he liked that Haiti has been liberated, but honestly the imprudence of his compatriots is sometimes too much.

[Succession laws]

Prince Alonso survived a year, which in the 1820s was a good sign - of course no one could say for sure that he would survive longer than that.

Not because of ill health or the like (not yet at least), but simply because life is unpredictable - and there is history of infante's dying early.

A perfect example was Fernando VII himself, who was the eldest surviving son of Carlos IV. Before in childhood had died: Carlos Clemente (b. 1771 - d. 1774), Carlos Domingo (b. 1780 - d. 1783), Carlos Francisco de Paula and Felipe Francisco de Paula (b. 1783 - d. 1784, the first in November and the other in October).

Felipe Maria, other son (born before the last child of Carlos IV, Francisco de Paula) also died young, being born in 1792 and dying in 1794. And we aren't taking into account dead daughters.

This led to the final clarification of the issue of succession to the nomadic Congress of the Federal League, in 1825 - meeting in Havana, Cuba.

On March 31, it was promulgated that if the king-emperor of the Federal League had no male heir, it would inherit the eldest daughter by default.

In other words, women (daughters of the dead king-emperor) continued to occupy a secondary place in the line of succession. Only taking primacy in the absence of sons of the head of state - but being above their uncles or cousins (brothers and nephews of the head of state).

This was similar to the Pragmatic Sanction, approved on September 30 of 1789 under Charles IV, which had never come into effect in Spain.

The Pragmatic Sanction of 1789 and the promulgation of 1825 thus restored the traditional system of succession of the Siete Partidas of Alfonso X of Castilla, according to which women could reign if they did not have male brothers.

The sanction of 1789 never came to have full legal validity.

Partly for foreign policy issues:

"No pareció conveniente indisponerse con ambas Cortes [Francia y Nápoles, donde reinaban sendas ramas de los Borbones] ni acelerar la publicación de un acto que ya está completo en la substancia, aunque reservado."/"It did not seem convenient to disagree with both Courts [France and Naples, where both branches of the Bourbons reigned] or to speed up the publication of an act that is already complete in substance, although reserved."

-José Moñino y Redondo, 1st Count of Floridablanca, then Secretary of State for Spain.

But this was not a problem for the Federal League, because who ruled Europe or Naples was no longer their problem...

And what were the brothers of Fernando VII/I going to do?

Nothing really, neither Carlos María Isidro de Borbón nor Francisco de Paula were particularly popular. And the sisters didn't have much of a chance.

For Fernando I it was really just another 'slip' against his family.

De jure, this removed the claim of other Bourbons to Spanish-American soil, and de-facto recognized the current status of the Spanish-American Bourbons as their own dynasty, stemming from Fernando I in practical effect.

Perspective.

At the next big royal asado/barbecue after March 31...

-And why could not a girl inherit?- Isabel the imperial princess of Gran Colombia, the second daughter, asks, slightly puffing out her cheeks.

-Because that's the way things are, my dear.- Maria Augusta insisted to her daughter, patting the imperial princess on the head.

It is perhaps the most sensitive response at the moment for a 6-year-old girl (about to turn 7).

Maria Alejandra takes with indifference having been displaced from the line of succession by the youngest prince Alonso, if we are honest.

The eldest of the family's daughters makes faces at the butler Alfonso, who, as always before such an action, maintains his poker face.

The girl writes down another failed attempt in her notebook to get an expression out of the butler...

Bolivar sleeps in a hammock, with Maria Julia trying to annoy him (as always) with the hyperactivity of a child.

And meanwhile Fernando spends some time with Sancho, and the youngest girl, Ana Augusta.

The two-year-old girl kicks a football as best she can, and really that's enough for Fernando compared to her older sisters...

-Oh my god, did a girl finally turn out to be a futból player?- Fernando exclaims delightedly, obviously to the confusion of Ana Augusta.

As long as a girl or Alonso have come out with good taste for futból/football or are good for it, he is satisfied.

[Brazil]

The crisis in Brazil worsened during the year 1825.

Certainly the government of Pedro I had a military advantage over the liberal Confederates.

But the country was going through a series of economic and economic contradictions that were becoming more acute, which harmed the war effort in general...

Between April and August, despite the greater or lesser military successes of the loyalist government, the country's economic conditions continued to worsen considerably.

Especially with British (and increasingly American, under new President Adams) pressure on the issue, and French and Spanish-American neutrality.

This led to riots in Rio de Janeiro (capital area) and various military units throughout the country, first among European immigrants and mercenaries, and later among some of the Brazilians themselves.

The more recently brought Europeans of various origins felt that the promises made to them had not been kept.

We talk about: Free passage, free land (50 acres for each family), six shillings per day, and military training (local militia only), etc.

In the opinion of some immigrants and mercenaries, or locals (who used the term in a derogatory way), they were nothing more than "white slaves" (Brazil was one of the few countries in the American continent then that still practiced it back then, tho the Brazilian share and profit on sectors involved on it was on decline) for the Brazilian authorities, for their own ends.

The Brazilians themselves complained about problems in receiving their salaries, economic difficulties, etc.

Immigrant-mercenaries took control of large parts of Rio de Janeiro (for a few days, not too long), and more general revolts put an end to some of Emperor Pedro I's supposedly best units.

These problems within Brazil also involved some British citizens, which meant the presence of the Royal Marines closer and closer to the Brazilian coast.

The United States of John Quincy Adams for its part, felt that it was time to put the Monroe-Adams doctrine more into practice, after the defeat in Texas against the Federal League.

It is difficult to say how much the British and US-Americans cooperated with each other in their support of the Confederation during the Brazilian crisis, but it is fair to say that the two were on relatively good terms after 1812.

It was not the intention of the revolts of 1825, but it definitely extended the Brazilian crisis and the war against the Confederation.

The Anglos tho, they did it on purpose.

[Acre]

Territorio%2Bde%2BAcre%2Banexado%2Bal%2BBrasil.jpg

The Brazilian crisis encouraged the fortification, exploitation and colonization of neighboring areas under Spanish-American sovereignty.

As is the case of the territory of Acre (not very densely populated), Mato Grosso do Sul (where a large Portuga-Brazilian population was concentrated), and the Banda Oriental/Uruguay (which borders the south of Brazil at that time).

This thus allowed the Acre to be completely placed under the sovereignty of the Federal League, which expected to receive a certain Portuga-Brazilian population in the coming years counting the developments of the crisis...

The main economic activities in the territory of Acre, even today, continue to be agriculture and livestock - highlighting the exploitation of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), soybeans and rubber.

Acre is the setting for the book El Parque de los Dinosaurios (translated The Dinosaur Park, 1825-1826), which presents a park of dinosaurs ( δεινός, deinós, which means terrible, powerful, or great fear σαῦρος, sauros, which means lizard, reptile) brought to life through science.

(OOC: Credits to joao_franco for the name)

The study of "large fossil lizards" became popular for American and European scientists already in the firs half of the 19th century.

The Spanish-American book also brought other innovations, initially understood within the scope of science fiction, such as the 'planes of life' - represented with a double helix, later also used to represent DNA.

Trivia: The megalosaur was the first dinosaur to be formally described, 1677.

Perspective.

-Well, they say that royalty makes a good funeral shroud- Fernado returns to his lamentations once more news arrives from Brazil.

This time about the brief seizure of portions of Rio de Janeiro (especially barracks), by rebels.

-Sir, the revolt in Rio de Janeiro lasted about a week. Your nephew is still pretty much alive.- Alfonso insists with his poker face...

-Who wants to bet on whether they kill Pedro or not?- Fernando proposes, ignoring Alfonso's comments.

-He lives.- Alfonso sighs, placing a bill on the table.

-He will live, I suppose.- Bolivar answers, really indifferent tho, placing a pebble on the table, which symbolizes the bet.

-He dies.- Fernando mentions, after tossing a coin, that has decided that Pedro I will die -2 cruz/tails against 1 head (cara).

Fernando puts the life of his favorite nephew at the opinion of a coin...

Sancho meows, betting too -We're two against two then- Fernando insists, while he caresses his cat.

Pretending he understood the cat.

-...And they already killed Miguel in Portugal or?- Fernando asks about his other nephew - the bet on Miguel is 3 (Fernando, Alfonso and Bolivar) in favor of Miguel's death, against 1 (Sancho)...

-Not yet.- Alfonso y Bolivar answers about the fate of the more absolutist of the two brothers mentioned.

-I can't wait for Carlota to die honestly.- Fernando insists regarding his own sister - bet on Carlota's death is 4 of 4 in favor.

[On the Pacific]

Since the King-Emperor Fernando I had allowed the return of the Jesuits' activities, they experienced a certain resurgence in their influence in various areas of the life of the Federal League - economic, social, political, etc. Although the country is secular, certainly Catholic Christianity is the majority religion, without a doubt.

Mainly Fernando I had done it with the intention that the Jesuits would increase the production of yerba mate in South America.

But he also allowed the Jesuits to have great influence in all sorts of endeavors, such as the governorate of the Philippines - years after the 13th Congress, admitted as a new state in the League.

It should be said that the Federal League was practically after 1820, one of the few countries more or less "friendly" with the Jesuits, since they had been expelled from Russia (where they had survived during the times of Catherine II), and were expelled or suppressed in Napoleonic Europe.

Leaving the Jesuits out of places like Italy, where they hadn't officially set foot in more than 40 years.

The Jesuit resurgence thus also coincides with this Filipino autonomy.

Accompanied by the conquest of previously non-subjected territories in the archipelago, and the expansion of the naval capabilities (commercial and military) of the Federal League.

Sure the Jesuits had their socio-economic and political interests, but they also remained a religious organization.

Religious missions were one of the most important activities for the Jesuits, either out of conviction or interest.

And before long a certain opportunity presented itself, in 1825, the Vietnamese ruler Minh Mang, a strong believer in Confucian orthodoxy, tried to prevent the spread of Christianity in Vietnam - a task then carried out mostly by the French.

But these efforts would be facing problems due to local resistance, and the little importance that the French government gave them at the time.

We must say that Vietnam, as a nation, at that time was going through one of its worst moments, arguably:

The first cholera pandemic reached Vietnam in summer of 1820, and removed 206,835 tax payers from royal tax registers (the death toll could well have been higher, some place it around 1 million people, out of around 8 million people back then).

The country was essentially ruled by quasi-independent viceroys with their autonomous domains.

Situation that certainly Ming Mangh would try to change in various ways, through centralizing and administrative-economic policies, but in reality the royal authority would continue to be diminished due to the aforementioned factors.

The industrialization and modernity of the country continued to be rather low, leaving it at the mercy of the colonial powers of the time.

Diseases, disasters and rebellions were rather common.

In Minh Mang's opinion, Christianity was a European trend that corrupted the hearts of men, and was also detrimental to the interests of the Vietnamese monarchy - it was not uncommon for Christians to support rebel efforts in the country.

The Jesuits decided that Minh Mang's anti-Christian policies were obviously an offense, and that the French were not doing enough.

So it should be the Federal League who will take over the campaigning in the region.

How to do it when the central authority was against them, and tried to promote isolationism?

As we said earlier, the central authority really did not fully encompass the Vietnamese state.

By chance there were supporters of Catholic Christian missionaries and converts in Vietnam, such as the general and national hero Lê Văn Duyệt, in the Nam Bo region (South Vietnam).

Who helped Nguyễn Ánh/Emperor Gia Long to put down the Tây Sơn wars, unify Vietnam, and establish the Nguyễn dynasty - and current governor of Cochin China.

The support or sympathy of Duyệt and associates, among other conflicting interests, had increased tensions between the general and Minh Mang.

The Jesuits and other missionaries of the Federal League began to approach South Vietnam, with the intention of spreading Christianity among some of them.

And they found more or less favorable conditions between this struggle between the Minh Mang Court (which tries to promote centralization and certain more acceptable policies), and the old Vietnamese autonomies (who want to continue maintaining their privileges). Among other political interests.

This is the beginning of the Hispanic infiltration in Indochina.

Perspective.

-It seems that the missionaries talk above all about the possibilities of getting opium, salt, rice and derivatives such as rice alcohol, and rubber...- One of the Jesuits mentions the possibilities of economically exploiting the region.

-I've never tried Vietnamese food before...- Fernando thinks, naturally, with his second brain (his stomach). That has more than 3 neurons, unlike the first.

-I love rice.- Fernando insists, before signing the next paper that the Jesuits and Filipinos bring him regarding the ideas in Indochina.

Did he read them?...

No.

[International]

January 4, King Ferdinand III of Sicily dies, and is succeeded by his son, Francis I.

February 3, once part of the Jutland peninsula in westernmost Denmark, Vendsyssel-Thy becomes an island after a flood put its 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide isthmus under water.

March 4, John Quincy Adams is sworn in as President of the United States of America.

August 18, Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor issues a 300,000 loan with 2.5% interest through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company, for the fictitious Central American republic of Poyais.

His actions lead to the Panic of 1825, which is actually the first modern stock market crash in England.

December 1 (November 19 on the N.S.), death of Tsar Alexander I, succeed by his brother Nicholas I, bypassing the other brother, Grand Duke Constantine.

This leds in later days (December 26 in Russia, December 14 in the New Style), to some Imperial Russian Army officers staging the so-called Decembrist revolt against Nicholas's accession in the city of Saint Petersburg, but it is thoroughly suppressed by the government.

Although there were some secret societies in Russia, of a more or less revolutionary character, they certainly lacked the popularity and organization to make profound changes in the country...

Last edited: Aug 26, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#735

Threadmarks Side update: The goguette, and the tango (and the karaoke) - 1826 to the late XX century.

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Side update: The goguette, and the tango (and the karaoke) - 1826 to the late XX century.

-What are they doing?- Fernando asks curiously, seeing the improvised cabaret/tavern set up not far away by Afro-Americans, Cubans and others in Buenos Aires, during the stay of the nomadic Congress...

-A gogueta, sir.- Alfonso mentions, before having to explain to the king that it is a gogueta...

-Ah, it's like karaoke.- Fernando responds, to which Alfonso simply nods, having no idea that it's karaoke.

And Fernando is not going to explain it to him.

-Come on, let's go!- Fernando exclaims, dragging Alfonso and Bolivar to sing with him.

Sancho goes of his own free will...

-Do you even know a song?- Bolivar growls.

-I know a couple.- Fernando claims, and Bolivar even by this point, does not know if he is lying or not.

In France from the 19th century (flourishing from 1818 to the 20th century), the so-called goguette, or gogueta, became popular among entertainment establishments (cabarets, taverns and other nightlife establishments).

The gogueta is a form of popular singing, where a performer (usually an assistant, or a member of a singing society, lyrical society, or literary society) sings a well-known song, accompanied by the accordion or a piano.

With the twist that the interpreter, already at that time in the 19th century could be a man or a woman, had to modify the lyrics of the song. That is to say that it is not only a popular singing, but also an exercise in literary creation - generally going towards parody or political criticism.

It is not surprising that among already slightly Frenchified establishments in the cities of the Federal League, the gogueta became relatively popular.

800px-Candombe_federal%2C_%C3%A9poca_de_Rosas.jpg

"Candombe federal" (Federal Candombe), by Martín Boneo, 1836.

At the same time, another cultural phenomenon was taking shape in these cities, much more massive in reality - in the cities around the Río de la Plata (forgive the redundancy, in the State of La Plata).

These port cities were centers of constant economic growth from the agrarian reform and the early industrialization of the country (at the time of the Industrial Revolution). Thus adding a hundred different elements to a breeding pot.

Aafrorrioplatenses, Criollos/Creoles, Gauchos who migrated to the city, and Europeans thus formed the beginnings of primitive tango - sharing kinship with other similar musical genres such as the Cuban habanera, but which in any case is not confused or derived from any dance or musical genre in particular (is more heterogeneous in origin).

Initially of anonymous and popular origin, more in the peripheries of the cities, the primitive tango or old tango, begins to become popular in association with the gogueta - where it becomes popular among the middle classes.

Partially because of the tango being already an element of social fusion, in an enormously heterogeneous society.

There, the church and high society have a mixed relationship with the primitive tango, oscillating between occasional repression (for considering it immoral, among other things), and acceptance (because it was popular among the popular classes).

The nomadic Congress always brought groups of all kinds with it, and took all kinds of activities with it, therefore it was not unusual for it to be surrounded by 'tangos' (meetings of the black community), where candombe and carnival were practiced.

This would continue for four to five decades, until 1875-1876, when the Old Guard began (which lasted until 1917-1925) - where we talk about a tango with a complete identity of its own, and professional, prior to its golden age, but we are getting ahead of ourselves.

320px-Compadrito_bailando_tango-1907.jpg

Already in this primitive scenario, from this anonymous and popular origin, some of the most well-known and popular rhythms of tango are actually formed - such as "La Cumparcita" (a word from cocoliche, a dialect of Spanish influenced by Italian dialects), which actually continued to have several letters on.

Which basically became the cultural and popular hymn of La Plata.

A little weird, because La Cumparcita doesn't really have lyrics, but this precisely made it popular in melodrama theatrical performances (ancestors of the Latin American soap opera), and late-night performances of all kinds (it became an almost standard form of tango without lyrics, so to speak).

Eventually the gogueta reached Japan and became karaoke, singing "into the void".

The tango did the same, where we can find it in numerous academies within the country of the rising sun (also in the European streets, in the cotton republics, Africa, etc).

La Cumparsita.

(OOC: Is canon that Fernando speed up ITL the development of tango, he probably did the Cumparsita too to some extent)

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Threadmarks Liga Federal, circa. 1825

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Map of the Liga Federal, now including Acre more clearly.

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Red: State of México

Orange: State of Cuba

Yellow: State of Gran Colombia

Green: State of Perú

Blue: State of La Plata

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África.

Blue: La Plata

Blue/White: colonial territories

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Asia.

Purple: State of Philippines

Attachments

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In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Threadmarks Side update: Jules Verne (1828 to 1852) Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels (1818-1820 to 1844)

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Jules Verne]

Jules Gabriel Verne was born on February 8, 1828, in the town of Nantes (French Empire), son of attorney Pierre Verne, originally from Provins, and Sophie Allotte de La Fuÿe, a Nantes woman from a local family of navigators and shipowners .

In 1834, at the age of 6, Verne is sent to a boarding school at 5 Place du Bouffay in his local Nantes.

The teacher, Madame Sambin, wife of a naval captain, partly inspired some of Jules Verne's later literary interests.

Already with the idea of the Robinsonade and other works, a certain interest in the distant American continent arose...

By 1836, Jules Verne stands out in ecitation from memory, geography, Greek, Latin, and singing at the École Saint‑Stanislas, a Catholic school, as the pious Pierre Verne wished.

Legend has it that in 1839, Jules Verne secretly procured a spot as cabin boy on the ship "Coralie" with the intention of traveling to the Indies, and bringing back a coral necklace for his cousin Caroline. Increasingly popular or heard trips, partially due to the effects in popular tales and opinion after the completion of the Panama Canal and other events.

This young Jules would be stopped, narrowly, by his father.

The legend could obviously be a falsehood, or an exaggeration of an event that happened. Invented by relatives and early biographers of the author. It is true, however, that the idea of a transoceanic voyage would never completely disappear from Verne's mind.

From 1844 to 1846, Verne was enrolled in the Lycée Royal in Nantes. After finishing classes in rhetoric and philosophy, he took the baccalauréat at Rennes, his grades were "Good Enough".

A year later, in 1847, 19-year-old Jules Verne began to write long works in the style of the French author Victor Hugo and the like.

Pierre Verne, as the family patriarch, however expected Jules not to try to pursue a literary career, but to take up the family trade (law practice).

Reason for which Jules is sent to Paris the same year.

Jules Verne spent the first year of law in Paris (passing the exams), and would return to Nantes to prepare for the second year, although during this stay due to various issues (such as his failed love affair with Rose Herminie Arnaud Grossetière), it led him to have a 'grudge' against his hometown and its society.

Jules Verne returns to Paris (since his father wants him to finish his law studies) in 1848, but at that time the city is shaken by the political contexts of the time.

Not much of a downside, but certainly the tensions in the French Empire and its dependencies continue - and the tension itself within French society continues as well.

Verne, through family connections and so on, gets into the Parisian society of the moment as best he can. There he is relatively successful in getting into the literary circles of the time, and also begins to get into theatrical literature.

At that time, English literature was in relative decline, and there was relatively regular contact between the French and Spanish-American cultural world.

France had originally greatly influenced urban culture in the Americas, but now a cycle was complete, and that influence was ending.

Hispanic-Americans preferred their 'autochthonous' literature-culture, and exported it to others (as well as being a notable center of science, gastronomy, commerce, etc).

France also received this export to some degree, and there was a circle of French Americano-philes.

Verne felt partially attracted by the Spanish-American discoveries and developments in the subject of geography, astronomy, engineering and science in general.

Between 1849, 1850 and 1851, Jules Verne has his debut and his first steps in his professional literary career (although there are earlier documents, not many have survived)-thanks to his connections with the literary circles of the day.

By August 1851, Jules Verne has relatively decided elements of his characteristic style, including: Adventurous narrative, travel themes, and detailed historical research.

In 1852, facing an ultimatum from his father to abandon his early literary career and go to practice law in Nantes, Jules Verne decided conclusively to continue his literary career, moving to the Americas.

JMW_Turner_-_Nantes_from_the_Ile_Feydeau.jpg

Nantes from Île Feydeau, contemporary or circa. to Verne's birth.

[Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels]

Karl Marx, also known as Carlos Marx, was born on May 5, 1818 in the German city of Trier, in the Lower Rhine.

He is the son of the lawyer Heinrich Marx, and Henriette Pressburg (both of Jewish roots, although already Christianized by the birth of Karl).

At that time the family was upper-middle class, with liberal leanings.

By 1835, at the age of 16, at the insistence of his father, Karl Marx began a career in law and advocacy despite his greater affinity for literature and philosophy.

This university experience inclines Marx towards political radicalism, and conflict with the authorities.

One year into his university career, Marx becomes engaged to the petty aristocrat Jenny von Westphalen. A relatively controversial relationship for the time.

At the same time, between 1836 and 1837, Marx became more and more interested in Hegel's ideas, much discussed among circles in post-Napoleon I France.

Marx presented his thesis years later in 1841, and he was awarded his doctorate.

From there he thought of continuing an academic career, but encountered difficulties due to various conflicts with the authorities and so on.

This led Karl Marx to consider a career in journalism as early as 1842. By 1843 some of these early journalistic projects had collapsed, and Karl was still refining his views (leaning toward socialism and dialectical materialism, criticizing liberals and other socialists).

In 1843, partly because of this, Marx applied for an immigration permit in his hometown (Trier), and emigrated to the territory of Texas, Federal League.

The same year he marries his fiancée, Jenny von Westphalen.

The German community was quite widespread throughout the territory, having bars and taverns, beer halls, kindergartens, entertainment establishments, newspapers, etc.

In Texas, Karl Marx meets the other German living in the territory, Friedrich Engels (Federico Engels).

He was the son of the wealthy Friedrich Engels Sr, who owned large cotton-textile mills in the Confederation of the Rhine, Prussia, England, and Texas. Who had sent his son to work, after completing university studies and military service.

Engels at that time was certainly a bit of a womanizer, and had little restraint, but he was also a young businessman (who helped Marx to learn about the 'inner works' of banks, the stock market and so on), and another radical.

Both Germans began to analyze what they saw then in the conditions of early industrial Capitalism, which permeated parts of Europe and the Americas - and formed a long lasting friendship, which included getting drunk, laughing in church and galloping through the streets on horses.

Both German had taken some 'Tejano' and cowboy aspects by this point.

An outline of "Marxism" had been formed by late 1844.

Friedrich_Engels-1840-cropped.jpg texan_marx-1.png

Engels, aged 20–25 (c. 1840–45). And a cartoon depicting Carlos Marx.

(OOC: Cartoon from The Jacobin).

Last edited: Aug 29, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#801

Threadmarks I kinda remember how to make this lol (1826 - January-June, 1827).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[1826]

[Government of La Liga: Elections of 1826]

Whether it was natural or artificial, Bolivarianism represented a change in paradigms for the Federal League: It moved from the Spanish Iberian or colonial American identity to the Modern/Contemporary Hispanic-American identity.

A more or less collective identity (with its regional elements, but always within the same 'civilization') - which added 'own' elements, and autochthonized foreign elements.

Reds (Unitarians, who dominated the cities) and Whites (Federalists, who dominated the countryside), soon instinctively took up the flag of Bolivarianism when presenting themselves to political race and facets of society.

Most of the political parties of the Federal League have historically been "Bolivarian", in one sense or another. Appealing of course to different sectors of the population (broadly speaking: bourgeois, military, peasants, workers and clerics), with different strategies.

This era of the first Bolivarianism (during Bolivar's own existence, and a little later), was characterized by the formation and application of the so-called "Bolivian Law."

Law(s) that had precedent in the aforementioned agrarian reform of Fernando VII (which distributed properties among the population and promoted the development of agriculture), the growing industrialization and capitalistic companies, and the ways of governing society of the Federal League.

With the trio of classes that form the backbone of the state (the army, the bourgeoisie and the church).

Bolivian (liberal) law essentially consisted of the application or maintenance of 'peace and order', by any means necessary, for the protection of stability, the interests of the state, and private property - understood as an integral and fundamental part of the sovereign nation, in times of industrialization and bourgeois dominance over the developed countries.

The interests over private property (understand as the means of production, and the financial sector), and the local and federal State over provincial resources, were gaining more prominence, with the advance of capitalism in post-colonial Spanish-American society.

And also, perhaps because of the Enlightenment, Hispanic Americans were understood to have a national spirit that required, despite advances in political rights and freedoms (such as the right to vote and representation) - some oversight and control.

This was guaranteed not only by the army-caudillos or party leaders, but by the increasing formal education, and the moral compasure given by the family (in a unit, by then, influenced by the family patriarchs, which tend to have similar values even despite class differences) or the church...

And any violent impulse, generally, would be channeled in other direction and not against the peace-&-order of the State and capitalism, thanks to football and football clubs...it didn't always work, but hey you can't cover everything.

The pre-capitalist order was in decline and heading for extinction, so a liberal power advanced, based on the application of the law (written by the people at the head of the state of course).

The prevailing demo-liberal principles of the Federal League maintained this constitutional legitimacy for the application of power, sometimes of a more authoritarian nature.

Thus, the stability of the Monarchy, Nomadic Congress, and capitalism was imposed - with their respective supports, considered modern conceptions for the time.

At a cultural level, the period of the first Bolivarianism and the Bolivian Law led to the creation of many cultural and educational institutions of a patriotic nature.

The structure formed by the school/public education has as its ultimate goal the production and reproduction of certain values (and training the workers of the national economy).

This was, in essence, the search for the creation of a Hispanic-American collective, of united States under a single government (the constitutional monarchy and the Nomadic Congress), and a single flag (more or less).

Some conservatives proposed a vision of a Hispanic-American nation, made up in itself of many states-nations or cultures (an almost Austracist vision, present in part of Spanish history).

And others, also liberals, proposed the idea of a single & united Hispanic-American nation.

In the first Bolivarianism, there is more talk of a national conception more similar to the latter: a Pan-American nation made of Creoles, Afro-descendants, descendants of Europeans, and Natives/descendants of Natives (all of these groups with a certain range of mestizaje in short).

For Hispanic Americans, it was more or less clear that they were different from any Hispanic on the European continent (be the Spanish nation one, or also many nations under one).

The differences between all of them were also obviously present (because saying that a Mexican, Colombian, Peruvian, Platense, Filipino and Cuban are all the same is ridiculous), but more nebulous...

At least from the perspective of nation building. These differences were brushed aside, or at least swept under the rug.

Capitals from 1826-1830: Manila, Lima, Santa Fé, Havana.

[Brazil]

After the extension of the Brazilian crisis, which had led to the deterioration of the country's economic conditions and other problems (such as the intervention, to a greater or lesser extent, of the Anglo powers), the last phase of the crisis was marked by a setback of loyalist military victories.

By March 10, the Brazilian army was certainly in a state of uncertainty regarding payments, despite the martial talent of Pedro I and the loyalist generals.

And the also relatively effective Brazilian navy was busy guarding the eastern coasts of the country, with respect to a possible deepening of British intervention (the American navy did not yet present as much danger in the north as the former).

Tacitly the Confederates began to claim territories in the Amazon, which they would control more or less nominally than factically (partially due to the geographical nature of the region, and its poor demographic density)...

But the intention is what counts, or so some say. Perhaps in some areas they ruled more than the Loyalists.

By May, the crisis has cooled in its war portion, and finally on June 22, peace is signed between both parties (with British, American, and Spanish-American participation).

The independence of the Confederation of the Equator is then recognized, a liberal (kinda oligarchic) republic established in Latin America (until then composed exclusively of monarchies).

This would be Brazil's second major territorial setback, and the largest until then, after the loss of border territories to Hispano-America/the Federal League.

A great humilliation indeed.

800px-Recife_brazil_rugendas.jpg

1820s representation of the capital city of the Confederation of the Equator, Recife.

[Religious awakening]

The division of Brazil in two had profound psychological effects among the Portuguese-speaking populations on both sides of the border, absolutely much more so than in the last war with the Federal League (where the borders were nebulous for both sides anyway).

New national-regional identities were not developed to replace pre-existing ones overnight, but there were other notable trends...

Many would still feel Brazilian on both sides of the border (Empire or Republic), but there were changes in the so-called collective mentalities.

The most notable was the religious mentality: from high society to the poor peasantry, an increase is seen in certain aspects of religiosity.

Among the upper class of Brazilians, secret societies of a mystical nature, or "Mysteries", are also relatively popular in Europe, although the Brazilians are also beginning to add some touch of "Eastern" ritualism or "eastern" philosophy.

With whom they would have had more or less superficial contact through trade with the Federal League (which traded with parts of the Far East).

Among the popular sectors of the population (moslty peasants, rather than workers), who have less time, money and knowledge regarding all the pomp of the upper class, messianism is popularized in its place.

Charismatic figures, generally of religious origin, tradition or worldview, begin to preach - attracting the population to new popular movements with a religious face.

Being mostly Catholic, the Brazilians attracted to these messianic movements did not believe in most of the cases in a new Messiah, but believed in figures of heroic character who would rectify the apparent faults of society.

Perspective.

The Brazilian emperor, among members of his government and court, is having a barbecue along with their Spanish-American counterparts in an 'emergency meeting' sometime after peace with the now-independent Confederacy of the Equator.

-I was so close...- Pedro complains, while playing chess with Sancho.

The black cat who moves a piece with one of his paws - in a "coldly calculated move"...

Really Sancho does not know how to play, but he is trained enough to fuck around with his owner's playing mates, family, foreign officers, etc.

The bad part is the cat is close to winning actually.

-If it makes you feel better, if things get bad again... you can always move somewhere else. "Go north" as they say- Fernando insists to his nephew, without even proposing that he should come to the League in fact, just that he should move to "somewhere".

-Sir- Alfonso calls 'Nando, as perhaps that advice was not the best.

-I heard recently that the Europeans have finally arrived in Timbuktu. Establish a Brazilian colony in West Africa or steal Angola from your brother or something- Fernando tolds his nephew what he could do...

-Is running to other country your solution for everything?- Maria Augusta asks her husband directly.

-Honestly, that is one of the contingency plans. Although I would probably go to the Philippines sooner than to the African territories, they don't have all the luxuries I would want- Fernando explains, perfectly calm...

-I'll think about it...- Pedro sighs, receiving a few pats from Simón, his uncle's aide-de-camp.

-Mmm- Fernando murmurs, thinking for a moment.

[International]

January 15, the French newspaper Le Figaro begins publication in Paris, initially as a weekly newspaper, which holds traditionally conservative views - today is one of the oldest in the country.

February 11, foundation of the University of London (later University College of London).

February 13, foundation of the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance/American Temperance Society.

By 1831, this temperance society will have 2,220 local chapters in different parts of the United States, amounting around 170,000 members (mostly around Northern states) who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking distilled beverages (except wine, beer, or alcohol with medical purposes).

It is progressive for its time, being related to the abolitionist movement/promoting the abolition of slavery, the expansion of women's rights, and similar.

February 23, Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky develops non-Euclidean geometry (tho only in the camp of hyperbolic geometry) - some years later, independently of each other, Hungarian mathematician Janos Bolyai will make similar developments.

February 24, the Anglo-Burmese war ends with the Treaty of Yandabo: A great defeat for the Burmese Empire and allies, as Burma is forced to cede the territories of Assam, Manipur, Arakan and Tenasserim, and pay one million pounds in indemnity. The country also loses influence in Cachar and Jaintia.

The cost has actually been great for both sides, both Burma and the British and their Indian troops (15,000 dead).

Burma has been left partially, if not entirely, crippled in the short-medium term - The British Empire has also lost around 13 million, contributing to growing economic problems in British India.

April 1, American inventor Samuel Morey patents an internal combustion engine in the United States.

April 10, in the context of the Greek war of independence, the third siege to Missolonghi (after failed attempts on 1822 and 1823) ends with the massacre of thousands of Greek defenders by the Ottoman besiegers.

June, French inventor Nicéphore Niépce makes a true photograph thanks to a primitive camera, producing to this day one of the oldest surviving photographsof a real-world scene:

1024px-View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras_colorized_2020_new.png

Point de vue du Gras (View from the Window at Le Gras).

June 14–15, in Istanbul, capital of the Ottoman Empire, the so-called "Auspicious Incident" (Vaka-i Hayriye, "Fortunate Event", in Ottoman Turkish) or "Unfortunate Incident" (Vaka-i Şerriyye, depending on who you ask) takes place.

The event refers to the last uprising/revolt by the Ottoman Janissary troops (participating in total 135,000) against Sultan Mahmud II - it should be said that the Janissaries had long ceased to be an elite military unit, and were now more problems that helps.

The revolt was crushed, and the Janissary bodies as a whole were dissolved, to be replaced by more modern (for the time) military bodies. Many of the Janissaries are executed, exiled or imprisoned.

The event also results in the loss of privileges for the Balkan Muslims, who resent the loss of privileges and rebel to some extent in parts of Rumelia. Christians in the Balkans are also beginning to become more active in their push against the Muslim communities in the area.

Seeing the military weakness of the Ottoman Empire, on October 7 of 1826, the Russian Empire imposed the Akkerman Convention: which imposed, on paper, the withdrawal of military forces from the Danubian principalities, autonomy for the principality of Serbia, among others. conditions.

Of course, the Ottomans under Mahmud II were not convinced that they wanted to apply the Russian terms - which would result in further escalation of the historical Russo-Ottoman rivalry.

June 21, attempted Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani (Mani peninsula, southern part of the Peloponnese and home of the Greek Maniots, who preceded the rest of Greece in the revolution against the Ottomans by about a week) begins - by August the operation will end in Greek victory over the Ottoman-Egyptian forces under Ibrahim Pasha.

July 4, former US-American presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence, one would say it was even timed or something like that..

August 18, Scottish explorer Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach the city of Timbuktu, by this year under control of the Massina Empire (a Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa, centered in the Inner Niger Delta, formed by the Fulas around the early 19th Century in fact).

September, the anti-Mason William Morgan of Batavia, New York, disappears mysteriously - some suspect he was likely murdered by freemasons.

This event ignites a powerful movement against the freemasons, a fraternal society that has been influential in the United States, practically since its founding (for the interest of people into conspiracy theories).

November 3, the Paris Stock Exchange opens at the Palais de la Bourse - during the government of the Eaglet, Napoleon II (in 1826, about to reach 'adulthood' or at least similar by the time's standard).

[January-June, 1827]

[Navy]

Early 1827 sees some considerable development in the maritime capabilities of the Federal League, with the increase of naval bases throughout its territory - and the number of marines.

River and marine commerce also increases considerably with the security of routes and infrastructure provided by this increase in the assets of the Federal League.

River trade was focused mainly within the Federal League, and with neighboring Empire of Brazil.

However, we also have an increase in trade to the Far East (Japan, China, Vietnam) and the African continent (to the still small colonies of Hispanic America in Black Africa).

Europe also remains an active and respectable trading partner for the Federal League.

Relations with other American countries (of the few that exist), are not so positive, however: the Federal League and the Confederacy of the Equator do not have many relations at the moment, and relations with the United States remain somewhat tense.

Especially since American citizens would attempt another filibuster republic in Spanish-American territory (an attempt also defeated before getting too far, in the state of Tejas).

The land owned by several Gringos in the attempt to establish a "Republic of Fredonia" ends up nationalized or given to new, more reliable settlers (generally of European origin).

Unlike with Brazil, the American position vis-à-vis the Federal League remains weaker (as in, incapable of dividing the Hispanic-American country) - much to the annoyance of early supporters of the Monroe-Adams Doctrine on the US-American government.

Especially in danger now that the League continues to increase its military-technical possibilities (and the United States still does not get any clear British support against the League, since the doctrine depends at the moment partially on the support of the British navy and capital).

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(OOC: My attempts at making maps of the situation - Red is just part of the Liga Federal, that's why Cuba and Mexico aren't coloured).

[Muerte del suegro] ("Father's in law death")

Fernando I of the Liga Federal Maria Augusta of Saxony

Maria Alejandra Luisa de Borbón (b. March 6 of 1816), Imperial Princess of Mexico.

Isabel Natalia María de Borbón (b. May 2 of 1818), Imperial Princess of Gran Colombia.

Maria Julia Alicia de Borbón (b. April 1 of 1820), Imperial Princess of Peru.

Ana Augusta de Borbón (b. May 13 of 1822), Imperial Princess of La Plata.

Alonso de Borbón (b. May 5 of 1824), Imperial Prince of La Habana y Manila.

On May 5, as Europe grows more concerned about Greece's war of independence, which shakes tensions between the Ottoman Empire and other great powers (especially Orthodox Russia, with its interests in the Balkans and the Black Sea, and with other Orthodox peoples) - the king of Saxony dies.

Frederick Augustus I the Just, who had been a statesman for over half of a century.

Members of the Wettin dynasty attend his funeral, particularly Frederick Augustus's only daughter, Maria Augusta, and his son-in-law, Fernando I of the Liga Federal - with their five children.

Their stay on the European continent extends a little longer than necessary...

Perspective.

Saxony, Confederation of the Rhine.

There is certainly a mood of certain sadness at the death of Frederick Augustus, it seems that the Saxon population, among others, loved him at least a little.

Although there is still much to rebuild in Saxony, socially, politically and economically since the period of the first emperor called Napoleon...

-Fernando, pay attention- Maria Augusta emphasizes to her husband, who was holding some beers in his hand along with Alfonso and Simón in the rather informal part of their stays in Saxony (the Saxons had to wait until the Hispanic-Americans came to the funeral, and then give some more days for the preparations of the population, etc).

-Oh yes?...Ah look! The aguilucho (the eaglet)!- Fernando exclaims when he sees the second protector of the Rhine, a boy of barely 16 years old at the time, Napoleon II.

Son of the man with whom Fernando had once talked about milanesas - Fernando really does not remember much about Napoleon I beyond that.

The boy looks a little nervous, mostly because the strange mix of languages spoke by Fernando and how he spokes them.

-Hey kid! Do you want to go eat some asado (barbecue)? - Fernando offers to the Emperor of France, a slightly skinny teenager.

-Fernando...-

Ferdinand and the other Spanish-Americans are a strange addition between the French court, the refined 'owners' of Western-Central Europe, and their sober Rhenish subjects (the relationship between the French Empire and the Rhine states is obviously unequal). .

-Hey, I have an idea that you are going to love, I know you already celebrate similar festivals, but what do you think about an "Oktoberfest"?- Fernando mentions to the Bavarians, who listen more attentively to their Catholic compatriot...

... Most would not expect that Fernando would convince the Bavarians to make Oktoberfest a yearly event, and helped to the development of the 'industry' of glass mugs for beers, but maybe that's issue for another time...

Fernando would for hist part not expect that his stay in the Rhine would also partially transform into becoming witness of the events that would occur in the Mediterranean a little later in the year.

When the United Kingdom, France and Russia feel more obliged to intervene in Greco-Ottoman affairs.

0884ae165957620a1264794e7707811b.jpg

[International]

January 27, German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe first elaborates on his vision of "Weltliteratur" (world literature), in a letter to Johann Peter Eckermann, declaring his belief that "poetry is the universal possession of mankind", and that "the epoch of world literature is at hand, and each must work to hasten its coming."

Today the terms refers to the World's whole literature, beyond their country of origin of any author. Goethe tho, primarily referred to the masterpieces of Western European literature, of a time when Europe was the 'center' of the World at large.

February 28, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is incorporated, it becomes the first railroad in the United States offering commercial transportation of both people and freight.

March 7, the British heiress Ellen Turner is abducted in Cheshire (England) by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, as he wished to acquire an estate and enter Parliament...

Fortunately, he and his brother William will be sentenced to three years in prison, and the not consummated marriage will be dissolved. As curious fact, he will become politician in colonial empire of the English later on.

March 16, the first African-American owned and published newspaper of the USA, the "Freedom's Journal", is founded in New York City by John Russwurm.

March 20, accession to adulthood by Napoleon II, more or less.

In 19th century bourgeois societies, including France, childhood extended to approximately 15-16 years, with a very brief period considered 'adolescence' - generally viewed in a bad light by the bourgeois in fact.

This is partially because every psychological process is partially or totally accompanied by some biological changes. During adolescence, all types of biological and psychological changes occur, for example the beginning of greater sexual behaviors, hormonal changes, possibly a certain teen "rebellion", odors, etc.

That were shunned down by the bourgeois, who promoted values such as the 'self-control' of emotional and physical impulses.

For Napoleon II this meant, at least on paper, the end of the regency - although more senior members of his government such as his mother, and Governor Bernadotte continued to hold great influence.

March 26, death of German composer Ludwig van Beethoven in Vienna after a prolonged illness.

April 26–May 24, the Royal Netherlands Navy's British-built paddle steamer "Curaçao" makes the first transatlantic crossing by steam (from Hellevoetsluis, Netherlands, to Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana).

April 29, in the Regency of Algiers (دولة الجزائر, Dawlat al-Jaza'), Ottoman autonomy, Hussein Dey asks the French diplomat Pierre Deval that France pay a debt of more than 28 years (contracted in 1797 by the French Republic & 1799 by Napoleon I) .

The debt was incurred for the purchase of supplies for French troops during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt, in addition to some debts of the French Republic, never paid to Algiers (which supplied some grain to the republic).

Hussein Dey's predecessors had financed these transactions, and now he was the creditor. Deval does not give a satisfactory answer to the Muslim ruler.

May 5, death of Frederick Augustus I the Just, king of Saxony (b. 1750 - r. as elector from 1763-1806; r. as king from 1806-1827).

May 20–July 9, the female Nubian giraffe "Zarafa", is presented by Mehmet Ali Pasha (Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt), to Napoleon II of France - as fun fact, Zarafa is the first to be seen in Europe for over three centuries.

They made her walk from the city of Marseille to the capital of Paris.

May 21, after the Adams's People's Party victory in the 1824 elections, due to regionalist divisions and other political problems within the United States of America, new political parties are formed in the country - dividing the Democratic-Republican between its factions.

Of note, we have Henry Clay's National Republican Party (Kentucky, promoting federal and nationalist policies, including high tariffs and support to the national bank), the William H. Crawford's 'Country Party' (Georgia, favoring state sovereignty and a strict constructionist view of the Constitution, and to some extent Southern interests), and the Anti-Masonic Party (North-East, anti-freemasonry as the name says).

June 4, French inventor Joseph Niépce sends a package to French artist Louis Daguerre, revealing the existence of his "heliography", where an image can be reproduced onto a pewter plate and then reprinted - by 1829 Niépce and Daguerre will begin a partnership, leading to the improvement of photographic process, to reproduce images more quickly.

June 7, Greek defenders in Athens surrender to Egyptian forces, under the command of General Rashid Pasha.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Threadmarks Humble, above all else (July-December, 1827 1828).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[July-October, 1827]

[A la muerte del suegro]

After a long time, Maria Augusta finally reunited with her uncle and other relatives in Saxony, upon the death of her father.

Accompanying the woman, while the Spanish-American men were on other business, were her four daughters (none of them having turned more than 15 years old yet), and the young Prince Alfonso, still clinging to the arms of his caretakers.

-And what is this Ferdinand guy like?- Anthony, Maria Augusta's uncle, asks, knowing little about the emperor...

-Honestly: a glutton, cretin, arrogant, petulant, occasional drinker, addicted to gambling, lazy, without-honor, foolish, stupid, clumsy, cenutrio, cowardly, pelotudo, boludo, bastard- Maria Augusta says without mincing words.

-...- The uncle stares back at his niece, while her daughters & servants are really unfaced by the commentary - most of them would agree in fact, except Alfonso, still too young maybe.

-But kind, wouldn't really change him at the end of the day all things considered-

-In the Amazon, where I live...well, not exactly there but you understand what I mean- Fernando begins, while fishing with the 'child' Emperor of France...

-...- Napoleon II shrugs his shoulders a little nervously, the Spanish-American emperor is very talkative, even during tasks that requiere silence or calm.

-There are fish with human teeth, no te jodo (I'm not kidding you)- Fernando tells the teenage emperor, that actually catches his curiosity a little... -They say that if you swim near them, they will bite your balls off haha!- Fernando declares, making the motion of a 'bite'.

The Eaglet's enthusiasm quickly disappeared...

-You have definitely not heard of me, sir, but I have heard about you from my counterpart in Brazil- Stratford Canning, British ambassador to the Ottomans, tells Fernando...

-You're right about that, you don't sound familiar to me.- Fernando insists to the diplomat, while he stuffs his mouth with an apple.

Canning is a little weirded out...

-He is the cousin of the english Prime Minister...- Alfonso adds a little of information on the man.

-Mira vos (look), what a surprise. Now you sound a little more familiar to me- Fernando mentions, trying to save some face.

-Well, recently you have served as a neutral partner for us, and your country is not in bad relations with Russia...- Canning proposes Fernando as a more neutral partner in the discussions...

The United Kingdom expected, for example, some 'tricks' from Russia during the next allied intervention against the Ottomans.

Everything seemed to be going relatively well...

-Your last name reminds me of 'canned'. Tell me, do you like corned beef? I have a place that produces a lot, when canning food becomes easier we will sell a lot- Fernando tells the British diplomat...

Stratford could feel his neurons diminish, if he had any left after Nando's comment.

[Intervention in Greece]

Since the Greek rebellion/revolution began in 1821, the event brought enormous sympathy among the European public, and coincided to a certain extent with the geopolitical interests of the European Great Powers of the moment (the United Kingdom, France and Russia).

This led to the signing by the three powers of the Treaty of London (July of 1827), which called for the cease fire of the hostilities between the Greeks and the Ottomans.

The treaty was inclined, to a greater or lesser extent, to the creation of an "independent" Greek state, under the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan, and with debatable borders (that's what the Europeans did in the coming times in fact).

The powers of this coalition had already decided and stipulated what measures they were going to use in case of denial by the Ottoman Empire...

The Ottomans rejected the treaty based on their naval superiority in the theater of conflict...

A few months later in October, the naval forces of the three powers will destroy the Ottoman-Egyptian naval forces at Navarino, in a battle that would effectively create an independent Greek state in the short-medium term.

Of course, this didn't exactly create peace because there was a lot of arguing between the diplomatic services of the parties involved - not only the Ottomans and coalition powers, but also the Third National Assembly.

Certain cracks were already beginning to be seen between the three great European powers, the treaty of London already foreseen, for example, a new Russo-Turkish war (with the others wanting to prevent Russia from obtaining greater territorial and economic concessions against the Ottoman Empire, it is worth saying).

The unexpected would be the presence of the king-emperor Ferdinand I, who would end up involved in the mess of the great powers in favor of the Greek nation - were he had somewhat of a middle ground with British ambassador Stratford Canning.

Perspective.

-Do you know? The last Byzantine emperors sold the rights of the Byzantine crown to the Catholic Monarchs of Spain- Fernando assures, very convinced of himself, before the French, Russian and British ambassadors with whom he is wasting his time... (or perhaps better said, he is wasting the ambassadors' time).

-...- Alfonso runs his hand over his chin for a moment, wondering where Fernando got such a statement from.

The ambassadors seem to review their papers for a moment.

-Source?-

-Do you doubt me? What an outrage.- Fernando insists, pointing his finger at the ambassadors -Fortunately for you, I have a little nephew over there in America to whom I can leave Greece while we're at it.-

The ambassadors immediately write down everything, before running away at the "news".

-Wait...- ...A drop of nervous sweat runs down the side of Fernando's head.

-Sir, without a doubt you are a master of diplomacy. You have left them dumbfounded, bamboozled, if you will- Alfonso declares, with his usual poker face as he serves a cup to his master.

-...It's not my fault that my mere *awesome* presence lowers the intelligence of most dignitaries.- Fernando mentions, lightly massaging his temper...hopefully this did not mean much work.

[International]

July 6, Treaty of London (1827) between France, Britain, and Russia against the Ottoman Empire.

September 20, the village of El Paso del Norte, which is on the south bank of the Rio Bravo del Norte/Río Grande, becomes a city - it soon extends to both banks of the Río Bravo del Norte/Río Grande.

This involves the advancement of new technological innovations of the time, and the development of economic activities (fur, commerce, transport, banks, etc.).

Around the city there are other settlements such as Ysleta, Socorro, and San Elzeario - among other populations that move with absolute freedom between both banks of the river of Tejas, Mexico (Liga Federal).

(OOC: ITL El Paso del Norte is just the cities of Ciudad Juarez and El Paso together).

October 1, in the context of the current Russo-Persian War, forces under Ivan Paskevich storm the city of Yerevan, ending the millennium-rule of Muslims in Eastern Armenia (which will end in Russian control by the end of the war).

October 20, the naval forces of the UK, France and Russia destroy the Turko-Egyptian fleet forces in Greece in the battle of Navarino (as curious fact, last naval action to be fought under sail alone).

November, the term "socialist" is coined by the Welsh textile manufacturer and philanthropist Robert Owen in his London periodical, The Co-operative Magazine and Monthly Herald - should be said, that Owen forms part of what will be called the 'Utopian Socialism' (first current of what people call modern socialism, which would also include later Scientific Socialism).

King Anouvong of Vientiane, with the support of the Lao kingdom of Champasak, starts a rebellion against Siam (with the goal of ending the suzerainty of Siam over the region, and recreate the former Lao kingdom of Lan Xang, 1353 - 1707), and successfully attacks the city of Nakhon Ratchasima.

Later the Siamese will invade Vientiane, and nearly destroy the whole city - consolidating their control, and leading to several demographic changes among Thai and Lao populations. This will also lead to Siam overextending itself, in the long-term for the benefit of others...

Englishman John Walker invents the first friction match, which he names "Lucifer".

(OOC: This fact is amazing lol)

Perspective. (Take it as you want :) ... )

Shortly before the Napoleonic Wars, the French government offered a reward for a new cheap and efficient method of preserving military rations.

By 1809, Nicolas Appert, French confectioner and brewer, observed that food cooked inside a glass jar did not spoil unless the seals leaked. He was given the reward the following year.

But the process was not exactly efficient or fast, and there was not much infrastructure for this type of production.

Not long after another Frenchman, Philippe de Girard, appears to have developed the tin can process for food preservation—he sold the patent on it to the British Bryan Donkin and John Hall.

The first developed the process of packaging food in sealed airtight cans, made of tinned wrought iron - a slow and intensive process, which would only be sold to part of the British army (at least for the moment).

So, it was known that food could be preserved, but not why it would not rot when it was inside a well-closed container.

-...I don't understand, why food doesn't spoil- Simón, the emperor's aide-de-camp, insists in meeting with the aforementioned and Statford "Canned".

-The microbes don't get in.- Fernando emphasizes as if nothing had happened, touching a jar a little.

-...Micro-what?- The other men exclaim...

The existence of microscopic organisms was not new even for 1820s. In 1665-83, Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered, and presented the first published description of a microganism, the microfungus Mucor (Micrographia,1665).

[1828]

[Portugal]

On March 13, 1828, King Miguel I of Portugal dissolved the Cortes, without making any new call for elections - with the supposed call, from his supporters, to reign as king, revoking the most liberal and constitutional clauses of the country.

The differences between liberals and absolutists grow even more within the country with these pretensions of Michael I and allies, including early bloodshed, it may be said.

Some emphasize Michael I's own character as cruel and the cause of many of the evils of his reign, others attribute it more to his own legitimist/absolutist allies.

By July 7, a corte of the three states hailed Michael I as absolute ruler of the country.

Soon a few days later, the military garrison of Porto rebelled and formed a provisional government junta, in defense of the liberal cause.

A similar revolt soon began in Lagos, where the liberal General Saraiva survived an attack by the Miguelist General Póvoas.

Some indecision on the part of the liberals would however give Michael I enough time to raise his own troops against these revolts.

Therefore began a zealous war by both sides, which intensified with the immediate passage of time (the Liberals gaining certain possession in the north of the country, despite some victories of the Miguelistas).

The civil war would also become another front of the disputes caused by the Napoleonic wars/order in Europe, with the average Portuguese a rather insignificant number or piece in it.

While the French themselves were not particularly friendly to Michael I's political pretensions and his absolutism, if Michael I satisfied Paris's diplomatic interests, he was fine for them. In the last wars Portugal had been an important British position against Napoleon I, now that could change.

On the other hand, the British preferred the Liberal side, to keep their traditional ally Portugal in their sphere of influence (instead of letting the country go further into the French camp). British nationals would be harassed by the Miguelist government, which also worsened relations between both countries.

Russia under Nicholas I would also support the Miguelist side, although its contact with France in this joint support was, in principle, rather limited.

French support also meant Spanish support for the Miguelists, a considerable advantage against the border possessions of the Liberals.

However, the war also raised, to a certain extent, the militancy of anti-Napoleonic/anti-French groups throughout the country (although not necessarily all of them "Liberal").

The Liberals also had the growing support or sympathy of the English navy...

It is the beginning of the so-called Liberal Wars, a small front resulting from the Napoleonic Wars.

Perspective.

-Aren't you going to take a side?- Stratford asks Fernando I.

After all, the war involved one of his nephews—although Fernando certainly had a certain reputation of a liberal, rather than absolutist, leanings...

Although his greatest reputation was that of being a hedonist.

However, any help could come in handy, especially when business with Ferdinand I had turned out relatively well.

-Mmm, let them blow off steam- Fernando responds, indifferent as to whether that expression really exists yet, or if it makes any sense -They need to get rid of some energy...-

-And I mean all of them, British and French too.- Fernando adds...

-This could result in a new coalition war in Europe- Stratford points out, slightly worried.

-Maybe.- Fernando accepts, sticking a finger in his nose, without giving much importance to the issue (he is already working his ass off helping Stratford with Greek sympathy on Europe, to care about Miguel - a one life opportunity for Canning, for anybody that knew Fernando's character) -Europeans killing Europeans isn't really a novelty-

[Greece]

With the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet destroyed at the hands of the intervention of the great powers, the independence of Grace finally seems within reach.

The ambassadors of France, the United Kingdom and Russia to the Ottoman Empire, the Greek national assembly, among others, would be called to meet on the island of Poros to discuss the borders of the new Greek state.

The pro-Greek voice of the conference was led by Ioannis Kapodistrias, the British ambassador Stratford Canning, and Emperor Ferdinand I of Spanish America.

There were two main options at the beginning:

Everything south of a line running from the Gulf of Volos up to Arta.

Just the Peloponnese and everything north of the Isthmus of Corinth was to remain Ottoman.

With some intermediate options: a line from Delvino to Thessaloniki or at least the most southern line from Preveza to Lamia.

Finally the ambassadors considered that the most defensible line would be that of the Gulf of Volos up to Arta, since limiting the Greek state to the Peloponnese would mean that hundreds of thousands of Greeks would escape to the south, overwhelming the new state.

With Stratford Canning's cousin having a relatively medium term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1827-1830), the outbreak of a new Russo-Turkish war (clearly tilted in favor of Russia), and the great powers of the United Kingdom and France fixed on other issues such as their disputes over Portugal...

In reality the triumvirate of pro-Greek voices would achieve the results decided at the Poros conference.

The Ottomans would initially be reluctant to accept the conference's "recommendations", but their defeats at the hands of the Russians would eventually force their hand.

And the great powers, out of sympathy (not only in the general population but also in some high spheres of France & UK) and various interests (for example, on the part of Russia, for an independent Greece as an Orthodox power, and due to its rivalries with the Ottomans - for France & the UK to focus on other matters or get Greece & Ottoman territories in their spheres, etc), would negotiate Greek independence during the 1828-1830 period - ending with the borders of the Poros conference.

Screenshot_2023-10-12-17-14-28-759_com.android.chrome~2.jpg

Map of the then newly independent Greek state, 1828-1830.

Perspective.

-Your majesty, has been, without a doubt, a great friend of the Greek nation- Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias insists, shaking the hand of the "illustrious" Hispanic-American statesman.

Stratford for his part pats Fernando in the back - he has grown to ... "appreciate" him, to some extent/say it somehow.

-Yes, sure...- Fernando responds to the comment, a little uncomfortable really, because getting into so much work was never his intention.

the-office-handshake-meme-template-l02ng.jpg

-Pedro, there is a possibility that I got you the crown of Greece. You can thank me later- Fernando mentions to his nephew, lying down in his huge chair in the garden while some cooks prepare the asado/barbecue for the return of the king-emperor, and the visit of the Brazilian emperor too.

-You what?- Pedro asks, confused by the comment, accompanied in this confusion by Simón.

Alfonso maintains his usual expression of indifference, and Sancho tilts his head slightly, looking at his owner.

-Man, soy una cosa (I'm a thing): Tremendous, incredible, glorious, wonderful, inteligentísimo (extremely intelligent), handsome, generous, magnanimous, a capo (a boss), brilliant- Fernando begins to speak, without moving much from his chair at all.

Alfonso covers his ears, Pedro covers his mouth, and Simón covers his eyes.

-And above all, humble too- Fernando finishes, tired of talking so much - but not as tired from having to work in Europe intermittently with so many diplomatic matters. It was a pain in the ass.

[International]

February 21, publication of the first issue of the "Cherokee Phoenix", the first American-Indian newspaper in the United States of America.

February 22, the Treaty of Turkmenchay is signed, ending the current Russian-Persian war at the time: Persia is forced to "irrevocably" cede the territories of the Erivan Khanate, the Nakhichevan Khanate, and the remainder of the Talysh Khanate to Russia, along with the Ordubad and Mughan regions - Persia now has lost all its territories north of the Aras river (already since 1813, with the traty of Gulistan).

Armenians from Persian Azerbaijan are settled in the now-Russian Southern Caucasus after the treaty.

April 11, foundation of the city of Bahía Blanca, La Plata (Liga Federal).

April 20, French explorer René Caillié enters the African city of Timbuktu.

April 26, start of a new Russo-Turkish war over sultan Mahmud II closing the Dardanelles to Russian ships and finally revoking the 1826 Akkerman convention, as retaliation over Russian participation in the Battle of Navarino (part of the intervention of European great powers against the Ottomans on the Greek situation).

Greece will to some extent support Russia in the war, while Circassia will support the Ottomans.

The Confederation of the Equator establishes commerce with the United Kingdom, while seeking further recognition from other European countries (most notable case at this time, is the attempt of getting recognition from Denmark).

May 26, supposed feral child Kaspar Hauser (claimed to have grown up in the total isolation on a darkened cell) is discovered in Nuremberg (Bavaria, Confederation of the Rhine).

June 23, start of the civil war in Portugal.

September, start of the Conference of Poros by British, French and Russian ambassadors to determine the borders and political system of the newly independent Greece

September 17, a typhoon kills approximately 10,000 people in Kyūshū, Tokugawa Shogunate - Japan.

German physicist, botanist and traveler Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold's ship narrowly escapes the typhoon, with detailed maps of northern Japan and the Korean peninsula (from part of court astronomer Takahashi Kageyasu, written by Inō Tadataka).

Some accuse him of having been a Russian spy, as getting this kind of information was prohibited at the time in Japan.

September 29, the city of Varna is taken by the Russian army.

October 26, English naturalist and explorer William John Burchell collects the only known specimen of Parabouchetia brasiliensis - exceptionally rare member of the nightshade Solanaceae family.

November 11, the London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state from Arta to Gulf of Volos.

December 3, new presidential elections take place in the United States of America, the candidates include: John Quincy Adams (People's Party, incumbent) with Richard Rush as vice-president candidate, William H. Crawford (Country Party, Georgia) with John C. Calhoun as vice-president candidate, and Henry Clay (National Republican) with Daniel Webster as vice-president candidate.

Adams, already with a first term, hoped to win with his own popularity in New England and votes in the middle states with Rush - however his opposition was strongly organized in these elections, taking votes away from him in several places (Clay in the western states, Webster with old members of the Federalists, etc. -Crawford for his part was supported by figures such as Martin Van Buren, Thomas Ritchie, editor of the Richmond Examiner, and more).

The election was ultimately won, by a small margin, by Crawford & Calhoun of the Country Party - although it must be said, some of Calhoun's own allies would criticize him for still holding some "overly" nationalist views (which could have limited the party's win margin in these elections).

In general at the time, the elections were seen as a victory for sectionalists and states' rights of the American Union, to the detriment of nationalist projects - although there would obviously be differences within the Country Party on several issues.

The administration generally promised a rather peaceful foreign policy, including with the Federal League, and the benefit of the interests of the States (particularly the southern planters, although in alliance with the elites of other states).

Vice President John Calhoun also supported the idea of "respecting" the sovereignty of Native Americans in the eastern United States...by moving them to reservations in the US-American west.

December 28, the province of Echigo (Japan) is hit by a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, which ends in the death of at least 1,500 people.

Unknown period, 32,000 Angolans are sold in Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil.

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In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Oct 28, 2023

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Threadmarks Los Gatos de Ultramar/The Cats of Ultramar [(early) Halloween]

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Los Gatos de Ultramar/The Cats of Ultramar [Halloween]

1698508568294.jpeg

[Between May & December of 1808]

The group of men from the city of Buenos Aires crossed through a small town on one side of the River Plate, on foot or horseback, it didn't really matter.

"It is incredible that we have not been able to find a man or woman to give us a cat." One of them concluded: it was as if every feline had disappeared from the face of the earth just this day.

A very bad sign, considering that Emperor Fernando VII had ordered them to get him a cat as soon as possible.

The group of men continued their journey through the small town of small & dark huts, with narrow (almost claustrophobic) streets, hidden among a sprawling forest.

The inhabitants also did not seem to want to talk about felines with the emperor's men: they concluded that the town dwellers would have been bothered by the cats' meowing at night and during naps, and let it pass.

However, along with the approaching dusk, the group of men also encountered a caravan of travelers on the opposite side of the cobblestone streets - caravan which included a peasant man and his wife, both with rotten-looking faces.

What would be the land of these travelers and their caravans painted with all kinds of symbols and figures, no one could say with certainty.

But the old, rotten-looking & childless couple was finally willing to exchange one of their kittens with the emperor's men in exchange for some beads.

-Before I give you this furry little...thing. I must warn you: Cats are cryptic, close to what man cannot see. They are the soul of ancient Egypt; bearers of the stories of forgotten cities; relatives of the lords of the jungle; and bearers of the secrets of the remote Africa; cousins of the Sphinx, but much older, and they do remember things that even the Sphinx has forgotten...- The decrepit old woman, while her husband caressed the black kitten, said to the leader of the emperor's men...

-¿Vieja, me vas a dar el gato o no?- (Madam, are you going to give me the cat or not?) The man asks disinterestedly, before grabbing the cat.

-Alright. His name is Menes-

Emperor Ferdinand vaguely stretched his arms toward the Sun after his deep nap, taken minutes before his men finally returned.

-Here is your cat, your highness- The leader of the emperor's men exclaimed, bringing the black kitten with him.

-Ah, finally!- Fernando exclaims, holding 'Menes' in one hand for a moment, while he thought about what to call him -Ya lo tengo, ya lo tengo (I already have it, I already have it): Sancho!-

Sancho meowed simply in acceptance before the emperor, both apparently "ignoring" the strange figures that were taking the clouds in Heaven. Shadowy and nebulous figures that seemed to close the agreed pact between dead and future ages...

[Late 1814-Early 1815]

Alfonso was serving the merienda to Emperor Fernando, like every afternoon, right at 17:00 (5:00 p.m).

The emperor and his butler did not send more than an occasional glance towards Sancho, who was waiting patiently at the side of the table. Moving his little head in a rhythmic swing from left to right.

The light coming from the candles, the fire and the Sun itself outside the windows projected from Sancho onto the wall, a monstrous shadow of humanoid appearance, with numerous tails and a cat's head...

-Well, it is a good afternoon.- Fernando insists indifferently, while he takes the first sip of his drink - he can't wait to create commercial chocolate milk (now it exists, but mostly as a medicinal thing).

-Yes- Alfonso concedes, just as Sancho does, with a certain meow.

In an instant the Empress Maria Augusta arrives with her entourage - the shadow on the wall had disappeared, Sancho seems to no longer have a shadow in fact.

-As always, you two are already being lazy- The empress reproaches, especially her husband and 'their' cat. It would be really unfair to call Alfonso lazy, after all his job is to be behind Fernando all the time.

Fernando yawns at the comment, while Sancho jumps on his owner's lap, meowing at the empress—that she has no right to order Sancho, after all: he came first.

[1820]

4faca8e4d9854b49fa457b8fd39d620d.jpg

Maria Alejandra, the imperial princess, turns four, and Fernando surprisingly has a gift that is not a last minute one. Well more or less...

-Look, take one of Sancho's kitties- Fernando tells his daughter, leaving in his daughterhands a small striped feline...

Maria Alejandra is delighted with the kitten, almost squeezing it too much - so Maria Augusta & Alfonso must stop her.

-And where is the mother?- Maria Alejandra asks her father. For his part, Fernando looks towards Sancho, holding him for a moment and looking below him...

-No idea. As far as I know, Sancho reproduces on his own. - Fernando assures his confused kid, before returning to his reading.

Sancho, for his part, throws himself into Fernando's hair, indifferent to the doubt.

As far as the XXI century - Every child of the emperor(s) of the Liga Federal at age 4 receives a cat, another kitten from the line of Sancho.

[1828]

The citizens of the Federal League (old and young, rich and poor, white and black, big and small, etc.) walked in circles, slowly and solemnly around the cursed patio where the nomadic Congress meets - as some beasts meet around the stoves, to eat meat and drink milk.

Two citizens, of those who have never heard a lot, in row to the emperor.

-You must have met a terrible fate- The rotten old woman with her husband (bringing with him a bull skull, bleached by the Sun) tells the emperor.

-You have no idea, today I had to sign two papers before taking a break. Literally Hell- Fernando responds to the incredulous old pair, who never expected to find such a stupid man -Anyway, here you go.- Fernando gives a little bit of candied fruit, a wheel of cheese & his autograph to the pair of old people.

-Wait-

-Next one please- Fernando smiles to the pair of rotten elders, ringing his bell.

Sancho meanwhile crawled around the shadowy corners...

Fernando was taking a nap, as usual - he looks for a moment towards the hallway in the corner of his room, where his son Alonso Alfonso de Borbón is watching him...

The boy's usually dull gaze is greeted with Sancho's disgruntled meows and hisses - the boy immediately runs off, "discovered" by the all-knowing beast.

-Yes, Alonso is a strange child, I suppose.- Fernando responds affirmatively to his cat, who sits down next to him again.

Meanwhile, Alonso de Borbón went rather with his father's aide-de-camp, Simón Bolivar, as once again the imperial prince was somewhat "terrified" by the black cat.

To be honest, Simón is not less weirded out (...if not scared...) by Sancho sometimes...

Last edited: Oct 30, 2023

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Aguss

A small part of me tells me that Fernando would give a noble title to Sancho, just so that his descendants would be true nobility and an excuse to call Sancho, little Prince or something.

And the worst thing, I see the Federal League validating the cat's noble title.

PS: Centuries later, a political party questions whether to abolish the monarchy in the Federal League.

The population is strongly opposed, abolishing the monarchy also implies abolishing noble titles, and no one would vote to take away noble titles from the descendants of Sancho I the Blue Blood.

This fact is significant because several cities and towns of the Federal League have taken a descendant of Sancho I the Blue Blood, and established their own cadet branch.

PS2: The Noble House of Sánchez, founded by Sancho I the Blue Blood.

The best known branch is the House of Sánchez-Cordoba, Princes of Córdoba.

They managed to expand to Bahía Blanca, Monterrey, Luque, Caracay, Cuzco and Cebu. Its cadet branches being Sanchez-Cordoba-Bahía Blanca (Princes of Bahía Blanca), Sánchez-Córdoba-Monterrey (Grand Dukes of Monterrey), Sánchez-Córdoba-Luque (Counts of Luque), Sánchez-Córdoba-Caracay (Infants of Caracay) , Sanchez-Córdoba-Cuzco (Emperors of Cuzco) and Sanchez-Córdoba-Cebu (Rajah of Cebu)

The sub branch, Sánchez-Córdoba-Cuzco is the most beloved, the city of Cuzco even tried to replace the "human monarchy" with the feline monarchy, they were not successful but the idea never died. According to the people of Cuzco, if they are going to have a ceremonial monarchy, without any real political function, they prefer to have a feline monarch.

Some reporters asked if they could replace politicians with cats... the notoriously lazy Federal League Parliament banned talking about the issue for fear that the crazy idea would start to gain popular support.

Cuzco asked for an 11th referendum on feline monarchy, it was denied.

Last edited: Oct 28, 2023

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#851

Threadmarks On the final road (1829 - 1830).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[January-December, 1829]

[Hispanic-Gringo Relationships]

In the American Union, William H. Crawford began in 1828 with a relatively popular administration in several States. Although his support according to some was actually paper-thin (and his opponents were definitely stacking up).

The deterioration of his health did not exactly bode well for the administration either. It was not certain to say that Crawford would die before finishing his term, but the possibility always existed.

Speaking of Crawford himself, ignoring his health, he preferred to focus on matters of domestic politics, particularly "states' rights" (at the time, mostly discussed in economic aspects).

Vice President John Calhoun was considered a bit more 'nationalist' (pro-federal government) & was definitely more active in certain fields, compared to the old president.

For example, in foreign policy, Calhoun pushed for the establishment of more productive relations with the American monarchies (mainly represented by the Federal League, after the apparent decline of the brief Empire of Brazil - as America already had some relationship with the Confederation of the Equator in Northern South America).

This meant respecting (to a certain extent?) the territorial sovereignty of the League, and trying to stop the filibustering attempts carried out by Anglo-American Yankees in Spanish-American territory.

The government of Fernando I (and the fourth nomadic Congress), which had always maintained rather neutralist policies abroad, also tacitly extended a hand to the 'Gringos'.

This marked a strangely "friendly" period in inter-American relations in the 19th century, although still considerably mild.

[Catholics]

April 13, the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 is passed in the United Kingdom parliament, the culmination of the "Catholic Emancipation" transformations in the 1820s (tho lots of "disabilities" against Catholics continue).

The act allows persons from the Catholic faith to sit in parliament (although disenfranchised the minor landholders of Ireland, & raised fivefold the economic qualifications for voting).

For some this is, to some extent, the collapse of some traditional structures of the United Kingdom, such as Anglican supremacy. Politically this divides various groups in the British parliament.

Political unrest is increasing in several regions of the United Kingdom: in Ireland, Daniel O'Connell, following the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, embarks on a vigorous campaign that threatens insurrection (after years of bitter sentiment building on the island), the English countryside goes through a period of poor harvests & people call for reforms in the electoral system.

In particular, in Ireland at this time, a disastrous image was painted: on the verge of starvation combined with a rapidly increasing population, three-quarters of Irish workers were unemployed, and a general very low standard of living (like appalling housing conditions).

With the exception of the Protestant Irish (mostly from Ulster, who migrated to the USA), a lot of Irish would migrate to the Federal League - another predominantly Catholic country, with great economic prospects for the time.

Not only in the countryside, but also in the growing industrial life of the country/its States.

[India]

The world was becoming smaller and smaller in the 19th century, in the sense that the corners of the world were now increasingly known and interconnected.

By the 1800s-early 1810s, the Federal League had poured all its resources not into distant Spain, but into itself - and later reactivated a process of commercial, social, and other kinds of expansion.

This included the development of the Philippines, a connection point between the Asian World (being a point of contact with the Indian Subcontinent, East Asia and Indochina), and the Western Hemisphere (the American world).

Proof of the growing Spanish-American presence and influence in the East is that southern Vietnam became part of the Hispanic colonial sphere in the first half of the 1830s[1].

The Federal League and certain parts of the Asian continent are growing in a certain mutual collective interest.

Artistic Orientalism was growing during this time in part of the American Fernandino style, and for its part, the Indian subcontinent was experiencing the beginnings of the so-called Bengali Renaissance.

Headed, among other characters, by Ram Mohan Roy (named Raja by Akbar Shah II of the Mugal Empire in 1830, during his visit to the court of the British Queen).

The growing Indian anti-colonial and nationalist sentiment began to seek some inspiration in the Hispanic model: which had meant the liberation of European peripherial control, and the radical transformation of a heterogeneous pre-capitalist society (India sharing these aspects of great cultural-ethnic heterogeneity, a huge geographical space, and an environment that many would consider pre-capitalist - ignoring the British infrastructure, specifically made to drain the subcontinent).

The Bengali Hindu intellectuals who formed the spearhead of this renaissance shared certain reformist ideas from their colleagues on the other side of the Pacific, such as aiming towards the formation of a more egalitarian society.

The beginning of these transformative processes in India had its first peak in 1856 - in comparison by then, the Federal League was already considered a full-fledged Great Power (or maybe it become one again, if you consider the League as a successor of part of the Spanish Empire) .

1024px-Mari%C3%A0_Fortuny_-_African_Beach_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

[1] - 1832-1835.

[International]

January 19, German writer August Klingemann's adaptation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's tragic play "Faust" premieres in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony (Rhine Confederation).

March 4, William H. Crawford is sworn in as the new President of the United States of America after the results of the 1828 elections (succeeding John Quincy Adams of the People's Party).

March 11, German composer Felix Mendelssohn conducts the first performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's sacred oratorio (or literally, a passion) "St Matthew Passion", which reignites the interest of the public in Bach's music - This was the first performance of Bach's St. Matthew Passion, since his death in 1750, Berlin.

March 22, the British foreign ministry and envoys from Russia & France began to accept the recommendations of the Poros conference on Greece, at first under the premise of a Greek state with autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, effectively ending the Greek War of Independence.

Greece for its part continues to seek full independence through diplomatic negotiations with the three Great Powers, achieving it later on.

March 31, Pope Pius VIII succeeds Pope Leo XII - this will be the shortest Papal rule of the century, with around only 2 years.

April 4, the territory of Cuautla becomes a city (Mexico, Liga Federal).

May 6 , the patent for an instrument called the accordion is applied for by a Cyrill Demian, and it is officially approved on May 23.

It is possible that there were some earlier models. The instrument immediately seemed to become popular in parts of Eastern Europe, with some of the first accordions made in Russia in the Tula region in 1830 (based to some extent on some early German models apparently).

June 3 , foundation of the "Swan River Colony" in Western Australia, securing for the time being the western third of the landmass for the British.

June 19, establishment of the Metropolitan Police Service in London, one of the first modern police forces in the world. Tho should be said, the "bobbies" (as they are nicknamed), only go on patrol for the first time on September 29 of 1829.

July 2, Russia launches its Trans-Balkan offensive during the most recent Russo-Turkish War, led by field-marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch, which brings the Russian army within 68 kilometres (42 mi) of the Ottoman capital of Istanbul.

September 14, ending of the Russo-Turkish war as the Ottoman Empire signs the Treaty of Adrianople with Russia - The terms, as we can suppose, ended mostly in favor of Russia: the Ottoman Sultan reguaranteed the previously promised autonomy to the land of Serbia & promised autonomy for Greece under Ottoman suzerainty (later extending this to independence), and allowed Russia to occupy Moldavia & Wallachia, until the Ottoman Empire had paid a large indemnity to the Russians (they will occupy the lands of Moldavia and Wallachia for the next 5 years).

1024px-Treaty_of_Andrinople_1829.png

September 28, US-African American abolitionist David Walker publishes his "Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World" in Boston (Massachusetts).

November 30, the original Welland Canal opens for a trial run at Port Dalhousie (Upper Canada, British America).

December 4, British Governor General of the Presidency of Fort William, in Bengal, Lord William Bentinck, pushes through a regulation declaring that all who abet sati (suttee, the self-immolation of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre) in parts of British India are guilty of culpable homicide - following long campaigning by Bengali reformer Ram Mohan Roy, one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha, part of the Hindu religious movement known as Brahmoism, in 1828.

[January-December, 1830]

[Greece]

February 3, almost a decade after the start of the Greek war of independence (1821), and years of diplomatic discussion, among other events such as a new Russo-Turkish war - finally the London protocols (1829-1830) conclude with the independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire, using the borders of the Poros conference.

After centuries, reestablishing a Hellenic state in the south of the Balkan Peninsula - under the auspices of Greek sympathizers & the great powers of the United Kingdom, France & Russia.

The crown is offered to Pedro I of Brazil, of the house of Braganza, with the approval of the first Hellenic government (led by Ioannis Kapodistrias), and the great powers.

Although Pedro I was Catholic, and the majority of Greeks were and are Orthodox today (not counting some Catholic, Jewish, etc. communities), he would be allowed to maintain his faith. And for the moment most were enthusiastic about the idea of Peter I as king, as a sign of a new era for Greece.

Finally Pedro I accepted the offer...

Thousands of Greeks lined the docks of Nafplio to witness his arrival in the country, including many heroes of the revolution such as Theodoros Kolokotronis, Lord Byron, and Alexandros Mavrokordatos. Scene portrayed in some of the first literary works of independent Greece.

At that time Greece was an immensely poor country, and unstable due to the nature of the war & the newly achieved independence. Different groups affiliated with the Great Powers (the Russian party, the English party, and the French party) or for their own interests, pushing certain agendas for the future of the Hellenic state.

Kapodistrias was part of the so-called "Russian party", which gathered support from the Orthodox Church, state machinery, military leaders, Peloponnesian political families & a significant section of the common people - generally seeking a strong centralized government, and crush the power of the Greek shipping magnates and the rest of the business class (generally affiliated with the English party - the Franch party is usually alligned with Peloponesian landowners).

Peter I would strongly affiliate himself with Kapodistrias, a workaholic (worked from 5 am to 10 pm), who would allow the monarch to be lazy & enjoy other pleasures, supporting military reform and cultural work at best.

Perspective.

-Think about people and democracy, for the moment, like a child with a razor, the boy does not need a razor and could easily kill himself if he does not know to use it properly- Kapodistrias insists to Fernando, with who is hanging out briefly at the coronation of Pedro I...

-I had a friend who almost cut his neck with one, yes- Fernando mentions, although ignoring in itself the symbology of the analogy that Kapodistrias wants to make.

At the moment, for the "minister of everything", a period of absolutist/autocratic but enlightened government is needed before the Greeks are sufficiently educated and the country modern enough, for democracy.

-How yourself or Alexander I advanced their countries in the ways of Western Europe-

[...]

-Mmm, I wonder if I'm the one who's out of touch with reality, or something. I really don't understand what people think of me. - Fernando mentioned while he took a bite of a sausage, made by his Bavarian entourage.

-Perhaps it is better that people believe a certain image of you sir, even if it is false, solo digo (just saying)...Most woul call you, unsavory things.- Alfonso, with his indifferent face, reveals to the emperor -At least in the first way, they will say good things about you when you die.-

That idea makes Fernando yawn a little -What good is it if they say good things about me when I'm dead Alfonso, I want to hear compliments about my great person while I'm alive, damn it.-

-Humilde como siempre señor (Humble as always sir)- Alfonso insists serenely. Fernando may be an idiot, but he understands sarcasm (kinda, sometimes), so he makes a frowning face at his butler - he makes just a slight, very sligh smirk. For most this would be the first time ever they saw Alfonso changing face.

The pair are soon interrupted by a pair of drunks, Peter and Lord Byron -Uncle! Y-you can't imagine- The new monarch of Greece exclaims, before talking about the 'assets' of a pair of Greek women he saw with his English companion.

Fernando just listens, at least his favorite nephew is having a good time.

[The Bison]

Around May of 1830, there begins to be a deep debate in the policy of the United States, about what should be done with the Native Americans - some maintain that the most assimilationist policies (integrating the Native into white European values and customs), have ultimately failed.

Especially in the southern states, it is argued that Native Americans are still a considerable problem, and that it must be resolved promptly - the end of the autonomous nations (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee/"Creek") is also proposed, so their territory could be annexed by the States.

Vice President Calhoun proposes that to solve the problems, while respecting the sovereignty of the American Indians, they should be displaced to Reservations further west in the country - although not necessarily committing, yet, to any particularly strong measure.

A disputed and controversial proposal tho, even among circles of the time (Christians, members of Congress and the Senate, ).

Mass hunting of the American Bison also begins in much of the United States, which will have its effects on the ecology and way of life of the Native Americans.

To the south of these debates, in Florida (Cuba, Federal League), lived the Seminole, who were considered by white Americans as another "civilized tribe", that is, characterized by:

The adoption of Christianity, centralization of government structures, literacy, market participation, intermarriage with white Americans, etc.

But all under the cultural and socio-political framework of the Federal League, much less 'white' than the United States - or at least some considered so.

The truth is that in both cases, the transition from pre-colonial to post-colonial development dealt harsh blows to the 'traditional' way of life of the Native American population on both sides of the continent.

The free movement of the population through much of the countryside stopped, for agricultural exploitation and land ownership, which requires a completely sedentary lifestyle (and limits most movements of the population to the framework left mostly by the local infrastructure and the authorities).

But the Federal League still had a Native American political and social heritage, much more extensive compared to the Yankee case.

Perspective.

-Where the buffalo roam, & the deer and the antelope play. Or something like that, the song went, I don't know, I never really heard it.- Fernando continues babbling, as always.

-I don't know what you're talking about, sir.- Alfonso admits calmly, while he continues serving his boss's drink.

-It was a song about the American West or something like that. Which is curious, because there are no buffaloes or antelopes in the Americas.- Fernando continues, now talking about animals -Buffalos are native to Africa and Asia, tho they were introduced in Europe around more than 1000 years ago. The antelope is also from Africa and parts of Eurasia. The American continent has the bison and the pronghorn (1815)-

The biology reading is rather brief, fortunately, because Fernando has ideas -...You know what, we should import more animals. It will be fun, I will bring hippos to Gran Colombia- Fernando smiles, devilishly.

Humans are strange beings, or perhaps reality is simply stranger than fiction.

In the 19th century, at least partially driven by the changes of a more globalized world (in the so-called "second globalization", the 'golden age' of European capitalist expansion - the first had take place with the 'discovery' of the Western Hemisphere around 1492), a certain biological exchange takes place...

In the Federal League, for example, the swamp buffalo is taken from the Philippines (which must have been in the region for approximately 2,500 years), and taken to South America to be used for its meat, dairy products, or other uses.

They were introduced to portions of Greater Colombia, southern Mexico (Central America), Cuba, and La Plata - later also introduced to the Amazon Basin.

Today there are more than 2 million water buffaloes in America. Today they not only include Filipino buffalo, but also Mediterranean and Indian buffalo (Murrah and Jafarabadi) - They are used for all kinds of things, from hamburgers to high-quality mozzarella cheese.

800px-Philippine_Carabao.jpg

A carabao buffalo, Philippines and East Indies (Liga Federal).

Another case was the introduction of the camel into the arid territories of the Mexican North, for their use as beasts of burden and use by some auxiliary regiments of the Federal League army, in the so-called "Tropas Nómadas" (Nomad Troops) - composed of all types of citizens (whites, Afro-descendants and Native Americans in particular), used as 'desert police', guarding outposts and sometimes conducting patrols on camelback.

Curiously there was an extinct genus of camels, the "camelops", in the Americas, more related to the modern camels of the Old World (a "true camel" in scientific terms) than to other New World inhabitants such as the guanaco, vicuña, alpaca & llama.

Heap_-_Embarkation_of_Camels.png

Drawing of loading a camel.

US_Camel_Corp_1_%28cropped%29.jpg

Camel at the barracks in San Pedro, California (Liga Federal).

camel.jpg

Curiously, the importation of the buffalo from the Philippines to other sectors of the Federal League also coincides with the colonial expansion of La Plata into 'Congolese' Central African territory - where the Syncerus caffer nanus, forest buffalo, dwarf buffalo or Congo buffalo lives.

Curiously, the importation of the buffalo to other sectors of the Federal League also coincides with the colonial expansion of La Plata into 'Congolese' Central African territory - where the Syncerus caffer nanus, forest buffalo, dwarf buffalo or Congo buffalo lives.

Progress was made especially towards the south and other tributaries or tributaries of the Congo River, without yet entering too much into the centers of the Congo or the Black Continent.

Screenshot_2023-10-29-12-09-45-547_com.android.chrome~2.jpg

Platense Africa, c. 1830.

[Mini update: ]

Capital cities, 1831-1834: Buenos Aires, Lima, Habana, Manila.

[International]

January 12–27, slave-owner, lawyer and politician Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with lawyer and statesman Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, in the United States Congress.

Considered one of the most heated and eloquent debates that ever took place in the Congress of the Union - before its disintegration.

Some consider that Hayne was a representative of the sectional divisions of the country at the time, and Webster, of the respective Gringo nationalism.

February 3, the London Protocol establishes the full independence and sovereignty of Greece from the Ottoman Empire, led by Pedro I/Peter I/Petros I of Greece of the house of Braganza as its first king, and Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias (from the Napist/Russian Party) as 'Governor of Greece'.

March 28 , the Java War ends in a Dutch victory.

June 12, the Chinese province of Hebei is shaken by a 7.5 earthquake, killing more than 7,400 people.

June 26, death of King George IV of the United Kingdom, who is succeeded by his daughter the Princess of Wales, Charlotte Augusta (b. 1796).

The new queen is seen by the British population as a sign of hope, in contrast to the last British kings: which included the unpopular George IV, and the mentally ill George III.

The new king (or rather consort) is Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (b. 1790), a nobleman of liberal tendencies with diplomatic connections throughout Europe, who fought against Napoleon I.

(OOC: I understand Hanover would pass to OTL William IV).

August 25, some Dutch (from the Kingdom of Holland, under Louis I Bonaparte), try to rebel against the Napoleonic/Bonapartist authority that prevails in much of Western-Central Europe, in favor of the more independent directions that the king Louis I has always followed in fact - he is actually kinda popular with 'his' new people.

French troops of the French Empire, then under Napoleon II, respond violently to Dutch rebellion attempts against French authority - however the rebellion of the Dutch will continue intermittently for a time.

One of the many fronts and open wounds left by the wars of Napoleon I (or the French Revolution, depending on how far you count back in time).

November 29, young Polish officers start the so-called "November Uprising" in the city of Warsaw (the center of a by-then partitioned Poland), against the rule of the Russian Empire.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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#870

Threadmarks YMNOS ELEUTHERIAS (Hymn of Freedom)

Victoro

Ed of the Pueblos Libres said:

The pair are soon interrupted by a pair of drunks, Peter and Lord Byron

Stories of that night says that they partied too hard, and played the bandolin too right, that after the witches moaned midnight, half of the maidens of Athens got inpregnite!

So much they caroused that even the muses got aroused, thus forebound the coming morn, they both writen together Greece's Independence Song:

Spoiler: phonetique

ΥΜΝΟΣ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑΣ

Στέρεα χώματα της Ελλάδος, γη των ηρώων,

Που η φωνή της ιστορίας αντηχεί στους αιώνες.

Γεννητήρια της δημοκρατίας, αφρός στων φιλοσόφων,

Συ ο ακρογιαλιάρης της ελευθερίας στεφανωμένη.

Στα ύψη των Τερμοπυλών, όπου αίμα Έλληνων χύθη,

Στέκεις ως αθάνατη ανάμνηση, θριαμβευτική στο χρόνο.

Εκεί όπου οι λόγοι και τα ξίφη χόρευαν τον χορό,

Εκεί που η Ελλάδα, έστρεφε τον κίνδυνο σε δόξα.

Ρεφρέν:

Έλληνικός λαός, ο γενναίος,

Με θάρρος προχωράμε μακριά,

Ή ας μείνει ελεύθερη η πατρίδα,

Ή να πεθάνει η Ελλάδα.

Ή ας μείνει ελεύθερη η πατρίδα,

Ή να πεθάνει η Ελλάδα.

Aο Στίχο:

Οι αλυσίδες που μας δέσανε,

Με προδοσία πονηρή και κρυφή,

Και ο Τούρκος μας κοροϊδεύει.

(Ο Τούρκος μας κορόιδευε.)

Η Ελλάδα, όμως, τους κορόιδευε.

Ρεφρέν:

Έλληνες, γενναίοι,

Μακριά πάμε γενναία,

Ή αφήστε τη χώρα να παραμείνει ελεύθερη,

Ή ας πεθάνει το όνειρο της Ελλάδας.

Ή αφήστε τη χώρα να παραμείνει ελεύθερη,

Ή ας πεθάνει το όνειρο της Ελλάδας.

Spoiler: translation

And up above the muses in her musings, challenged our heroes, to know who between the twine of time, would gain the crown of Chaddest of all GIGACHAD!

Edit: And yes I kind of simply translated part of Brazil's Empire Hymn. Lol!

Last edited: Nov 1, 2023

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#872

Threadmarks Día de los Muertos/Day of the Death/Birthday special!

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

Día de los Muertos/Day of the Death/Birthday special!

[Wallace & Gromit Fernando]

viewcontent Horns-of-Consecration-at-Knossos-aligned-with-palace-orientation-to-Kofi-nas-and.ppm

-The Minoans had a symbol that has traditionally been understood as horns. However, in reality the 'horns' could be just the stylization of the 'universal mountain'- Fernando tells Alfonso, while he frames with his hands the two hills that they see in the field - forming that "arc", as if they were horns.

-And what would that mean?- Alfonso asks his boss, while he focuses more on preparing everything for the 'picnic'. He puts out a checkered tablecloth for the food to be put on, uses a couple of logs as seats, etc.

-No idea really.- Fernando concludes simply.

-...- Alfonso justs accepts the answer...

In the fields the sheep eat the good grass that God (or the gods) has given them, some dew-wet strawberries grow, and water flows from springs in the hills. And Alfonso prepares the fire for the asado (barbacue)...

Fernando meanwhile was wasting time sitting on one of the logs.

The emperor and his butler ignore the minor deities of the forests who are watching them...

Those shy immortals that hide in the bushes, before disappearing when you try to see them. They never allow humans to see them in the eyes.

Absorbed in their thoughts, the men receive some curses from the evil deities that inhabit the winds - the fire languishes for a moment, before Alfonso feeds it again.

The subjugated flowers begin to twist their stems and close their petals, and the shadows themselves escape from their positions - announcing the presence of other beings there.

A sheep with yellow eyes headed towards the pair with the speed of a vulture, with a reproachful voice that could be heard from afar -Young humans, ungrateful and presumptuous, you must leave immediately or-

-Entra cuchillo salen las tripas (Knifes goes in, guts come out)- Alfonso cuts the sheep's monologue, extinguishing its life in a couple of movements at most with a good knife.

-It will make a good asado.- Fernando concludes, soon he & Sancho are helping Alfonso a little with the sheep's carcass.

In the following minutes the carcass of the sheep began to be cooked with excellence and mastery by Alfonso - it would take a while, however, to be able to call the others...

-...- Fernando & Sancho ignored the maiden 'Happiness', sitting not far away swinging her feets a little - but the emperor can't avoid who comes after her, a tall figure in yellow, the shepherd of the sheep.

-Hey Wallace, do you want cheese?- The emperor offers a wheel of cheese to the king in yellow, who responds with more silence -You're playing hard to get...Do you also want an oatmeal cake?-

Fernando puts one of the oatmeal cakes on top of the cheese wheel.

The entity extends one of its elongated arms, accepting the oatmeal cake and cheese.

-See? It wasn't that difficult- The emperor reprimands the king, because that is the order of things.

-...- Maria Augusta doesn't know what to say, looking at the weirdly tall "shepherd", with whom Fernando is eating & the strange maiden caressing Sancho.

Alfonso justs continues to season the meat a little more.

220px-King-in-Yellow-Earl-Geier.jpg

[The shadow over Alfonso]

-It's that time of the month, so I'm going to visit the mistress. Do you have time to come?- Alfonso asks Fernando, as is usually the case when he goes to deliver something.

-Sure- Fernando responded while he ate a bun, already accustomed to decades of knowing Alfonso.

Also years after knowing each other, Maria Augusta and Simón Bolivar cannot help but spit out the contents of their mouths at such revelation of a 'mistress'.

-Wait! Alfonso...Are you married?!- Maria Augusta can't help but ask, in an absolute state of bewilderment.

-I thought...well, I'd better keep quiet.- Simón adds, reserving comment regarding his opinions of Alfonso...

The butler remains with his usual stone face -She is Welsh, you would not understand her anyway.- Alfonso claims, and Fernando nods, he can barely understand her to be honest - tho she does not talk a lot to begin with.

Alfonso pushes with both arms the oars that move the small boat, while Fernando and Sancho are sitting talking & watching the butler.

-There was a Chinese poet, first century after Christ, Li Po, who got drunk while he was on a boat under the moon. He declared that he was in love with it and leaned down to kiss the moon's reflection, so he lost his balance and fell, and he drowned- Fernando recalls to his butler...

-Sounds very romantic.- Alfonso concludes, and it would be difficult for anyone to tell if he is serious or sarcasm.

The butler meanwhile continues making the boat move with the oars -It's beginning to look a lot like []~ Everywhere I go~ From the moment I got to town. And started to look around- Alfonso begins to sing, with a certain whistle...

The boat stops, not far from one of the shores of the river, but still a little in the river - some plants grow from the bottom of the water.

And soon a human head (or perhaps humanoid is a better description?), with wet dark hair and bright red eyes, also appears slightly on the surface of the river, whose dark water prevents the amphibian body from being fully seen.

Unlike sea mermaids, river mermaids are said to be very shy - and also uglier, but that's another topic.

-Hello honey, I brought the goods.- Alfonso exclaims, slightly lifting a wicker basket...

-Hey miss Gwylan- Fernando salutes his pal's wife. Sancho only meows towards her.

Alfonso leaves the basket floating to his wife, while she and he hold hands for a moment (hers is webbed...).

-Oh, love- Fernando cries, really everyone has their hopeless-ly romantic side.

-Meow- Except Sancho.

(OOC: as a kid I was legit scared by the mermaids on that Discovery channel false-documentary)

[It's beggining to look a lot like...]

-Ah, ya termino el día de los muertos (Oh, the día de los muertos already ended)- Fernando claims, on November 3rd., looking at his calendar

-Yeah, finally we can take all decoration off- Alfonso starts taking one of the skulls off...

-You know what that means?- Fernando asks his butler, with excitement.

-Oh, no.- Alfonso soon realizes...

-It's beginning to look a lot like, Christmas! Everywhere I go~- Fernando begins to sing, it immediately starting to snow, and the Halloween-Día de los Muertos decorations replaced by Christmas decorations, even though it is only early November.

Alfonso runs the palm of his hand over his face, while following Fernando behind.

-Why the fuck is snowing?-Simón asks confused, is fucking November.

-From the minute I got to town. And started to look around. I thought these lil'-people's spirits showed!- Fernando continues, grabbing Simón's cheeks for a moment to force him to smile.

-My fac·- Simón exclaims, suddenly he can't change the expression in his face. As if he had a mask over it rather than flesh.

Bolivar is in absolute terror...

-I am beggining to hear a lot of?: - Fernando asks to his companions...

-Ho ho ho!- Sancho (Menes) sings, like a human... -Hoes?- Alfonso answers, totally serious.

-Right outside my door!- Fernando continues.

-I wish I'd paid attention to my old drunkard dad- Alfonso sings, opening the coffin of his father (why he carries it, is better not to ask), were the skeleton just looks around confused, before Alfonso once again closes it -He tried to warn me all about this crazy lazy man~- Alfonso points to his boss.

-It's beggining to look a lot like, Christmas! Everywhere I go~- Fernando sings again -I want to see a reindeer! That'll bring so much relief!-

-I'll continue to see a lot of?:- Fernando asks his companions.

-Fish Ginger-bread-men?- Sancho asks after searching for something to rhyme -Snowmen!- Alfonso answers, giving a little blow to Sancho (Menes).

-That I guarantee!- Fernando says, putting his hat on a snowman that just appeared.

-For the thing I really fear~- Fernando sings with Alfonso & Sancho.

She opens the door -Guys?!- Maria Augusta asks perplexed at the situation, the snow, sudden decorations, snowmen, and it just doesn't stop.

-Is right inside my home!- Fernando runs away from his wife, together with butler and cat...

The World turned into a Christmas-themed snowball.

End.

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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Threadmarks Overture (1831).

Ed of the Pueblos Libres

[Papal Election]

Upon the death of the traditionally numbered as the 253rd Pope, Pius VIII, the papal conclave extended from the end of 1830 to February of 1831.

The rumor spread among the Romans, and specially the northern part Italy, of a conspiracy (substantiated or not) on the part of Cardinal Joseph Fesch, maternal half-uncle of Napoleon I (and therefore also a relative of Napoleon II) on respect of the election of the next Pope (not exactly that it would be Fesch himself, but probably a Bonapartist candidate).

The governors of the Bernadotte dynasty already had troops in regions like Modena and Parma, which was a bit intimidating for many - but you had to understand that de-facto, the Italian peninsula was made up of French clients, or territories administered directly by the French. .

In this conclave, there were 54 cardinals with the right to vote. Of them, 9 did not participate either for health reasons or due to distance.

Leading candidates included: Emmanuele De Gregorio, Bartolomeo Pacca (Dean of the Sacred College), and Giacomo Giustiniani (long-serving papal diplomat).

Giustiniani would change the election course in the papal conclave, in alliance with Juan Francisco Marco y Catalán (Spanish cardinal, elevated by Leo XII).

Catalán negotiated with Ferdinand I and Archduke Franz Karl Joseph of Austria (son of Francis I of Austria), over the veto of one of Giustiniani's rivals.

A right that some Catholic monarchs reserved for themselves (the status of Ferdinand I's theoretical veto was disputed by Joseph Bonaparte, but not that of the Habsburgs - still wanting to show some authority & independence...while the French were focused more north to Europe/the Netherlands).

Finally Pacca and other candidates were unable to gather enough votes, and Giustiniani was elected pontiff (under the name Gregory XVI*).

Ferdinand I of the Federal League would also be somewhat relevant in the election of his successor. This was the time of the "Spanish candidates" - relating to the fact that the most independent Catholic country from the French was the Federal League.

(OOC: Yeah, I am not very original).

Perspective:

-Hail, you are truly a Catholic monarch, sir. Let's hope that soon the son of that French ogre will withdraw from Rome.- The Jesuits insist on Fernando I, their clear patron, perhaps even more than the current Pope Gregory (also pro-Jesuit, as far as there is).

-... I have no idea what I did.- Fernando tells his cousin Franz, who also raises his shoulders a little weirded.

The resurgence of the Jesuits, and the "pro-Hispanic candidates" in the Papacy, coincided with a revival of enormous missionary activity led by Hispanic Americans.

Missionary activity intrinsically linked to new routes of economic and political expansion (with its clear spiritual aspect of course).

By 1831, the Jesuits had built a strong base in the Philippines (and in continental America), from which they built a network of connections of all kinds.

Network that extended from southern Indochina (particularly Vietnam), reaching as far north as portions of China and Japan.

And from various islands in the Pacific Ocean, to India (where one of the notable partners of the Hispanics was the early Indian industrialist, Dwarakanath Tagore - bank director, real estate manager and later owner of other businesses such as coal mines, interested in trade with the Hispanics, and on Hispanic trade routes).

By 1832, Catholic missionaries, Vietnamese converts and allies were relatively well established in southern Vietnam - locked in a struggle of interests over the centralizing policies of the Nguyen dynasty.

In that year, upon the death of General Lê Văn Duyệt, a defender of Christians at the local level, Minh Mạng and his allies were expected to lash out more forcefully against the south (and the Christians).

Which would motivate in response, the resistance of local lords (and personalities such as Lê Văn Khôi, adopted son of Lê Văn Duyệt), and would open the door for Christian intervention (led by the Federal League) in southern Vietnam.

[Foreign Legion]

Inspired by relatively similar ideas in other European contexts, the Federal League creates the Tercio de Extranjeros (Tercio of Foreigners). To allow the incorporation of foreign nationals into the Hispanic Army (the Gran Ejército), from the foreign regiments - generally those that were not Irish or German Catholics (who had their own regiments).

The new Tercio, at least in principle, was deployed in directions of Spanish-American colonial expansion, first in Vietnam and later in the Congo.

The Spanish-American Tercio had the particularity of already being quite lax with the opportunity for its members to apply to obtain citizenship of the League after some years of service and/or being wounded during a battle for the Liga ("citizenship by spilled blood"), as a result of laws that were not very clear in reality...

(OOC: aka, Fernando copies the foreign legion and vaguely leaves a relatively easy way to access citizenship).

[Brazil]

On April 7 of 1831, Dom Pedro I of Brazil left the Empire to move completely to the kingdom of Greece, where he could once again focus solely on all kinds of parties and lazing around.

Every dream of an Ibero-descendant monarch apparently. But this obviously resulted in greater chaos in Brazil...

Of course, Pedro I did not leave the country completely without authority (almost...), but this did not solve the problems of the state & country.

The crown passed to his eldest surviving legitimate son, a kid 5 years old (not even 6 yet), Pedro II. Who was under the regency of people selected by his father...

But anyway, the elevation of a boy to the position of emperor & the early regents, resulted in a period of endless crises, plagued by factional strife and internal instability in an increasingly impoverished country, shaken by the defeat against the Confederacy of the Equator relatively recently in the minds of the people.

Some label these internal conflicts as simple "disorder", and others as "popular causes" of a growing liberation ideology that existed in the region (whether liberal or indigenous) - the truth probably lies somewhere in between.

Perspective.

Fernando opened the door to a group of Brazilian diplomats, and immediately upon seeing their faces, he closed the door on them again.

The emperor then walked back to his chair, and sat down to drink mate.

-Sir, Brazilians will continue asking for help if we don't do something.- Bolivar, the emperor's still-living aide-de-camp, insists to his monarch...

-It's a lot of work...- Fernando complains, not really wanting to help his relative's regency as they are asking him to take a more active role on it & so, in Brazilian affairs.

The emperor gets up from his seat again, finally to receive the Brazilians -Napoleon II is little Pedro's cousin, tell him to allow him to live in France if things get bad or something-

-The French ambassador has not given us more precise answers than you, your highness. -One of the Brazilians insists...

-Of course, of course.- Fernando responds, only to close the door on the Brazilians again -Why are so many people suddenly asking me to do so much work? Like, what they think I am?-

-The emperor.- Alfonso responds indifferently.

-Honestly, Fernando, the constitution is so vague about your role that- Simón spoke but his voice was soon interrupted by Fernando very loudly drinking his mate...

[15 años]

Perspective:

Servants are cutting Prince Alonso de Borbón's hair, a few days before the 15th birthday of his older sister, Maria Alejandra Luisa de Borbón (b. March 6 of 1816), Imperial Princess of Mexico - a very big event in the whole Liga Federal and society as a whole.

-And we also have to cut your hair a bit, 'Nando- Empress Maria Augusta tells her husband, who raises his face from his book in surprise.

-But it's a weekday! It's a very bad time to get a haircut, in my case.- Fernando insists, supported by Sancho.

-Then we will cut it for you at the weekend.- Maria Augusta accepts, but obviously Fernando continues to oppose.

-It's the weekend! It's also a very bad time to get a haircut woman.- The emperor responds, by his logic, it's never the time to get a haircut.

-Did you know that among the Merovingian Franks, the kings did not cut his hair? It was associated with royalty, and also with Samson, and- Fernando comments, before being interrupted.

-And what does that have to do with you?- Maria Augusta asks, inspecting a pair of scissors for a moment. She doesn't know if what her husband says is real to begin with, but she lets him talk...

-You see: After the fall of Rome, there were Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe, the Frankish Merovingian in France, and the Visigothic in Spain. As you know, the Visigoth was mostly conquered by the Muslims, except for the north, later leading to the Reconquista, which takes us to today. Which means that to honor said tradition of not cut- Fernando, a master in the art of saying bullshit, is interrupted when Maria Augusta cuts a lock of hair from his jopo* (''toupee'').

Lock of hair raised above the forehead more than the rest of the hairstyle.

-...¡Ahhhhhh!- Fernando screams in lament of his hairdo, while Maria Augusta tries to keep him still to continue cutting his hair.

The emperor, after never having cut his hair since arriving in America, finally had one.

Reaching the age of fifteen for women is very relevant for the liberal societies of the 19th century, it was their "presentation" to society in fact.

It is difficult to say that they were "adults", speaking in contemporary terms: not only because a certain psychological-biological development was still on the way (which is taken into account for us now), but also because women still lacked considerable political, economic and social autonomy on the public space, and was consequently relegated in their relationship with their male peers...

However, for all intents and purposes, in those societies (with a very brief period of teenage) they were already "adults." It was precisely when begins the separation from paternal-family authority (the father being the maximum authority, and the mother serving as "older sister") or any other guardian, and starts a period of courtship by men outside the immediate family circle (representing the future new authority over the woman in question, in the figure of the husband/the institution of marriage).

In the Federal League or Spanish Latin America, actually the celebration of girl's fifteen years depending on the region, have much older roots (in pre-Columbian times).

In Mexico, parts of Aztec and Mayan society performed puberty rites to indicate the entry into adulthood of women at the same age (15 years), since it is when they learned more about the history and traditions of their culture, and they were preparing for marriage. Tradition later incorporated by the Catholics with the Spanish conquest.

The innovation of Emperor Fernando I and Empress Maria Augusta to the celebration was the introduction of the 'waltz' and dresses specially for the birthday-girl to the celebration - of a religious & festive nature (depending on the region it is more religious, or in some others it is more secular).

The most Fernandino, and therefore "classic" style of the celebration involved starting the party with the arrival of the guests (usually at 10 at night), and then the arrival of the quinceañera to the main table of the celebration.

After a little talk and dinner, the waltz is performed, generally started by the father and finished with close friends or a family member.

From the waltz you go directly to the party, where you listen to all kinds of music and anyone invited to the dance can enter (not necessarily at dinner).

Over the course of the night, the food is spread on the table (today called "candy bar") with all kinds of delicacies, and ending with the "cotillón" (cotillion), where there are all kinds of decorations or other forms of fun-show.

As time went by, different elements were added to the modernization of the quinceañera party.

(OOC: This is a very platense style of the quince años, somewhat adapted to the XIX century, Fernando technically made this the "classic" form of the party because it is what he had known).

Quince Primaveras/Fifteen Springs, usual birthday song for 15-year-old girls - also from the times of Fernando I.

Será tal vez tu día mas deseado,

una ilusión el sueño mas amado,

te sentirás una mujer ya no eres niña

y en este día vivirás deprisa...

...estrenaras tu juventud por eso...

te temblaras al presentir un beso,

y bailaras con ese chico que te mira,

y empezaras a descubrir la vida...

15 primaveras tienes que cumplir,

15 flores nuevas que te harán feliz,

15 primaveras, 15 flores nuevas,

y una vida entera por vivir...

15 primaveras tienes que cumplir,

15 flores nuevas que te harán feliz,

15 primaveras, 15 flores nuevas,

y una vida entera por vivir...

Te encontraras con tu mejor amiga,

y brindaras con toda tu familia

y cuando apoyes tu cabeza en tu

Almohada, despertaras siendo mujer mañana...

...no entenderás los celos de tu padre

y la razón y el llanto de tu madre

y cuando apagues 15 velas encendidas,

comprenderás que aun te quieren niña...

15 primaveras tienes que cumplir,

15 flores nuevas que te harán feliz,

15 primaveras, 15 flores nuevas, y una vida entera por vivir...

15 primaveras tienes que cumplir,

15 flores nuevas que te harán feliz,

15 primaveras, 15 flores nuevas,

y una vida entera por vivir...

Most usual part

A few days later, on the celebration...

Fernando, his daughters and his son are eating cake at the celebration-and there will even be some left over to eat in the following days.

-Hey dad?- Maria Julia and Ana Augusta, his youngest daughters, catch the emperor's attention -And when do the boys reach adulthood?-

-When they start wearing long pants for almost any occasion.- Fernando responds, pointing to his long pants, compared to Alonso's short ones.

-Ahh- The three younger girls exclaim, more convinced that Maria Alejandra or Alonso really.

Technically it is true, because every boy (read adolescent, for contemporary terms) had to start wearing long pants in adulthood, but this change was associated with other transformations: introduction to public life (and work), loss of virginity, facial hair growth, etc.

-By the way, can I have a boyfriend now?- Maria Alejandra asks her father.

-No.- Fernando responds simply, squeezing one of the cheeks of his eldest daughter (still a bit) baby face.

Ferdinand I had four daughters, and they were obviously consequently, upon reaching adulthood, some of the most desired single women in the Federal League. And even in Europe & the Pacific (Philippines), although Spanish-Americans proved to never really commit to dynastic ties (although to be honest, their importance was declining over time).

[International]

January 1, American abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing the anti-slavery newspaper "The Liberator" in Boston, Massachusetts.

February 14, the battle of Debre Abbay takes place in Abyssinia, between Ras Marye of Yejju, regent of the Ethiopian Emperor, and warlord Sabagadis of Tigray - the battle will end in the death of Ras Marye of Yejju, but in the defeat of Sabagadis (and his execution at the hands of Marye of Yejju's followers after surrendering).

Sabagadis' many enemies and rivals turned against his offspring, &...his offspring and supporters turned against each other for ascendancy in the region of Tigray, plundered into chaos. Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, which was with Ras Marye of Yejju in the battle, will took advantage of the divided aristocracy to pacify the region after a series of wars. He will spare some of Sabagadis's sons, as they are his wife Dinqinesh's brothers, and appoint them as tributary provincial governors, in return for submission durign this so-called "Era of Princes" in Abyssinia.

February 25 , the battle of Olszynka Grochowska takes place in the eastern woods towards Warsaw, there Polish rebel forces are unable to divide the Russian army under Hans Karl von Diebitsch, leading to the army crushing the new Polish uprising against Russian authority early in the year - the uprising ends the already limited Russian autonomy within the Russian Empire.

March 16, first publication of the historical romantic Gothic novel "Notre-Dame de Paris" by Victor Hugo, better known in English as "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame".

March 29, the Bosnian ayans rebel against Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II, supposedly (as casus belli) due to the reforms implemented by the Sultan, to abolish the ayan system (the ayans are a class of local notables or dynasts, who held authority & autonomy in provincial towns and districts during the 16th to 19th centuries).

April 7, Dom Pedro I abdicates as Emperor of Brazil to go reign Greece full-time, leaving his 5-year-old son Pedro II in the throne of Brazil.

April 27, official ending of the Anglo-Ashanti War (1823-1831).

May–June, coal miners and others riot in Merthyr Tydfil (Wales) in the so-called Merthyr Rising, for improved working conditions after many years of simmering unrest among the large working class population of Merthyr Tydfil and the surrounding area. This is the first time the working class uses the red flag in the British isles.

800px-Merthyr_Rising.jpg 800px-Merthyr_Tydfil_Red_Flag_Graffiti.jpg

July 13, Russian imperial officials in Wallachia adopt the "Regulamentul Organic", a quasi-constitutional organic law, introducing a period that some consider brings unprecedented reforms, that provide for the Westernization of this region - tho the intention was confirming the traditional government of Wallachia & set up a common Russian protectorate on it.

July 15, the volcanic Graham Island briefly emerges in the Mediterranean Sea near Sicily (most of geological-historical time, its a submarine volcano in the Mediterranean).

August 21, start of the slave rebellion of Southampton County (Virginia), led by Nat, an enslaved African-American preacher later mostly referred as Nat Turner (after his original owner, Benjamin Turner) - the rebellion of slaves and free black folk is also known as the Southampton Insurrection.

One of the first examples of American violent abolitionist & slave rebellion against the system then prevalent in the US.

August 29, English scientist Michael Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction at the Royal Society of London, American scientist Joseph Henry recognises it at about the same time.

September 8, coronation of Charlotte Augusta of the United Kingdom & her husband Leopold of the house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha - she will reign until 1865*.

(OOC: I was/I am between 1865 and 1895, because I originally wanted her reign to last basically as much as Queen Victoria. Who knows, could change it later).

September 22, the British House of Commons passes the "Great Reform Bill" to expand the franchise in the country, but this is later defeated in the House of Lords. This was for the time, a prety controversial bill, which led to the 1831 Bristol Riots (also known as "Queen Square Riots").

September 26–28, in the United States the first national presidential nominating convention is held by the Anti-Masonic Party in Baltimore (Maryland).

November 22, after a bloody battle with the military, ending in 600 casualties, rebellious Lyonnais silk workers seize Lyon in the French Empire, in the first of the so-called Canut Revolts - this is one of the first well-defined worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution/Industrial Period of Europe.

December 27, start of the Baptist War or also-called Christmas Rebellion in the British-hold island of Jamaica, with the setting afire of the Kensington House in St James Parish, inspiring thousands of black slaves to revolt against their masters. It will involve, at its peak, more than 20,000 people.

Charles Darwin embarks from Plymouth on the second voyage of the HMS Beagle.

[Egypt, the Arab World & North Africa]

Some insist that Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt had plans regarding the Ottoman Syrian provinces as early as 1812.

Regardless of whether it is true or not, the following decade, Muhammad Ali Pasha focused on successfully consolidating his power over Egypt. Through the modernization of the administration, public services and the armed forces, and the use of said force against rebels.

In the 1820s, Sultan Mahmud II used his Egyptian subjects against the Greek rebellion-revolution, which ended with the destruction of the Egyptian-led fleet and its forces due to foreign intervention (at the hands of Russia, the United Kingdom, and France).

Some Egyptian forces would end up in part of Syria due to the conflict on Greece, and thus after its end, began the dispute between Egypt and the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria.

By October of 1831, Acre was placed under siege by the Egyptians under the excuse that the governor, Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali, was harboring fugitives from the Egyptian draft, and was said to have rejected a request to contribute to Muhammad Ali's war effort in Greece.

At that time, the Ottomans themselves had not adopted many of the European reforms that the Egyptians had adopted (they were only in process), and on top of that Ottoman officials were much less experienced than their Egyptian counterparts.

By 1834, Egypt would become de facto independent, and would occupy with it a good part of the Arab world, which was joined by some Ottoman vassals in North Africa such as Algiers.

(OOC: Remember that ITL we dont have the French invading Algiers, at least yet)

This beginning of the splendor of Muhammad Ali Pasha's Egypt (and therefore the Muhammad Ali dynasty...), coincides with the النهضة/Nahda, literally "the Awakening".

Also called the Arab Awakening or Arab Enlightenment, which extended through Egypt, Greater Syria and part of North Africa, with some inspiration in the advances of Europe and the internal reforms that were taking place in the Arab space (nominally, Ottoman).

Obviously upholding the values of the Islamic religion, the Nahda had different aspects - the Egyptians focusing more into political reform, and the Syrians-Levantines on culture - (at least initially, which later became blurred) and notable figures, such as the Egyptian scholar Rifa'a al-Tahtawi (1801–1873).

Sometimes the Nahda is described as "self-confident but open-minded" modernism, as the Arab world obviously had things to learn but refused to completely change Islamic culture in favor of the nebulous ''Western values'', of the time.

An opposition to the Ottoman regime ("Turkish", although perhaps that is not the best description yet), and to European power (represented by different great powers).

In general, I am really bad writer that tries to write. And usually fails ,

I wrote: Lonely Bear and Cub - Russian SI. - Lonely Bear [Second Thread] / Hey, I am doing a game: RNG running a TL: 1914

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